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Humanitarian Intervention: Rumping Sovereignty in Kosovo, 2002.
This paper is a justification of NATO's bombing campaign in the Kosovo War.
2,295 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at "Operation Allied Force" NATO's bombing campaign against Serbia during the Kosovo War in 1999. The history of the conflict is presented in detail, with particular attention being placed on the humanitarian needs of the population that was being devastated by this war. The author presents several arguments against the bombing, and discusses why these arguments are wrong, or do not apply to Kosovo. In addition to the human rights angle, the author also looks at the political reasons for NATO's intervention, first and foremost being, regional stability and the fear that the war would spread.
From the Paper
"Detractors argue that the clear acceleration of Serb ethnic cleansing of Albanians in Kosovo that occurred concurrently with Operation Allied Force demonstrates that the war did not aid the Kosovars; however, given the ominous signs of ethnic cleansing, the argument is insupportable. After all, whether Serb atrocities and ethnic cleansing occurred over one month or six months is low impact. Although the Kosovars did suffer much before the end of the war, the war's ultimate result-- protection from Serb atrocities and the fall from power and trial of Slobodan Milosevic-- will allow the Kosovars to more securely recover from the harm that they have suffered, and be more secure in the future than they would have under continued rule by Milosevic."
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Humanitarian Intervention, 2004.
Examines to what extent there has been an emerging international norm of 'humanitarian intervention' and how successful attempts at humanitarian intervention have been.
2,320 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that humanitarian intervention, defined as military intervention in a state without the consent of its government, has become an international norm during the period since 1985. Since the U.N. is virtually always the primary agent of intervention, the paper begins by analyzing the reasons for the U.N.'s increasing number of interventions and why they are moving away from the traditional model and shifting towards humanitarian intervention without consent. The results of these interventions have varied, and the paper discusses three precedent-setting cases from the early 1990s in which the consent of parties as a requirement for U.N. humanitarian action was downgraded. Limited, focused humanitarian intervention has been successful, as exemplified by U.N. protection of Kurds in Northern Iraq. When the U.N. and U.S. intervened in Somalia, however, they lost their focus and took on large and varied tasks. In that case, intervention failed. Intervention also fails when it is done halfheartedly, and force is not used even when it is needed. This is what happened in the allied and U.N. humanitarian intervention in Bosnia. For each case study, the paper explains how it set a precedent in U.N. intervention practice, then analyzes the success or failure of the conflict and the causes for it. The effects of failed intervention are profound. The paper concludes by evaluating the U.N.'s role as the primary intervenor in conflicts since the 1980s.
From the Paper
"There was evidence of "elements of consent" to this in Yugoslavia. Full consent was impossible because of the number of parties and disputes about their status, but through the winter of 1992, interventionist actions were based in consent. But the Security Council's resolution referred obliquely to chapter VII and implied that if Yugoslav consent stopped the UN would continue with its plans. Subsequent resolutions have been written along similar lines. Eventually it became clear that consent and traditional mediation would not halt the fighting, help civilians, or bring a peace settlement. Bosnia never requested humanitarian assistance from the UN, but 4 June 1993, the UN authorized force to defend UN safe area in Bosnia. This was a landmark decision."
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Humanitarian Intervention, 2008.
Discuses the issue of humanitarian intervention by examining the debate over Kosovo.
1,460 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the use of humanitarian intervention in Kosovo was the right decision even though other people oppose this action because they see full military interventions, including armed combat and humanitarian aide, as a serious act of destructing state sovereignty. The paper then asserts out that the situation in Kosovo and other national breeches of human rights are usually an ethnic conflict in which an unscrupulous leader utilizes genocidal slaughter to control political situations. The paper also contends that, although many people wish that humanitarian intervention could be defined by clear-cut guidelines, these situations are always beset by ethical and moral dilemmas.
From the Paper
"United States, post WWII, has made markedly extensive strides toward a reversal of the isolationist tactics of previous years, and yet the value of such an idea is questioned by many as intervention frequently and almost assuredly leaves the nation and her allies' subjects of criticism. Additionally, public opinion also seems to be split in such situations, with some coming to the side of immediate and swift intervention; regardless to maintain international rights, others complain that the US has no right or business being everyone's protector."
