| Papers [1-16] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTECTION": |
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Human Subjects' Protection, 2007.
An analysis of the role of The Office for Human Research Protections and the Institutional Review Boards for all human-subject research.
1,183 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the role of The Office for Human Research Protections in the United States, which was expanded in 2000 to oversee not only federally funded tests, but all human-subject research. The paper describes the challenges of the changes that were introduced and how they can be addressed. It then discusses the Institutional Review Boards (IRB) and their role. The paper concludes by discussing the consequences of opposing the local IRB mandated training for researchers. The paper contains a large section of original source documents appended to the paper.
Table of Contents:
I. Introduction
From a Yelp to a Roar
II. Challenges to Changes
III. Either you be . . .
From the Paper
"Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), created by universities and academic medical centers, establish committees called to review experimental protocols involving humans. Traditionally, as federal regulations were regarded as performance-based guidelines, IRBs discretionally acted on a protocol-by-protocol basis. Temporary shutdown of several academic IRBs during the past few years, along with the ensuing cessation of clinical research, encouraged administrators and researchers to begin to better protect subjects enrolled in trials, in order to move forward with their research projects. (Wynes, Martin, and Skorton)"
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Women's Health and Human Life Protection, 2006.
Presents a memorandum on HB 1215 - Women's Health and Human Life Protection Act - and includes a voting recommendation.
809 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that HB 1215, or the Women's Health and Human Life Protection Act, bans all abortions in the state of South Dakota, except if necessary to save the mother's life. The writer notes that sponsors and supporters of this bill believe that abortion is wrong because unborn children are the most vulnerable members of society. The writer then points out that such supporters designed this bill to challenge the Supreme Court's ruling in "Roe v. Wade", which defines the current U.S. law on abortion. The writer then points out that many Americans believe it is immoral for the government to interfere with their fellow citizens' private reproductive decisions, and that passing HB 1215 might result in extensive political conflicts. The writer therefore proposes to vote against HB 1215.
Outline:
Introduction
Key Points
Argument for Voting against HB 1215
Recommendation
From the Paper
"In fact, existing law mandates a 24-hour waiting period and counseling prior to the procedure. Girls under the age of 16 must also notify a parent. No South Dakota doctor will perform the procedure therefore the Sioux Falls Planned Parenthood Clinic is the sole clinic that agrees to do so once a week, flying in doctors from Minnesota. Consequently, only 0.2%, or approximately 800 out of a total 390,000 South Dakota women will opt for an abortion annually."
"Should HB 1215 be signed into law, abortion opponents are confident Roe v. Wade could be overturned. So far, 14 states have considered bills that would ban abortion in all or most cases, according to NARAL Pro-Choice America. This ban may set a precedent and swing the vote in those states, including nearly every state in the South and some of the states across the industrial Rust Belt, states that have already enacted most of the abortion restrictions now allowed."
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Human rights vs. Human Nature, 2006.
A discussion regarding the justification of war and the issue of human rights versus human nature.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the question of justifying military intervention on the basis of protection of human rights, pointing out that such a question requires a prior assumption. The paper clarifies this assumption to be that countries are capable of benevolent, disinterested altruism. History refutes this assumption. The paper further discusses how individuals and groups within a country may very well have the best intentions to bring relief to the suffering citizens of a brutal dictatorship or civil war; but countless examples, from Vietnam, to Latin America, to Rwanda, to present day Iraq, show a road to hell paved with such good intentions. The political and military forces involved in such maneuvers, by their very nature, preclude truly altruistic actions.
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Human Rights, 2008.
Argues in favor of global human right protection.
2,415 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses that human rights should be practiced and protected around the world because they are the inherent right of every human being. The author of the paper points out that it is much easier to proclaim human rights than it is to grant and preserve them and states that it is critically important to extend human rights to everyone because humanity can never truly consider itself civilized if human rights are being violated anywhere in the world. The author also examines human rights problems, such as totalitarian dictatorships, theocracies, the abortion debate, the death penalty and genocide.
From the Paper
"The history of human rights has been rather bleak, for throughout most of human history, war and conquest have been pervasive and the brute force of rulers has determined the structure of societies. Under such conditions, human rights have been irrelevant. The vanquished were enslaved and the lower classes in every society were at the mercy of the classes above them. It was only when the Enlightenment generated the development of democracy that human rights began to recognized and protected in developing democracies."
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Human Rights Law, 2003.
An analysis of the protections of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) as they apply to human rights law in the United Kingdom.
