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Human Memory Gone Wrong, 2003.
An examination of a neuropsychological syndrome - Capgras Syndrome.
1,191 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
Through examining what is known of the etiology of Capgras Syndrome and its similarities and differences from other facial recognition disorders, this paper shows how a disorder such as Capgras can provide interesting insight into the functioning of human memory.
From the Paper
"Capgras Syndrome is a rare disorder in which an individual suffers from delusions that one, or a few highly familiar people have been replaced by (Edelstyn & Oyebode, 1999). While the patient is capable of acknowledging that the ?impostor? looks identical to the ?missing person,? they lack any sense of emotional attachment and therefore insist that the person is psychologically different, or absent. The disorder often occurs in conjunction with paranoid schizophrenia, but 25 to 40% of the cases are associated with organic disorders such as dementia, head trauma, epilepsy or cerebrovascular disease (Edelstyn & Oyebode, 1999).Neuropsychologists have linked Capgras to damage to the right hemisphere, specifically the frontal and temporal lobes, but damage often exists bilaterally (Edelstyn & Oyebode, 1999). The specific causation of Capgras Syndrome is not known. Similar brain damage does not always result in Capgras Syndrome, and thus cognitive psychologists argue that cognition plays a role in creating Capgras Syndrome. Structural damage to the brain creates some gap in a person?s ability to recognize faces, but it is cognition that is responsible for a patient filling in this gap with the delusion that impostors have replaced familiar acquaintances and loved ones (Edelstyn & Oyebode, 1999). Cognitive psychologists use this to explain why some patients with identical brain damage fail to develop Capgras Syndrome while others do (Edelstyn & Oyebode, 1999). However, despite their theory, it is difficult to test empirically and thus the majority of the literature focuses on neuropsychological explanations for Capgras Syndrome."
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Memory Research, 1999.
Examines the history of experimental research in human memory. Discusses processes and structure, definition, researchers, models and theories, learning, short-term, long-term and more.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 14 sources, AU$ 197.95
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Abstract
The subject of human memory has fascinated thinkers and scientists throughout recorded history. What people remember, and how they remember it, has an impact on every aspect of life. The performance of the simplest, everyday tasks is based on the ability to recall how they are done, and new information and experiences can only be fully assimilated if a framework of past experience exists
From the Paper
"The subject of human memory has fascinated thinkers and scientists throughout recorded history. What people remember, and how they remember it, has an impact on every aspect of life. The performance of the simplest, everyday tasks is based on the ability to recall how they are done, and new information and experiences can only be fully assimilated if a framework of past experience exists. Despite its overwhelming importance, however, human memory was, for centuries, only a matter for speculation. It was not until the late nineteenth century that the empirical study of memory began. As successive theories of memory were proposed, they were subjected to testing. Whether the proposed theories were confirmed or denied by the testing, the results inevitably suggested new paths for investigation, and further theorizing. After over one hundred years of study and ..."
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Romantic Poets and the Representation of Memory, 2002.
A paper on how poets from the Romantic era sought to convey the complexities of the human mind through the representation of memory in their poetry.
2,255 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how Romanticism was a period in human history where structure and form were abandoned for unrestricted thought and movement. It discusses its influence on poetry and how, through their representation of memory in their poetry, poets sought to illustrate the complexities of the human mind as well as explore Descartes? supposition of ?I think, therefore I am.? This paper specifically looks at two poems from the Romantic Era: ?The Nightingale? by Coleridge and ?The Idiot Boy? by Wordsworth. By conducting a thorough analysis of these two poems, the paper shows how many poets believed memory to be more than just observation to the past. Memories are loaded with the reminiscer?s interpretation of previous events and are therefore subject to the reminiscer?s culture, character and rationalising process. The paper discusses how, by representing memory in this way, poets provide their own interpretation of how the human mind operates and what it really means to be fully aware as a member of the human race.
From the Paper
"From the onset, the descriptions of the natural surroundings given by the narrator demonstrates the thought processes of the mind in capturing images from the outside. When the narrator talks of ?No cloud, no relique of the sunken day distinguishes the West, no long thin slip of sullen Light, no obscure trembling hues,? they are not merely observations because the narrator talks of images that are not there. Instead, the narrator implies more about his expectations at seeing a cloud and a relique of the sunken day, and his surprise at finding neither in sight. This is an example of the mind interpreting more than just the surroundings but taking into account time and circumstance in evaluating what is going on outside the mind. This can also be gleaned from the choice of adjectives the narrator employs in describing his surroundings. The narrator observes the ?soft bed of verdure? and ?vernal showers.? "
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The Psychology of Memory, 2006.
