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Hypertensive Patients, 2005.
A research proposal dealing with the importance of implementing lifestyle changes to help pharmacotherapy achieve its goal in hypertensive patients.
3,655 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 147.95
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Abstract
This proposal investigates whether the concurrent implementation of lifestyle modification techniques, such as weight loss, sodium reduction, increased physical activity, and limited alcohol intake can improve pharmacotherapy in the treatment of hypertension.
I. Abstract
II. Introduction
III. Literature Review
IV. Problem Statement and Significance
V. Goal and Objectives
VI. Methods and Procedures
VII. Evaluation
VIII. Ethical Considerations
IX. References
X. Budget and Justifications
XI. Appendices
From the Paper
"When treating and evaluating the disease of hypertension, it is important that the full scope and consequences of the disease be understood as well as the underlying diseases which may be responsible for hypertension. Although fewer than five percent of patients have secondary hypertension (hypertension attributed to an underlying disease) rather than primary hypertension, clinicians must be alert to these secondary causes once a patient has been identified with hypertension. Some of the secondary causes of hypertension include renovascular disease, thyroid disease, pheochromocytoma, Cushing?s syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, hyperparathyroidism, renal parenchymal disease or sleep apnea. When the secondary causes for hypertension have been ruled out, the clinician must then make the decision as to which patients require drug therapy after diagnosis. It is noted that for patients who do not have additional cardiovascular risk factors, the patient may initially be prescribed a regimen of aggressive lifestyle modification to include weight loss, aerobic exercise, sodium restriction and alcohol limitation. This aggressive lifestyle modification may be continued for up to six months if the risk factors warrant such intervention and if the patient is one who is highly motivated to alter his or her lifestyle. For those patients in whom end organ damage has already occurred (as identified by abnormal renal function testing, abnormal EKG, etc.) patients with diabetes, or stage 2 or 3 hypertension (appendix A) drug therapy is generally the preferred initial treatment. For all other patients, the stratification of risk factors should determine the therapy to be initiated. The major risk factors for cardiovascular risk stratification are smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, age greater than 60 years, sex (men and postmenopausal women) and any family history of cardiovascular disease of women younger than 65 and men younger than 65. The target end organ damage associated with clinical cardiovascular disease includes left ventricular hypertrophy, angina, or prior myocardial infarction, prior coronary revascularization, heart failure, stroke or transient ischemic attack, nephropathy, peripheral arterial disease or retinopathy. (Appendix B)."
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Hypertension and Patient Compliance, 2003.
This paper reviews the major issues related to non-compliance with anti-hypertensive therapy.
2,450 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 108.95
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Abstract
An explanation of hypertension and the failure to achieve compliance with anti-hypertensive therapy. The paper begins by explaining that hypertension is associated with many factors that have been found to reduce compliance. Factors that reduce compliance to anti-hypertensive therapy include patient and disease characteristics and treatment characteristics. The paper then shows what solutions can be provided by the medical care facility to improve the treatment. The paper includes many direct quotes from medical journals and offers details of the various treatments and therapies available.
From the Paper
"The 1988-1991 Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III) found that only about one-half of hypertensive patients in the United States are being treated and less than one-half of those being treated have their blood pressure well controlled (below 140/90 mmHg). A major reason for this shortfall is lack of patient compliance with therapy. This problem persists even though individual programs have shown excellent adherence to and results from both non drug and drug regimens."
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Race and Anti-hypertensive Medications, 2008.
This paper looks at hypertension and examines how this condition varies within different racial groups.
960 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that hypertension is a prevalent cardiovascular condition among American adults, with one third of adults in the United States being afflicted. The writer discusses that the prevalence of hypertension varies across racial groups, with African Americans being the most disproportionately affected in comparison to Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. In general, African Americans experience a shorter life expectancy than white Americans, and this may be due to the greater organ damage experienced by this population as a result of earlier onset of high blood pressure and high severity of hypertension. The writer maintains that, due to the greater prevalence of hypertension among the African-American population, it is crucial that attention be paid to treatments and preventions that are most optimal for this population.