3,065 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the history of the Council of Europe and The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, commonly known as the ECHR (European Convention on Human Rights). The paper analyzes the history of human rights in the UK beginning with the Magna Carta of the 13th century, and continuing into the 20th century, when legislation was developed to coordinate British law with the original ECHR of 1949 and its subsequent charters and protocols expanding European protections of civil rights. The paper reviews various sections of the ECHR and compares them to English Common Law and provisions of the UK's Human Rights Act of 1998. The paper discusses the difference between non-derogable rights and derogated rights, citing several relevant sections of the ECHR. It also examines several points of the ECHR and considers their acceptability under UK law. In conclusion, the paper finds that the ECHR laws are quite complex and that new British legislation only furthers the dissonance with their applicability to the UK.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Analysis
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The Council for Europe had been originally established at the end of the Second World War and had an objective of the protection of Europe against totalitarianism and atrocities that were witnessed during the war. This council had the convention as a treaty within the actions it took. (European Convention on Human Rights) The United Kingdom was one of the founder members of this convention and also involved in the design of the law. It was also one of the first countries to approve the treaty. It has also appeals to be made to the European Commission for Human Rights since 1966. The influence of the Convention has been growing in the UK during the past ten years as the European Court of Human Rights are now taking quicker action about the appeals that are being made to it. (The European Convention on Human Rights)"
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Dolphin-Human Interactions, 2005.
A report on dolphins, describing their characteristics and qualities and human efforts to protect them, as well as the mistreatment they have suffered.
2,225 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper explores some of those reasons why, in spite of dolphins being some of the most loved mammals in the world, they are still too often mistreated and abused. The paper also looks at some of the ways that many people and governments have, in fact, attempted to help dolphins to varying degrees, as well as presents results from a small survey taken to assess general attitudes toward dolphin protection efforts. The paper also formulates some conclusions about what other steps can be taken by people to minimize the harm we bring to this fine species. First, however, this paper describes some of the outstanding characteristics of dolphins so that the reader can understand what remarkable creatures they are.
From the Paper
"Dolphins are one of the most widely-loved mammals that exist. People love the fact that they are actually mammals instead of fish; they love how playful dolphins can be, and how they always seem to be smiling; and they love to hear the mythology about how dolphins have helped so many ships in trouble. Dolphins are regularly shown at places like Sea World and in aquariums, where people can see how intelligent these animals truly are. Between their sleek beauty, their agility in the water, and their seemingly always-happy demeanor, dolphins are beloved perhaps more than most other animals."
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Protection of Children, 2002.
Examines whether American Human Service Agencies effectively protect children in need.
2,357 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 16 sources, APA, AU$ 105.95
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Abstract
While in the 1960s and 1970s, child sexual abuse and child abuse in general was almost invisible, in recent year the issue is constantly in the pages of newspapers and magazines, and in portrayals on television and in movies. It sometimes appears that there has been a radical increase in the abuse of children, although experts believe most of this is the result of better reporting and changes in the perception of abuse. Still, there is a need for response; often that response leads to an intervention by human service agencies, including the possibility of removing the child from the home. The paper questions the effectiveness of these agencies in protecting children and improving their situation. The paper looks at the evolution of child welfare concepts, explores the current state of human service agency activity regarding children and comes to a conclusion about the effectiveness of human service agencies in protecting children.
From the Paper
"This seems to echo the assertion by Wells and Tracy (1996) that there needs to be a new emphasis on out-placement of children in order to provide true child welfare services. They noted that recent practice has emphasized family preservation programs, rather than splitting-up families. However, they indicated that evidence has accumulated which shows that the intensive family preservation model has failed to protect children. Actually, that was not really its primary goal, since the initiative for the model developed in response to criticisms of Child Protective Services and their removal of children from the homes. The focus of the model, then, was to keep families together, while helping with family crises and protecting the children."
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The FBI and Witness Protection, 2008.
An examination of the witness protection program of the FBI and how it is decided who will be given protection or immunity.
4,756 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 178.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the various roles of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). It specifically focuses on the FBI witness protection program. The paper discusses some previous cases and then looks at how the FBI decides who is given immunity and protection and whether these decisions are being made properly or even should be made at all.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Witness Protection
The Witness Protection Program
Analysis
From the Paper
"Some people in the program itself have also raised complaints, stating that the government has not lived up to its agreement in some way or that the program itself is no longer needed in an era when the formerly powerful mob is no longer powerful: "Omerta, the mob law of silence, is long dead. With so many informants, targeting just one is pointless" (McShane, 2000, p. A1). The criminality of people like Sammy Gravano even while in the program has also been a point of contention, raising the question of how much the program is protecting questionable witnesses and not the public. The public questions the way the FBI and others decide whom to protect when people hear about cases like that of Boston mob hit man Joseph Barboza, who was aided by the FBI in 1971 to get him off of death row in California so he would not recant in a 1965 Massachusetts case that sent four innocent men to prison. He was aided when two FBI agents testified on his behalf. This has been deemed a cover-up that lasted more than thirty years. Two of the men wrongly sentenced died while in prison, while the other two were released after serving more than thirty years. The cover-p was discovered when the files of the two FBI agents who participated "revealed Barboza lied to the jury when he accused the four men of playing roles in the murder of the amateur boxer who offended Mob bosses" (Lawrence 2001, para. 13). Evidence has also been offered to show that Barboza killed several people while in the Witness Protection Program. Barboza himself was killed by a hitman in 1976."