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Darfur and Humanitarian Intervention, 2007.
An analysis of the case of Darfur, Sudan and the neo-liberal view of humanitarian intervention there.
4,200 words (approx. 16.8 pages), 18 sources, MLA, AU$ 163.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a neo-liberal analysis of the politics of humanitarian intervention with a focus on Darfur in Sudan. It shows how the Sudanese government fails dearly in resolving the humanitarian crisis ther and, in fact, fuels the crisis. The paper looks at the urgent call for intervention from the international community and discusses the issues and disputes that arise from this intervention. The paper makes its analysis from a neo-liberal perspective.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Darfur: A Background
Humanitarian Intervention
Darfur and the Politics of Humanitarian Intervention: A Neo-liberal Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Last is the issue of resources. With the discovery of oil in Sudan, many of the world's big players, like France and China, have then taken a keen interest of the issues confronting the country. The confirmation of substantial oil reserves in the contested south adds to the country's geopolitical importance. This is evidenced in the tangled US history in Sudan has veered back and forth between close support and active antagonism for decades, first according to the vagaries of regional Cold War alliances and later the exigencies of domestic American politics. Today, the dominant concerns are the "war on terrorism" - and oil. Also, the factor that China is one of the biggest investors in Khartoum and the fact that China gets its supply of oil to fuel its skyrocketing development from Sudan says a lot in its passive response to the atrocities in Darfur.
"This was seen in the role that it played in the delay in the sending of UN peacekeeping forces in Darfur. The immediate cause of the delay has been attributed is the refusal by Sudan's president, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, to agree to a UN force. He is able to get away with this largely because China, a permanent member of the Security Council, continues to protect him with the threat of using its veto. One reason Beijing stands behind Bashir is oil. China is trying to diversify its oil sources beyond the crisis- prone Middle East, and Africa is one obvious alternative. Already, 7 percent of China's imported oil comes from Sudan . Based on this, it is then quite clear that resources do matter in the politics of humanitarian intervention - an issue that is not given much importance in the neo-liberal perspective."
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Humanitarian Intervention, 2008.
An examination of humanitarian intervention and its use as a justification for interference in another state's sovereign affairs.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses humanitarian intervention and its use as a justification for interference in another state's sovereign affairs.
The paper discusses examples of humanitarian intervention such as the United States intervening in the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. The paper concludes that recent examples of humanitarian intervention have highlighted how, no matter the humanitarian outcome, there is political rationale for the intervention that is obscure, but which always justifies the inordinate cost of intervening in the open conflicts of other nations.
From the Paper
"The concept of universal human rights is deeply rooted in the modern development of Western civilization. As that cultural has expanded globally in the past few centuries, it has taken with it the notion that human rights can be protected through military intervention. But the reality is that humanitarian intervention, whatever its idealized goals, is merely a new justification for open warfare in order to secure political gains that can be had in no other way. Recent examples of humanitarian intervention have highlighted how, no matter the humanitarian outcome, there is invariably another political rationale for the intervention that is transparent or obscure but which always justifies the inordinate cost of intervening in the open conflicts of other nations or violating their national sovereignty"
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Humanitarian Intervention, 2008.
An analysis of the political, economic, social and religious factors that impact the decision of whether to provide humanitarian intervention.
2,620 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses humanitarian intervention and whether it is always justified. It then presents and discusses the complex political, economic, social and religious factors that often combine in the real world to present difficult decisions for national and international authorities when debating whether international humanitarian intervention is necessary or justified. The paper provides examples of past major humanitarian disasters and discusses the outcomes of humanitarian intervention.
From the Paper
"Ultimately, the complexities of international politics and the constant shifting of immediate national interests preclude the wide application of universal rules for determining whether humanitarian intervention is necessary or justified, for there are so many political, economic, social, religious, cultural, and historical factors involved. In the context of international politics, theories are not scientific laws, they are simply guidelines which help explain the intervention policies nations pursue, and which serve to reduce at least some of the confusion as to why nations do what they do when a humanitarian crisis develops somewhere in the world."
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Humanitarian Intervention, 2005.
A discussion of the current challenges of international law and the principle of humanitarian intervention.
