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Hypnagogic Hallucinations, 2007.
This paper explores night terrors, hypnagogic paralysis and hallucinations.
1,673 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper examines a case study of an individual who sees evil spirits and experiences out-of-body experiences. The paper discusses how these occurences can be understood by objective, scientific rationale. The paper's thesis is that these phenomena are components of a new parasomnia variant, conscious hypnagogic intermittent paralysis with spirit-like visual hallucinations secondary to post traumatic stress disorder.
Outline:
Thesis
Objectives
Review of Literature and Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The author's experience may at first seem unrelated to the fields of psychiatry or the neurosciences and may seem more appropriate as a case of the supernatural. A critical eye would scrutinize the case and, without more information, arrive at the same conclusion. However, science is an ever-changing body of organized knowledge that seeks out to explain rather than condemn seemingly unexplainable phenomena."
"The phenomena above have scientific counterparts as per description. Seeing evil spirits, out-of-body experiences, uncontrolled bodily actions and the unpleasant realization that these manifestations seem more powerful are very subjective experiences and need to be balanced by objective, scientific rationale in order to fully comprehend their full nature."
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Hallucinations, 2002.
This research paper discusses several studies on the topic of hallucinations, as well as the role of the psychiatric nurse caring for patients with hallucinatory disorders.
2,453 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 108.95
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Abstract
Hallucinations are symptoms of different disease states and conditions can occur when brain metabolism is altered from its normal level. This paper looks at the two major types of hallucinations - dissociative type and the schizophrenic type, explaining that the schizophrenic type is more prevalent in auditory hallucinations. It looks at the two major available treatments, being pharmacological treatment and psychological strategies of a behavioral type to teach patients to cope with auditory hallucinations. It discusses how psychiatric nurses can aid hallucinatory patients through pharmacological means as well as behavioral treatment. This research paper discusses several studies on the topic as well as the role of the psychiatric nurse in the care of patients with hallucinatory disorders.
From the Paper
"Schizophrenia is a major health problem, and it is estimated that one person in 100 will become schizophrenic (Abnormal Psychology, 2000). Most schizophrenics are young adults, but it can occur at any age. The disorder occurs in all cultures, and affects men and women equally. The most common symptoms are incoherent thinking, delusions, hallucinations (primarily auditory in nature), disturbance of affect or emotional experience, and bizarre behavior. Because they are preoccupied with an inner world, schizophrenics often withdraw and cease to function effectively in the real world.
Schizophrenia is often accompanied by persistent auditory hallucinations which can be very disturbing to the patient, and sometimes become life-threatening (Buccheri, Trygstad, Kanas and Dowling, 1997, p. 20). Behavior management strategies such as self-monitoring, watching TV, listening to music through headphones, or talking with other people, along with antipsychotic medications can help these patients cope with this distressing symptom of their disease. A study carried out by Bucceri, Trygstad, Kanas and Dowling (1997) compared the effectiveness of behavior management strategies in managing auditory hallucinations. The patients were randomly assigned to the treatment or the control group. Behavior management strategies made available to the patients included: self-monitoring; reading aloud and summarizing; talking with someone; watching TV; saying "stop" and naming objects; saying "stop and go away;" listening to a cassette with headphones; listening to a relaxation tape with headphones; wearing an earplug in the left ear; wearing an earplug in the right ear; and humming. The control group attended a regular day-treatment group for the duration of the study (p. 22)."
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Phenomenology and Auditory Hallucinations, 2006.
A paper examining the contributions that phenomenology can offer the practice of clinical psychology.
4,140 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 19 sources, MLA, AU$ 162.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at whether phenomenology can be an appropriate means of dealing with auditory hallucinations. The paper explains that the phenomenological approach to auditory hallucinations would be to suggest that people who hallucinate actually do have experiences of hallucinations and that hearing a voice when no one else is around is an actual experience just like any other. The paper further explains that from the phenomenological point of view auditory hallucinations should be considered normal for some people some of the time. The paper discusses phenomenology and its use in dealing with auditory hallucinations from the perspective of several well-known psychologists, from a religious viewpoint, a medical viewpoint and a shamanic viewpoint.