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CD Copy Protection, 2002.
This paper investigates the recent innovation in the music industry of copy protection on CD's.
3,730 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 150.95
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Abstract
The paper argues against the phenomenon of copy protection of CD?s, focusing on the technological inconveniences experienced by the CD buyer as a result of this protection. It studies the different technological methods used in copy protection and the disadvantages and inconveniences involved in employing these methods. It then moves on to the issue of media conglomerates? disregard for consumer interests and the infringement on the rights of the consumer. It takes a close look at American copyright protection laws and the controversy behind home recording rights. It concludes with a summary of the shortcomings of copy protection.
Outline
Introduction: ?Four Charley Pride Fans? Anecdote
What is Copy Protection?
History
How It Works, and Doesn?t
Spy-Protection as Symptomatic in the Industry
Symptomatic of Disregard for Customers
Future Direction of the Problem
Legal Difficulties for Private Users/hackers
What the Law Says and Doesn?t
Right of Reproduction and Fair Use
Royalties from Recording Devices
What the Industry is Thinking
Appear to Lose Sales
Copying Actually Aids Sales
Misdirected Greed
Copy-proofing Is Useless
Ways to Get Around It
New Recording Devices Avoid It
These Discs are not actually CDs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Copy protection, the newest rage for sold-out record companies, causes CDs to only be playable by standard audio CD players, in order to keep them from being copied by the home music enthusiast. While this is supposed to help the companies make more money, it only does so by putting major impediments against the enjoyment of music by the people for which it is made."
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Stratospheric Ozone Protection, 2007.
A detailed account of the Environmental Protection Agency's Stratospheric Ozone Protection Division from its inception until its current state.
2,653 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Stratospheric Ozone Protection Division (SPD), which is designed to reduce the emissions of ozone depleting substances (ODSs). The paper discusses the methods used for implementation of various ODS-reducing programs and touches on agency accountability, as well as industry compliance. The paper analyzes the effectiveness of the program.
Table of Contents:
Background
Function
Performance
External Observers
Financials
Program Assessment
From the Paper
"According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the primary purposes of the Stratospheric Ozone Protection Division (SPD) are to protect and restore the ozone layer and to reduce the rate of skin cancer (Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]), 2007). The Stratospheric Ozone Protection Division has implemented a variety of programs designed to protect the ozone layer. The momentum for the development of these programs can primarily be sourced to the Montreal Protocol and the Clean Air Act (CAA). The majority of these programs are designed to reduce or eliminate the emission of ozone depleting substances (ODS)."
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Environmental Protection, 2007.
This paper takes a look at the necessity of environmental protection.
1,543 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of environmental protection. Specifically, the paper discusses what environmental protection is, and why it is vital in today's global culture.
Outline:
What Exactly is Environmental Protection?
A Short History of Environmental Protection
Why Environmental Protection is so Important
Why Some People are Opposed to Environmental Protection
How the Environment is a Vital Part of our Lives
From the Paper
"Some people do not believe humankind can destroy entire ecological niches on the planet; they believe it will always "heal" itself in some way. Others do not believe that humans are causing environmental issues such as global warming. These people are opposed to most environmental protection efforts, because they see them as "liberal" posturing, causing expenditures that could be used in other areas. Many business owners, especially those engaged in harmful industries, such as chemicals and such, are opposed to environmental protection because they feel it takes away some of their profits and applies rules and regulations that are difficult to conform to. As another environmental author notes, "Environmental regulations are certainly costly. The relevant question is whether they produce much in return. After all, if the benefits outweigh the costs, it may not be worth quibbling over the price tag" (Adler 653). In addition, many people are opposed to government agencies controlling environmental policy, as they feel there are too many rules, regulations, and government meddling already, and environmental protection simply adds more regulation and government intervention to the problem. "
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The Meaning of Human Rights, 2004.
Examines the various aspects concerning the topic of human rights.
1,189 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of human rights in terms of one's right to dignity, one's right to equal protection and opportunity, and one's right to die. The paper attempts to demonstrate that human rights should and must be considered from an objective perspective and cannot be defined subjectively or within the cultural norms of a given society.