From the Paper
"Brewster, van Montfrans, and Kleijnen systematically reviewed the effectiveness of various antihypertensive drugs in the reduction of blood pressure, morbidity, and mortality among African American adults with hypertension. Their investigation was conducted through a search of medical research databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, PubMed, African Index Medicus, and the Cochrane Library. The results yielded from this investigation indicated that the effectiveness of beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors in reducing hypertension did not differ significantly from effects of a placebo. Other reviewed drugs such as calcium channel blockers, diuretics, central sympatholtics, alpha-blockers, and angiotensin II receptor blockers were demonstrated as more effective than placebos in reducing hypertension among African Americans. However, this investigation demonstrated that there were no significant differences in morbidity and mortality outcomes between treatment groups."
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Treatment of Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia, 2005.
A case study discussion pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for a patient with hypertension and hyperlipidemia.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia in the context of a clinical case of a 68 year old African American male who is hypertensive and presented with shortness of breath and non-productive cough. The paper attempts to consider appropriate pharmacological intervention in the context of the patient most pressing clinical problems namely uncontrolled hypertension.
From the Paper
"Pharmacology Essay AB is a 68 year-old African American male who is visiting the clinic for the first time and presented with shortness of breath and a non-productive cough. He is taking his wife's blood pressure medication, Inderal?40mg. He has been off this medication for about 2 months. His blood pressure is high at 162/88 and his pulse is 76 and occasionally irregular. AB weighs 210 pounds (95.45 kg) and he is 5'10" (1.778 m).His body mass index (BMI) is 30.19 kg/m2. His triglycerides are high at 198 mg/dL; LDL is also high at 165 mg/dL and his HDL is low at 21 mg/dL. Several of AB's lab values are abnormal; his serum creatinine is elevated, his BUN is elevated and his CO2 is also high."
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Prevention, Hypertension and African-Americans, 2008.
This paper examines the tertiary prevention of hypertension in the African-American population.
1,236 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper highlights the inadequacy of tertiary prevention alone in achieving effective outcome management of hypertension in African Americans. The paper discusses how interventions at the primary, secondary and tertiary level of prevention are a more cost-effective means of achieving desirable outcomes. The paper then discusses how one could use education to target patients' non-compliance with treatment.
Outline:
Introduction
Tertiary Prevention
Significance of All Levels of Prevention
Tertiary Preventive Activity
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The tertiary level of prevention involves the prevention of the progression of disease or further complications as a result. While primary and secondary prevention of disease are a major and preferred component of population-based health programs, tertiary prevention is also a significant component in that it addresses that proportion of the population that already has a specific disease and is at risk of developing more severe disease or associated co-morbid diseases."
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Hypertension, 2002.
This paper discusses the different problems and illness that are found among people suffering from hypertension.
1,435 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the different ways that the human body is affected by hypertension, or high blood pressure, as it is commonly referred to in the lay community. The author defines both high and low blood pressure and presents some of the problems associated with both of these diseases. The paper then continues to discuss some of the different causes of hypertension including a high sodium intake, hormonal imbalances, obesity, improper diet and an unhealthy lifestyle. These different factors are addressed in detail and presented alongside a list of the different symptoms that someone suffering from hypertension may have in order to further educate the reader about this sometimes silent killer. The drug and non-drug treatments currently available to hypertension patients are covered in detail. These include drug options that are currently available as well as weight management tips, the benefits of stopping to smoke and drink and the removal of stress from one's life.
From the Paper
"Obesity is also a primary factor for hypertension to happen. In fact, most of hypertension cases and health problems have something to do with obesity, which often results to improper diet and unhealthy lifestyle, factors that also contribute to hypertension. The fats that goes unburned in out bodies often disturb the body?s system by clogging the passageway of the blood in the human body; when this happens, the strain the arteries happens again, making the pressure to pump blood to and fro the whole body system is needed, which results to hypertension. Eating fatty, salty, and oily foods are reflections of an improper diet, and causes obesity. In addition, eating unhealthy food paired with andunexercised? body often results to too much fat in the body, causing again, hypertension. However, there are also cases wherein the occurrence of hypertension may not be due to the factors given, and its occurrence may still be unknown or unexplainable."
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Hypertension, 2007.
A brief overview of hypertension or high blood pressure.