8,055 words (approx. 32.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 252.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how we have recently seen an increase in the number of intra-state conflicts giving rise for a need for a new intervention agenda and how the traditional image of peacekeeping is one of the forms of intervention that the international community undertakes. It discusses the central elements of humanitarian intervention as well as the current challenges to international law that humanitarian intervention pose. It also considers the implications of the actions taken by the U.S. and U.K. in Iraq on international law.
From the Paper
"The United Kingdom and the United States would have to satisfy the test of proportionality, necessity and probability in order to be able to invoke a war against Iraq on the basis of pre-emptive self-defence. Given that there is no proof that Iraq was developing WMDs that would have the potential of de-stabilising international peace and security, the war against Iraq would ?violate any reasonable interpretation of either the Charter?s limited provisions for self-defence exception or the customary law of pre-emptive self-defence."
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The United Nations and Humanitarian Intervention, 2002.
A study of the legitimacy and success of humanitarian intervention (HI)with respect to the United Nations.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 13 sources, APA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the importance of reforms in the machinery of UN peace and security operations in ensuring that future humanitarian interventions are both legitimate and successful. The paper argues that the success and legitimacy of HI are inextricably related. On the one hand, legitimacy is important if success is to be attained. On the other, legitimacy of HI will be undermined if the success is minimal. The paper claims that since UN machinery has defects in both terms, reforms are very important to increase the likelihood of successful and legitimate HI.
From the Paper
"Humanitarian intervention (HI), which increasingly involves the use of arms for humanitarian claims, is undoubtedly one of today?s important international relations (IR) discourses. Being an infant IR practice, HI is still being questioned for its legitimacy and success in relation to its claims. HI operations by the United Nations (UN) in Somalia and Bosnia have been considered unsuccessful, while in Kosovo, it has lacked international legitimacy mainly in the absence of UN authorisation. In those cases, the machinery of UN has been named as one significant cause. Therefore this essay will look into this supposition as to how important are reforms in the machinery of UN peace and security operations in ensuring that future humanitarian interventions are both legitimate and successful?"
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The Kosovo Conflict: Military Intervention and Humanitarian Crisis, 2002.
A paper which studies the structure and dynamics of the Kosovo Conflict and the humanitarian crisis management by the international community.
7,694 words (approx. 30.8 pages), 20 sources, MLA, AU$ 243.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the Kosovo conflict, its escalation in 1998 and its subsequent management. It is divided in four parts. First, it deals with the accusations of human rights violations within the province and presents diverse evidence from various human rights groups on the existence of such abuses. Second, it examines the Serbian response to these allegations and the reasons behind Milosevic's unwillingness to rectify the worsening situation. Third, it presents an evaluation of the need for intervention with regard to International Law and previous humanitarian practice. Fourth, it analyzes the diplomatic and military actions taken by the International Community.
Table of Contents:
Introduction.
The Human Rights Situation in Kosovo:
History of Albanian Mistreatment.
Allegations of Human Rights Violations.
The Serbian Response to Accusations of Human Rights Violations.
An Evaluation of the Need for Intervention with Regard to International Humanitarian Law
An Examination of the Accusations of Human Rights Violations.
On the Legality of Military Intervention.
International Action
International Humanitarian Action in Perspective: The Failure of Diplomacy and the NATO Bombing Campaign
Belated Recommendations: Was there an Alternative?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Bosnia and the Kosovo conflicts marked the biggest outbreaks of violence in Europe after the end of the Second World War. The instable political environment in federal Yugoslavia after the fall of communism, brought about the emergence of salient ethnic issues, which led to the deaths of tens of thousands of people. The focus of this paper is the Kosovo conflict, the human rights violations that led to its escalation, and the international response that followed. Even though the situation in Serbia has changed and democratic parties are in power, the Kosovo question is still far from being resolved due to the mutual hatred of Serbs and Albanians. Moreover, the downturn of the Kosovo crisis gave credibility to the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) as a political player, which has further exacerbated the situation not only in Kosovo, but also in neighboring Montenegro and Macedonia."
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NATO Intervention in Kosovo, 2006.
A paper examining the reasons and validity of U.S. and NATO intervention in Kosovo.