A discussion regarding the sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper looks closely at a chapter describing the inner workings of our human memory, and the three component system that we utilize to retail information. Using sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory we can learn to better encode information in order to be more successful students. The more meaning we can attach to our memories, the stronger memories they become.
From the Paper
"Memories can seem to be fleeting moments, shocking us when we can not seem to recall the most standard pieces of information, or surprisingly dense, as when details one thought completely unimportant rise clearly into our thoughts. Understanding the processes behind memory can aid our quests to recall specific information similarly to how an information processing system such as a computer or database works. Through a clear understanding of the three component model of memory--sensory memory, working or short term memory and long term memory--one can apply this awareness towards creating specific rehearsal and encoding cues which will be more likely to remain stable in our long term memory. While the processes of memory have been speculated upon for centuries, a current model describes memory utilizing technological imagery. "
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Memory Functions and Learning, 2008.
An analysis of how memory affects the potential for learning.
2,256 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the function of the human memory. It focuses on how memory is essential to learning and learning is the foundational goal of education. The paper also discusses how the understanding of the implications of the personal, of imagery, of sound and of movement into the repertoire of the memory will create a holistic learning process that fosters memory, even of the most arbitrary nature.
From the Paper
"Historical emphasis has been on the first distinction, that of procedural and declarative memory, because for the most part the kinds of memories or learning one receives in school are not associated with the personal, they are memories that most if not all people are believed to need to survive and prosper. Yet, developmentally, young children especially are driven by the personal, the perspective of the self as center, but to some degree we all are. It is for this reason that new inroads are being made in to the idea that memory should be associated with the personal to be effective. Regardless of the historical attempts to create uniformity in learning and attempt to associate all scholarly learning with the abstract, a situation that is contrary to human psychology, many people are much more likely to remember even the most abstract concepts from a personal perspective of context and autobiographic details. So, instead of fighting nature why not embrace it and teach abstract concepts in a way that they are associated with positive personal growth. People are also likely to remember the manner in which they did not learn a concept that was deemed crucial as well, from a personal perspective. Educators would do well to seek out these memories and replay them in their own memory, so as to better understand why certain situations did not foster learning."
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Recovered Memory, 2008.
A discussion of recovered memory and repressed memory.
773 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the mental faculty of recovered memory and the neurological mechanisms involved in retaining and recalling past experiences. It takes a particular look at the controversy among psychologists regarding repressed memory and whether or not it actually exists. The paper asserts that much scientific research supports the validity of repressed memory. The paper also points out, however, that this research does not address whether repressed memories are true or false, such as in the case of testimonies when dealing with abuses or crimes. The paper concludes that such accounts should indeed be taken very seriously and should be critically examined in relation to other evidence.
From the Paper
"False memories are memories that were distorted or even created within and outside of the therapeutic context. Patients with psychological distress see a therapist as a source of help in their search for an "effort at meaning" (Clansy, cited in Furtado, 2003). Patients' memory is extremely susceptible that the subtlest suggestion made by a doctor can alter or create false experiences such as memories of abuse. They can be created by the use of several techniques, such as recovered memory therapy, hypnosis, guided imagery, and dream interpretation (Davis, Loftus, & Follette, 2001). An experiment carried out by Dr. Nader and Dr. Shafe may give a neurobiological insight into how memories are updated. Using the fear conditioning process, they trained rats to associate a tone with an electric shock. Once the memory was consolidated, they presented the tone and immediately injected a drug that would inhibit the production of proteins. The fact that the animals reacted instead of freezing at the sound implied that the memories became vulnerable to suggestions, and that the production of new proteins were needed to store them back into long-term storage (Blakeslee, 2000)."
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Odor and Memory in Humans, 2007.
This paper explains olfaction is closely related to the limbic system, which plays a role in directing both emotions and memory.