Table of Contents
Jung and Auditory Hallucinations
Shamanic Traditions and Psychotherapy
Religious Viewpoint of Hearing Voices, Vis-a-Vis Therapeutic Issues
Medical Considerations of 'Hearing Voices'
Social Work and Auditory Hallucinations
Other Opinions
CBT
From the Paper
"Freud, of course, would have been "highly skeptical" of any such approach both because of the nature of subjectivity (which is clearly what the therapist would be dealing with, from any angle) and because of what he considered the latent content of experience that could not be drawn forth by reflection alone: The vast majority of psychic life is considered by psychoanalysis to lie outside of the person's awareness, at various levels of the unconscious. And even for Freud, the only access to this unconscious was through the (further) indirect means of interpretation" (Davidson, 2004, p. 149+). Clearly, then, to Freud and his followers, a phenomenological approach to auditory hallucination would be anathema."
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Hallucinations and Illusions, 2002.
An examination into the definition, causes and treatment of hallucinations.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper defines the term "hallucinations". The paper then discusses causes and symptoms of hallucinations such as drug use, stress and neurological disorders. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of hallucinatory states are also examined. Finally, the paper touches on the main difference between hallucinations and transitory illusions.
From the Paper
"The hallucinations that come with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders can often be controlled with medication. In addition, the patient can be counseled about the true nature of these experiences, and some people with these disorders can learn to live with the experiences and cope with them when they happen. Situation ally-induced hallucinations, of course, will disappear when the stressors causing them (severe fatigue, etc.) are dealt with. Some people seek out these types of hallucinations, believing them to bring enlightenment. Those people may attempt to induce the experience using medication, sensory deprivation or illegal drugs. They will see these episodes as controlled experiments in self-growth, desirable, and not as a source for concern."
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Auditory Hallucinations, 2004.
An analysis of the alternatives to pharmacological intervention in working with people who experience auditory hallucinations.
3,813 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 20 sources, MLA, AU$ 152.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that alternatives to pharmacological interventions in working with people who experience hearing voices are often seen as secondary or adjunctive to the use of drugs. The paper assesses that these alternatives are the last and often best hope of relief for many people who are tormented by their experiences with voices. The paper discusses several interventions in this area with a focus on cognitive behavioural therapy. The paper also examines distraction or counter-stimulation techniques. The alternatives to pharmacology in working with people that experience hearing voices are explored and expected outcomes compared.
From the Paper
"Up to 5% of the population hear voices regularly. Some studies suggest over half the population have had the experience of hearing voices at some time. (Nelson 1997) Not all of these people consider hearing voices a form of mental illness. However the psychiatric profession more often views the experience of hearing voices as a psychosis which requires pharmacological intervention. There are some problems with the use of drugs to control voices. The most evident problem being the side effects of the drugs. Clientele often express that the side effects are worse than the experience of hearing voices."
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"Macbeth", 2003.
This paper discusses the hallucinations of Macbeth and his wife and how these hallucinations symbolize their lack of self-control.
1,369 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper emphasizes the hallucinations of Macbeth when he sees the dagger floating in midair before him and when he sees Banquo at his coronation banquet. This paper also emphasizes the hallucination of Lady Macbeth when she sees blood on her hands that won't come off. This paper has references to the play, as well as references to two critics.
From the Paper
"In the beginning of the play, MacBeth and his wife have total control over their own lives. But, MacBeth loses his self-control, which makes him see a dagger floating in midair, before he kills Duncan. He also loses his self-control when he hallucinates that Banquo is at his coronation banquet. Lady MacBeth loses her self-control at the end of the play when she hallucinates that she has spots of Duncan?s blood all over her body. The hallucinations of MacBeth and his wife symbolize a loss of self-control by those characters in the play."
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Hallucinatory Disorders, 2002.
Defines hallucinations and describes two types: dissociative and schizophrenic.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 139.95
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Abstract
Defines hallucinations and describes two types: dissociative and schizophrenic. Discusses two major treatments: pharmacological treatment & psychological strategies. Cites several studies on hallucinations. The role of psychiatric nurses and their principal duties in the care of patients with hallucinatory disorders. Common symptoms of schizophrenia; auditory hallucinations. Behavior management strategies.