11,100 words (approx. 44.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 318.95
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Abstract
In an effort to determine whether or not the United States led North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was correct in their intervention in Kosovo, along humanitarian lines, this paper presents information on the history, background and religions of the region and the crisis. The paper also considers the implications concerning state sovereignty that arise from the intervention, as well as NATO's background and purpose regarding questions of international law.
Table of Contents
Thesis Statement
The Historical Context of Kosovo
The World War II Period and Beyond
What Sort of War is it?
The Clinton Doctrine
The Motivations of U.S. Led NATO Forces
The Conduct of the War and World Involvement
Other Important Points Concerning U.S. and NATO
External Self-Determination and International Community
The Formation of New States
The Reasoning for the Action as it Unfolds
Some of the Consequences
International Law from the Interventionist Viewpoint
The Interventionist's Critical Question of Genocide
The Demonizing of Milosevic
The Story from the Yugoslav Point of View
Conclusions Then and Now
From the Paper
"The Serbs however finally liberated Kosovo from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, and as expected, reprisals and the expulsion of the Albanian settlers who had been previously patronized by the Ottomans accompanied this liberation. Indeed, the ethnic cleansing, murders and other atrocities were actually far worse in this period than in the present although few outside the region knew of them. Moreover, few really concerned themselves with the problems until the First World War that actually originated in the Balkan region."
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International Intervention into Kosovo, 2008.
An analysis of the legitimacy of the international intervention into the Kosovo crisis.
2,181 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the question of whether or not international intervention into the Kosovo crisis was necessary. It specifically discusses how the prevailing philosophy of international law is applied to the case. The paper begins by describing the background of the situation in Kosovo. It then focuses on the United Nations' and NATO's charters. Finally, the paper analyzes the situation in Kosovo through the applicable international law in order to reach a conclusion as to whether or not the international intervention was legitimate.
Table of Contents:
The Kosovo Quagmire
The Philosophy of International Law
International Law and Kosovo Intervention
From the Paper
"Today, the United Nation backed talks have made some progress on technical matters, although ultimate resolution remains a distant hope. Both parties continue to be opposed to the question of Kosovo's status itself. Even this year, an international draft resolution for independence for Kosovo has been rewritten at least four times. The main reason for this is that Russia, a member of the United Nations Security Council, has raised the issue that creating a sovereign Kosovo goes against international law principles of state sovereignty. On the other hand, the United Nations Security Council fears that if Kosovo Albanian's demand for independence is not granted, escalated violence will occur and thus international peace and security will be threatened. In other words, the ongoing question of international law and legitimacy continues to work its way out."
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Kosovo Intervention: Just War, 2005.
Argues that the purpose of U.S./NATO Kosovo intervention was to stop the ethnic violence against the Albanians and allow the return of all refugees.
2,452 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the strategy formulation, coordination, and execution, that lead to NATO's war to save Kosovo. How the U.S. and NATO reached their goal cannot be described as perfectly executed, or even well thought out. In the end, when the dust settled the alliance was able to reverse most of the damage that Serbia had caused during the early stages of the war.
From the Paper
"Eshtain ( 2000) outlines a procedure for determining whether an armed conflict is a just war. The first part of the just war framework is devoted to determining whether or not a resort to war-or intervention-is justified. War, for example, should be fought only for a justifiable cause of substantial importance. The primary just cause in an era of nations and states is a nation's response to direct aggression. Protecting citizens from harm is a fundamental norm, and it scarcely counts as protection if no response is made when one's fellow citizens and women are being slaughtered, hounded, routed from their homes, and the like."
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Intervention in Kosovo, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of intervention in Kosov and focuses on U.S. and NATO involvement.