731 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly looks at the definition ,symptoms, causes and treatment of hypertension. It also discusses how hypertension accounts for the most common problem for which patients visit physicians.
From the Paper
"Nutritional management of hypertension has moved beyond simply restricting sodium intake and now includes the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) (Gay). This includes a diet high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, fish, poultry, and low-fat dairy products (Gay). This new and effective whole-food approach diet results in a diet that is high in calcium, potassium and magnesium (Gay). Christopher Gay reports in the September 2003 issue of American Family Physician that "among patients on the DASH diet at the lowest sodium intake levels, the mean decrease in systolic blood pressure was 8.9mm Hg, when compared with the high-sodium phase of the diet" (Gay). While the DASH diet is not a weight-loss plan, it can be easily adapted for patients who need to reduce calories (Gay)."
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Hypertension, 2008.
This research paper discusses the prevalence of hypertension in the U.S.A.
6,564 words (approx. 26.3 pages), 22 sources, APA, AU$ 219.95
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Abstract
In this research, the writer notes that the issue of hypertension is one that has become a serious medical and healthcare concern over the last decade. The writer further points out that the prevalence of hypertension is seen by many medical experts as a critical issue in terms of its affect on national health and on the economy and society in general. This paper analyzes and discusses the prevalence of hypertension with regard to its general effects on the health profile of the United States and on the different sectors of the population. Prevalence is also analyzed in terms of important variables, such as race, gender and age. The paper also includes tables and colored graphs.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Definitions and Overview
Literature Review
Methodology
Prevalence and Distribution
Overview of the United States
Age
Race and Gender
Other Demographic and Population Variables
Causative Factors
Summation and Conclusion
References
Appendix
From the Paper
"The central methodological approach that was used in this dissertation was a comprehensive and inclusive collation and analysis of the available literature on the subject. A variety of sources, including offline and online databases were consulted in order to structure a central database of theories, views and data on the issue of the prevalence of hypertension.
"Many of the studies and research articles available deal with the more in-depth medical understanding of this problem. Throughout the initial phases of the study and in the process of writing, the focus was on the theme and implications of the prevalence of hypertension. This central focal trajectory was used in the selection of material and in the assessment of the available statistical and other data. The aim of this approach was however not be exclusionary or selective but rather to analyze the material available as it reflected on and related to the central concern of hypertension relevance."
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Hypertension, 2005.
A discussion regarding the serious nature of hypertension.
1,039 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses hypertension, a major risk factor for heart disease and the major cause of heart attacks and strokes. According to the paper, hypertension affects about 50 million Americans or one in four adults. The paper further discusses how the most frightening aspect of hypertension is the apparent lack of symptoms, even though the disease is forcing the heart to work harder than normal, making it more susceptible to injury.
Contents:
Physical and Psychological Conditions
Introduction
One in Four
The Silent Killer's Costs
One Best Way is Two
Conclusion: Happiness, Like Old Age
From the Paper
"Causes for secondary hypertension, on the other hand, can be determined, as it results from different underlying conditions, which can be identified as diseases such as: thyroid disease; abnormal blood vessels; preeclampsia (also protein in urine after 20th week of pregnancy); adrenal disease; sleep apnea; kidney disease. Various medications, including over-the-counter medications, prescriptions and illegal drugs may also contribute to high blood pressure. Primary hypertension usually develops gradually over several years, while secondary hypertension may start suddenly. ("Causes") Blood pressure below 120/80 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) is considered "normal," while Prehypertension pressure ranges from 120 to 139 (systolic) or from 80 to 89 (diastolic). Pressure determined to be Stage 1 Hypertension ranges140 to 159 (systolic) to 90 to 99 (diastolic). The most severe hypertension, Stage 2 Hypertension, includes 160 or greater (systolic) and 100 or greater (diastolic). Treatment seeks to lower blood pressure to less than 140 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury) systolic and less than 90 mm Hg diastolic for most individuals with hypertension. "
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Gestational Diabetes and Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension, 2008.
This paper discusses gestational diabetes and looks at whether there is a connection with pregnancy-induced hypertension.