From the Paper
"Human rights are important because they serve to achieve a certain level of human dignity. But what does one mean by the term human rights? Human beings have an inherent value simply by virtue of being human. One generally treats something of value with respect and holds it in esteem. Simply, human rights dictate a basic treatment to which every human has the right. Dignity is the outward emanation of self-pride, self- love, and self-regard. It bespeaks a consideration of place in the universe. Dignity involves one?s views of right and wrong relative to one?s actions and the actions of others. Human rights help a person achieve a certain level of self-value. Human rights and dignity go hand in hand."
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Human Rights, 2002.
An essay on Shashi Tharoor's defense of legislation preserving human rights.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This essay examines Shashi Tharoor's article "Are Human Rights Universal?", arguing that Tharoor's commitment to universal human rights legislation does not necessarily protect the human dignity of unfairly treated individuals.
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Human Rights, 2007.
This paper discusses different classifications and types of human rights.
1,364 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the difference between civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. The writer maintains that the difference between various types of human rights is largely dependent on the various human and societal functions. However, the writer points out that a central difference lies in the classification of the classic and the social main groups. The writer concludes that notwithstanding the many issues surrounding human rights the one integrating factor is that all the various types and classifications of these rights are bound by the underlying foundation of all human rights; namely to promote and protect the rights of the individual in order to create a more equitable and just world.
Outline:
Introduction
First Generation Rights: Civil and Political
Second Generation or Social Rights.
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"These different areas fall under various categories such as civil rights, which includes the right to fair legal and trial. Another category aligned to civil rights is political rights, which includes the right to vote. In addition there are other rights that are included under the general rubric of human rights. These refer to economic, social and cultural rights which include, for example, the right to water and adequate housing. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a formal agreement which guarantees all these different types of rights in an international sense.
The division and categorization of the different types of human rights also has a historical context and foundation that helps us to understand the differences between these various categories. It should also be remembered that many of these categories are interrelated."
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Human Trafficking, 2006.
This paper discusses the problem of human trafficking, a new era of slavery.
3,965 words (approx. 15.9 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 156.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the three basic human trafficking markets, both legal and illegal, are (1) the legitimate or conventional market economies such as restaurants, factories and farms, (2) legitimate domestic service economy such as households maids and (3) the criminal economies of the forced sex industry, mostly prostitution. The author points out that, through deception and empty promises, people and even children are shuttled in secret, often illegally and in frightening conditions, to do work, which no one else will do, to places where they often cannot communicate and are forced to work through threats of violence. The paper relates that there are few resources to help these victims and very limited legal protection in the United States and elsewhere. The paper has many long quotations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Face of Human Trafficking
The Economic Side of Trafficking
Legal Issues of Human Trafficking
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Here are just a few statements from women who have been victims of human trafficking and forced prostitution. There are more stories than there are people to write them and more dehumanizing occurrences than most people would even believe. Yet, for the most part the public is not even aware of the situation; even historically, as few people know of the forced prostitution rings that sprang up in the Western United States during the gold rush and even fewer are aware that it happens today, here and all over the world."
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Trusts Law: The Pension Protection Fund, 2006.
A look at the argument that the pension protection fund is simply an unnecessary burden on properly funded and effectively managed pension funds.
4,220 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 17 sources, APA, AU$ 163.95
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Abstract
The Pension Protection Fund (PPF) was introduced by the Government under the Pensions Act 2004 in order to protect members of private sector defined benefit schemes whose firms become insolvent with insufficient funds in their pension scheme. This paper begins with background discussion on the overall operation of the U.K. pensions system in order to demonstrate the context within which the defined benefit occupational trust scheme, and thus the protection conferred by the PPF, operates. It then examines the origins of the fund amid a growing crisis of deficient pensions funds, before detailing how it operates in practice. The key arguments in support of the title statement are then discussed, and evaluated through consideration of measures that have been taken in order to alleviate any such unnecessary burdens.
Outline:
Abstract
Background
The Role of the Trust in Pensions and the Growing Pensions Crisis
The Origins and Operation of the Pension Protection Fund
The 'Burden' of the Pension Protection Fund
Easing the Burden
Conclusions: An 'Unnecessary' Burden?
From the Paper
"Occupational pension schemes are in almost all cases established in the form of a trust . There are a number of advantageous reasons for this. Firstly, the use of the trust instrument allows for a number of benefits in relation to tax liability; provided that the scheme is 'approved' by the Inland Revenue, the investments made using the trust fund are free from both income and capital gains taxation, whilst additional tax reliefs exist in respect of the contributions to the fund from both the employee and the employer . Secondly the trust represents a "cheap and flexible vehicle" , allowing a scheme to be established in any such way as the employer wishes; consequently allowing it to set the 'balance of power' over the fund in its favour."
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