4,400 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 168.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the sources of the conflict in Kosovo and the efforts taken by the international community, specifically the United States and NATO, to stem the violence. Furthermore, this work addresses changes that could have been undertaken or what might have been done differently and what steps could be taken in the present or in the future to improve the country and its stability. The writer concludes that while agreements have been apparently reached between the Serb and ethnic-Albanians who both desire to remain in the region, even if it means compromise on each side, it is yet to be seen whether peace in the Kosovo region will result from NATO and U.S. involvement in Kosovo.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Report of Secretary of State Albright
Seven Weeks into U.S./NATO Intervention
Startling Serbs to the Reality of Violence with Bombs
Kosovo Talks Enter Final Phase
Both Albanians and Serbs Desire to Remain in Kosovo
Debate on Possibility of 'Setting Precedent'
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Kosovo is a province of Serbia and is the central area of the old Yugoslavia in which 90% of those in the region are Albanian in their origin with the remainder being Serbs. Under the former government, that of the old Yugoslavia this region was characterized by a great deal of autonomy. However, this autonomy was taken away by President Slobodan Milosevic in 1989 who was seeking what he called a 'Greater Serbia' seeking to secure it through a nationalist campaign. The Kosovo region was the site of a historic and emotionally charged defeat by the Ottoman Empire in 1389 and therefore has great significance to Serbian nationalists residing in the Kosovo region. Upon this region, losing its autonomy at the hands of Milosevic a conflict ensued due to the ethnic-Albanian people striving to have their cultural rights restored. The Kosovo Liberation Army, also known as the KLA drove the conflict toward the radical edge through entering violent conflicts with arms and their demand of full independence while simultaneously the Serbs were fiercely determined to keep the province. The United States and NATO entered the situation when hundreds of thousands of ethnic-Albanians were forced from their homes in what was destined to be a humanitarian disaster resulting in refugees strewn across an entire continent."
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Humanitarian Action in a Dangerous Age, 2004.
Looks at the need for humanitarian intervention and preemptive action in the realm of humanitarian assistance.
2,313 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the growing trend in human rights violations throughout the world and the need to respond to these violations. The paper argues that massive human rights violations, genocide, and repression of populations justify some form of intervention by the international community. The paper then provides a definition of humanitarian intervention and looks at the different forms it may take, its origins, and the major argument in the humanitarian intervention debate. Additionally, the paper looks at the Doctrine of Preemption, as defined by the present Bush Administration, and the principal behind the doctrine. Finally, the need for a peace-building agenda is discussed, followed by a conclusion reasserting the need for international involvement in humanitarian assistance.
From the Paper
"Human rights violations have taken place from the medieval times to the present day, throughout the world. Recently, serious and widespread human rights violations and humanitarian catastrophes have rocked the world and prompted new international responses. Cambodia, Uganda, Somalia, Rwanda, Serbia, Bosnia' Cuba and other Latin American countries, South Africa?s apartheid regime, East Timor, Congo and most recently Iraq - the list is never ending - have challenged the international communities to deal with these situations. The magnitude, duration, and pace of recent emergencies, as well as how to respond to them, present serious challenges to governments and the larger international community. Actions to address such humanitarian catastrophes are urgently needed."
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Reshaping Sovereignty: Democracy and Respect for Human Rights, 2005.
Examines the impact that democracy and respect for human rights are having upon the principle of sovereignty on which international relations is based.
4,974 words (approx. 19.9 pages), 30 sources, MLA, AU$ 184.95
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Abstract
The influence of democracy and respect for human rights on sovereignty is analyzed by their status as international norms, their roles in the recognition of new states and their impact in regards to interventionary practices. Specific and extensive examples are used in each of these dimensions of the analysis. Case studies referred to include Somalia, Sierra Leone, Rwanda, Nagorno-Karabakh, Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia, Afghanistan, Haiti and East Timor.
Paper Outline:
Democracy
Democracy as an International Norm
Democracy and the Recognition of New States
Democracy and Intervention
Democracy Conclusion
Human Rights
Respect for Human Rights as an International Norm
Respect for Human Rights in the Recognition of New States
Humanitarian Intervention
Human Rights Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, signed in December of 1933, established the criteria that a state must meet as a person of international law: a permanent population; a defined territory; a government; and the capacity to enter into relations with other states. These criteria entail two aspects of sovereignty: an internal one referring to a government's authority over a defined territory and the population within, and an external dimension referring to a state's recognition by other states. Since 1933, however, the international system has undergone many changes: WWII, the rise of the United States, the creation of the United Nations, decolonization, the Cold War, the fall of the Soviet Union, the growth of democracy, the birth of the European Union, and the emergence of an active international community."
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General Model Of Government Intervention, 2002.
Looks at the use and effects of government intervention, and the best approach to intervention.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
The general model of government intervention is intended as an analytical framework to investigate the use and effects of government intervention. The model demonstrates that a strategic, direct, and coercive intervention is the preferable one for achieving goals.
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