From the Paper
"Hallucinations are symptoms of different disease states and conditions can occur when brain metabolism is altered from its normal level. The two major types of hallucinations are the dissociative type and the schizophrenic type, with the schizophrenic type more prevalent in auditory hallucinations. The two major available treatments are pharmacological treatment and psychological strategies of a behavioral type to teach patients to cope with auditory hallucinations. For example, patients suffering auditory hallucinations even when on antipsychotic medication can also suffer from depression, anxiety and suicidal behaviors. Psychiatric nurses can aid hallucinatory patients through pharmacological means as well as behavioral treatment. This research paper will discuss several studies on the topic as well as the role of the psychiatric nurse..."
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Schizophrenia, 1989.
A definition and description of two of the major symptoms. Focusing on auditory hallucinations, attention problems and their effects.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 57.95
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From the Paper
"Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is defined as a group of disorders characterized by incoherence of speech and thought, hallucinations, delusions, blunted or inappropriate emotion, deterioration in social and occupational functioning and lack of self-care (Rosenham & Seligman, 1984, p. 676). It is a disorder of thinking from which flows troubled behavior and troubled mood (463). Schizophrenia is an illness with many symptoms that cause terrible pain and suffering to the schizophrenic as well as to the people closest to him; however, the worst of these symptoms are the auditory hallucinations and the attention problems the schizophrenic experiences.
Auditory hallucinations and attention problems do not allow the schizophrenic any peace of mind and they take away the..."
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Narcotic Plants, 2004.
This paper discusses narcotic plants belonging to those categories of plants called psychedelic or hallucinogenic plants because they have a chemical compound that causes hallucinating effects.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 117.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that narcotic plants, known for their effects on mind and body since the prehistoric period, were often associated with magic, religious rites, and medicine. Although there are over 60 species of hallucinogens known today that are consumed by people in one part of the world or other, the author focuses on the five major narcotics: tobacco, opium, hemp (marijuana), betel, and coca. The paper relates that the hallucinations that occur because the neuronal messages are changed in a greatly dramatic manner when narcotic plants are consumed.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History of the Use of Narcotic Plants and Hallucinogens
The Major Narcotic Plants
Ergot
Amanita
Marijuana
Opium
Coca
Tobacco
Other Hallucinogens
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Peyote: Botanically known by the name Lophophora williamsii, Peyote is a small grey-green variety of cactus found in northern Mexico and Texas. The Native Americans extensively used peyote particularly in their religious rites. The Aztecs ardently worshiped it and peyotism even grew as a religion among Americans. The compounds that are chemically active include mescaline and peyonine, of which mescaline induces hallucination essentially visual in nature, which enables the user to foresee and predict happenings as if in spiritual union with the divine power. Consumption of peyote causes intoxication accompanied by nausea, body shivers and perspiration for about two hours after which the user normally falls into hallucination."
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Charlotte Perkins Gilman's ?The Yellow Wallpaper?, 2004.
This paper discuses postpartum depression as portrayed in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper".
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper", the protagonist and narrator, who is a woman confined in the "nursery room", suffers from confusion, inability to sleep and hallucinations, which are symptoms of postpartum depression. The author points out that, by the reactions to the wallpaper, the reader can understand that the woman of the nursery room has hallucinations based on a trapped woman in the wallpaper, who symbolizes her confinement in the room and suggests the way women in the 19th century were treated. The paper stresses that, today, society knows that postpartum depression must be treated correctly to prevent dangerous reactions in women with this psychosis type, which can lead to suicide and the assassination of the newborns.
From the Paper
"She starts seeing this pattern in the wallpaper and stops sleeping well because she just likes to watch it during the night. She creates the hallucination of a woman behind the wallpaper, giving the interpretation of her own life and feelings of being confined in the room. The reason for her to create this creature is to have something to do, since she is trapped in the room, with no contact with the exterior world, which is really making her insane. For her, "life is very much more exciting now" that she is trying to liberate this woman, or better said, to liberate herself from the wallpaper, which in her case represents the mental confinement. The inability to distinguish between reality and imagination is a symptom that she starts suffering at this time."