1,838 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that gestational diabetes affects only a very small percentage of all pregnant mothers. The writer further notes that pregnancy-induced hypertension is found in about the same proportion of pregnant mothers as is gestational diabetes. The writer points out that weight gain during pregnancy predicts very high risk for gestational diabetes, along with other problems such as pregnancy-induced hypertension, Cesarean section and stillbirth. The writer provides a literature review and discusses whether there is a link between gestational diabetes and pregnancy-induced hypertension so that they can be treated together. The writer maintains that the treatment of women with gestational diabetes, along with health teaching, which involves dietary advice, blood glucose monitoring, and insulin therapy, results in a reduction of serious perinatal outcomes such as death or bone fracture. Other benefits include improved health-related quality of life among women with gestational diabetes, both during the antenatal period and three months after birth, as well as a possible reduction in the incidence of postnatal depression.
Outline:
Introduction
Background
Literature Review
Analysis
From the Paper
"Haakova and Cibula found in their retrospective study with data obtained from medical records that women who have polycystic ovary syndrome, which is a common endocrine disorder, that there are no important differences in the prevalence of gestational diabetes or of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Even though the two groups in the study were matched for age, weight, family history, and patient history, both gestational diabetes and hypertension were similar for those groups. However, as these researchers note, a high incidence of pregnancy induced hypertension has been found in several other studies of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, so that there may be a link between hyperinsulinaemia and hypertension during pregnancy.
"Lifestyle interventions also constitute the primary treatment for gestational diabetes."
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Pulmonary Hypertension, 2002.
An insight into the cause and treatment of primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension. It includes a description of pulmonary hypertension and the differences between primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension, including the cause and course of the disease followed by symptoms and treatment.
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Salt and Hypertension, 2002.
Presents two opposing views on the relationship of salt/sodium to hypertension.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper presents three medical articles or books that uphold the traditional view that reducing dietary salt is necessary to reduce hypertension and three opposing views from the medical community, which claim that that salt doesn't cause high blood pressure, nor that elimination of dietary salt is the "cure" for hypertension.
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Hypertension, 2005.
An analysis of the common cardiovascular condition of hypertension.
1,784 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the widespread cardiovascular condition, hypertension. The paper describes the disease and presents the statistics of the prevalence of hypertension. The symptoms and treatments available are examined in the paper. The paper explores the correlation between high blood pressure and low socioeconomic status, as well as the connection to other diseases, such as diabetes.
From the Paper
"The client with hypertension should be assessed in terms of their history and lifestyle. It must be determined whether this is a new or pre-existing condition for the patient before healthcare professionals can move forward. Assessment is basically done through blood pressure measurement, at which point as mentioned above, if the patient has a higher systolic number than their diastolic number, they have hypertension. "Proper blood pressure measurements are essential for hypertension detection. Repeated blood pressure measurements are needed to determine whether any initial elevations persist and hence require prompt attention, or whether they have returned to normal levels and need only periodic monitoring" (Gatchel and Oordt, 2004). These measurements are fairly easy to take."
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Low Sodium and Hypertension, 2005.
An analysis of the effect of reduced sodium diet and exercise program on hypertension.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes a research to analyze the effectiveness of a reduced sodium diet and exercise program compared to an exercise-only program in reducing blood pressure. The population to be studied is made up of adults of African descent who have hypertension. It looks at how the research design that would best address the research question is an experimental comparative design. Blacks and Caucasians are compared in the reduction of hypertension through a low-sodium diet, exercise, and any other important factors.
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Portal Hypertension, 2002.
An overview of the physiological basis for portal hypertension.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the physiological basis for portal hypertension and relates this condition to the development of ascites, esophageal varices, and splenomegaly in patients suffering from cirrhosis of the liver. Medical journals are cited to support the information presented.
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Primary Pulmonary Hypertension, 2002.
An overview of the pulmonary vascular disease primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) including causes and symptoms.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 11 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This discusses primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). It is a pulmonary vascular disease characterized by an elevation in mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. Recently, PPH gained national attention because of its association with appetite suppressants. PPH may also be associated with pregnancy, hypothyroidism, autoimmune disorders, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and the use of drugs such as oral contraceptives and cocaine. Patients with PPH may report dyspnea on exertion and fatigue. Early diagnosis is crucial.
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