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Near-Death Experience, 2003.
An examination of the concept of the visions of life after death.
3,450 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
The research aims to persuade skeptics of the validity of the near-death experience (NDE), both as a phenomenon distinct from out-of-body experience (OBE) and as a genuine vision of the afterlife. It discusses how skeptics refuse to accept NDEs due to the fact that they have difficulty in accepting the paranormal in the first place. Following the attempt to persuade skeptics that NDEs are a distinct phenomenon, unrelated to either dying brain hallucinations or OBEs, the research attempts to sway them towards the belief that NDEs are nothing short of visions of the afterlife and invaluable proof of life beyond death.
From the Paper
"In an era where moon landings and space exploration have become common activities, exploration into that which lies beyond death appear impossible. Muslims, Christians and Jews believe that they know the answer which is given to them in their holy books, and argue that the Day of Judgment lies beyond death, followed by an eternity in Heaven or Hell. Atheists argue that death is final and that nothing lies beyond it. Hindus and Buddhists believe in a never-ending circle of reincarnation, whereby death is perceived as the first step towards rebirth in a different form. Whatever the answer that people may have, and the degree of conviction that they hold in their specific theory to what lies beyond death, the fact remains that we simply do not have the answer. Certainly, the Bible, the Torah and the Koran do inform us to some degree of the nature of life beyond death but these accounts are open to interpretation as none can claim to truly and fully comprehend the word of God. Therefore, even those of us who believe in life after death and the Day of Judgment, have countless questions such as whether or not we are conscious in death, or if we feel fear, meet dead relatives and enter into this different zone, or even if we are aware of the living. Basically, there are opinions rather than clear-cut answers to these questions as, despite the great strides that mankind has made in scientific and technological development, and their success in answering many of the mysteries of life, science and technology have utterly failed in providing clear evidence of what lies beyond death."
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Diagnosing and Treating Psychotic Syndromes, 2006.
This paper examines the diagnosis and treatment of psychotic episodes and syndromes while focusing on the use of anti-psychotic drugs also known as neuroleptics.
1,179 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the use of anti-psychotic (neuroleptic) drugs which are an essential treatment method in controlling psychotic behavior. The writer of this paper examines how and when certain types of neuroleptic medications are used. Psychotic behavior is qualified as the persistent manifestation of hallucinations, delusions, agitation or disorganized thinking. Psychotic syndromes are characterized on a chemical basis by faulty neurotransmitter production, emission and uptake. Neuroleptics, now known as old or traditional anti-psychotics, work to inhibit the excess dopamine in the brain which result in psychotic behavior. This paper discusses the diagnosis and various treatments currently available for psychotic behavior, as well as their success rates. Despite the often unpleasant side effects and the chemical limitations of neuroleptics, despite their inability to truly end psychotic syndromes, they are a necessary part of treatment.
Table of Contents:
What Are Neuroleptics?
Why Are They Used?
How Do They Work?
How Are They Used?
Bibliography
From the Paper
"When a patient has established a level of efficacy along with stable, manageable side effects, secondary drugs are often prescribed to help manage those side effects. The most common combination is neuroleptic, antiparkinsonian agent, and anti-depressant. Antiparkinsonian agents are far and away the single most common, as 70% of all known neuroleptics cause extra-pyramidal symptoms. Diuretics, anti-inflammatories, and mild stimulants are also common to counteract the more physical discomforts of neuroleptic use. Of particular interest when prescribing and using narcoleptics is the prevention of tardive dyskinesia, which was a nearly inevitable side effect from prolonged use of anti-psychotics."
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Hallucinogens, 2006.
This paper examines the effects of hallucinogenic drugs on an individual's health.
1,216 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper defines hallucinogens as any drug that reacts with a person's mind by distorting reality to the point where hallucinations occur. The paper describes LSD; the most powerful hallucinogen, "magic mushrooms," PCP and ecstasy. The paper illustrates the dangers these mind-altering chemicals pose.
From the Paper
"I couldn't walk through the lobby of the entry way at the dorm without getting really scared, because of the goblin I saw there when I was tripping." This is a perfect example of the hallucinogenic flash back that many LSD, PCP, Ecstasy and Magic Mushroom users experience after using one of these common hallucinogenic drugs. Hallucinogens refer to any drug that reacts with a person's mind by distorting reality to the point where hallucinations occur. Hallucinations occur when people see something that really does not exist. These drugs affect all of your senses, perceptions, thoughts and moods. This includes a distorted perception of time where minutes seem like hours, distance, gravity, spatial perceptions concerning oneself and one's surrounding environment. These drugs can also cause feelings of a mystical, religious or cosmic nature, which is what draws people to their use. These effects can also be very dangerous."
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Adult Onset of Schizophrenia, 2008.
This paper examines the psychological disorder of schizophrenia.
1,386 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that schizophrenia is a psychological disorder from an underlying brain disorder and that individuals diagnosed with acute schizophrenia have hallucinations and delusions. The paper then relates that individuals having lesser symptoms experience withdrawal, social isolation, and unusual speech, thinking or behavior. The paper also points out that although there are many mental disorders, schizophrenia is more complex yet it affects approximately 1 percent of people globally. The paper then explores the etiology, characteristics, assessment, and treatment of schizophrenia.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Etiology
Characteristics
Assessments
Treatment and Management
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Schizophrenia, a complex mental health disorder, involves a harsh, persistent, and hindering interruption of the brain. There is no specific cause of obtaining schizophrenia. However research has suggested that it develops from a chemical imbalance in the brain from inherited factors such as genetics, behavioral, and environmental conditions. Schizophrenia affects men and women however the symptoms are more prone to men in their late teens and/or early 20s, women between 20s and 30s. Individual diagnosed with severe schizophrenia may have hallucinations or delusions. Lesser symptoms include individuals with disordered thinking. A licensed psychiatrist usually diagnoses schizophrenia. Treatment is given to individuals with schizophrenia by many factors i.e. age, health, medical history and therapy."
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Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, 2008.
This paper explores lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and the damage it causes to the central nervous system.
1,664 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on the central nervous system and focuses on the body of research about the link between its interaction with serotonin receptors and the onset of hallucinations. The paper discusses how although one receptor in particular is believed to be the key, the lack of research on the subject in general precludes a definitive determination at this time.
From the Paper
"Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) causes hallucinations and detachment from reality. Since neuro psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia present very similar symptoms, these profound if episodic perceptual distortions can be viewed as symptoms of temporary damage to the Central Nervous System. Serotonin receptor activation has long been thought be directly affected by LSD, yet after 30 plus years of research, the precise mechanism by which LSD bonds with which of several serotonin receptors, remains a matter of conjecture."
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"A Beautiful Mind", 2007.
A review of the movie "A Beautiful Mind" with a focus on the subject of
schizophrenia.
1,515 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the subject of schizophrenia and utilizes the film "A Beautiful Mind," a movie based on the life of John Nash, to introduce the subject. In the movie Nash was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. The paper shows how the movie portrays the misperception that genius predisposes people to mental illness. The movie portrays the insulin shock therapy and anti psychotic medications he was given,and his determination never to use them again. The paper shows that schizophrenia symptoms can differ greatly between patients, but they usually exhibit some combination of delusions, hallucinations, thought disorder , movement disorder and inappropriate emotional expression that adversely affects their daily life. Nash, as portrayed in "A Beautiful Mind," exhibited all of those symptoms. The paper highlights the prenatal risks that are connected to schizophrenia and also the many reasons why this topic is important in the practice of medicine and/or mental health.
From the Paper
"There are many reasons why this topic is important in the practice of medicine and/or mental health. One reason is that it is a global problem with virtually all societies identify acute or chronic breakdowns in functioning, although the labeling is not universal. "There are significant gender variations in the findings surrounding schizophrenia. These include neuroanatomical differences, as well as differential developmental and behavioral patterns" (Galliano, 2003, p. 282). As we take individuals, regardless of gender, into account, an awareness of risk factors and then how they typically play out will be beneficial as we try to understand and help."
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