2,445 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the sense of smell is related to spatial memory in a residual feature shared with other vertebrates that are also able to recognize and become reoriented towards a place by way of olfactory reminders. The author points out that only two synapses separate the human olfactory nerve from the amygdala involved in emotion and emotional memory, and only three synapses separate the olfactory nerve from the hippocampus implicated in memory and especially, working and long term memory. The paper states that neurobiological and other studies pertaining to olfaction and memory have explored such topics as social membership, interaction and recognition.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Indications of Evolution
Amnosmia
More on Human Olfaction and Other Primates
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"This 'Proust Effect' has been noted in various other kinds of survivors and often, many years after other reminders of unwanted, often terrible experiences have subsided. A particular smell of which the person may barely be aware till encountered can create intense emotional memories and upset. It is known that olfactory neurons are unmyleinated as makes them the slowest of those associated with the different senses but also makes perceived smells last longer than those of vision or audition. "
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Separating False Recollection from True Memory, 2002.
Analyzes Repressed Memory Syndrome and the problems involved in using memories as evidence.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the so-called "Repressed Memory Syndrome." The author discusses how the issue is controversial in that as the so-called victims are winning large settlements in courts, the number of therapists and cases is rising dramatically. While most psychiatrists admit that repressing traumatic memories does indeed happen, many do not believe in the existence of Repressed Memory Syndrome. The paper makes this case by discussing a slew of psychiatric evidence, all of which suggests that memory is not absolute, memories can certainly be created and that the tools therapists use to revive memories can actually help create them. The most damning evidence against RMS has been findings which suggest that the social and legal goals of the rememberer can influence memory. The author closes by arguing that more research needs to be done into how memories are created and how they can be distinguished from false ones, so that actual victims of child abuse need not be trivializes.
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Memory: How Reliable Is It ?, 2003.
Explores human memory and questions the reliability of memory.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains human memory and discusses how it is formed. It explores the mysteries the mechanisms of memory, the different levels of memory, and its reliability.
From the Paper
"According to the article by Dr. Helen Silvia, the temporal lobe is a region of the brain that presents a significant involvement with memory. It is localized under the temporal bone (above the ears) so named because hair in this region frequently is the first ones to become gray with time. There is considerable evidence pointing to this region as being particularly important for the storage of past events. The temporal lobe includes the temporal neocortex, which could potentially be the region involved with long-term memory."
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Autobiographical Memory, 2002.
This paper discusses autobiographical memory, one's ability to store information for events and issues related to one's self.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that autobiographical memory includes, not only memories for specific experiences, but also memories for the personal facts of one's life. The author points out that the brain uses two forms of memory storage: Semantic memory and episodic memory. The paper relates that autobiographical memories are some of the most important memories we have because they include our self-image, our knowledge of the world around us, and the recall of emotional and specific events, which help to influence our lives.
From the Paper
"Episodic memory plays a role in autobiographical memory in a number of ways. First, parts of autobiographical memories involve ?flashbulb memories?, or the memory for a situation in which we had high emotion or surprise. For example, one may remember the day in which the World Trade center was attacked. The memory of this event includes information such as the place of the event, the event which was interrupted by the high emotion, where one received the news, the feelings associated with the news, and the emotions of those around them."
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Augustine, Boethius and Memory, 2005.
This paper examines the nature of memory in 'Confessions' by Augustine and 'The Consolation of Philosophy' by Boethius.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
In this paper, both Boethius and Augustine reflect an active memory that is acutely based on solitude for clarity of higher spiritual truths. By being untainted by outside abuses to the memory of Jesus or Socrates, silence and isolation gave these authors a pure vision of the past in their recollection of greater truths within the human condition. By actively presenting memories that are valid to understanding human nature, the present tense and the future are glorified through forgiveness and greater truths within a philosophical and religious perspective.
From the Paper
"In this philosophical study the nature of memory will be examined within the 'Confessions' by Augustine and 'The Consolation of Philosophy' by Boethius. The influence of philosophy on the nature of memory affects both authors through the affect of solitude in these writings. Memory is integral to realizing the truth of human nature, and how mankind can find the greater good through interpreting the past. Boethius and Augustine both place a great deal of spiritual and philosophical value when determining the personal convictions they exhibit in their belief systems. For Augustine the nature of memory is essential in discovering his conviction in God, and how this affects his faith in mankind. In writing the 'Confessions' Augustine has become aware of the nature of his solitude in searching for forgiveness for his past sins."
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Alcohol and Memory, 2002.
Studies the effects of alcohol on memory and the variants of the concepts 'alcohol' and 'memory' in pscychological research, using articles as references.
775 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
In experimental psychology research that studies the effects of alcohol on memory, there are significant differences in the ways "alcohol" and 'memory' are conceptualized. In the articles reviewed here, this paper will be drawing attention to the differences of context, that is, how the researchers have identified the relations of alcohol and alcoholism in contexts of studying memory processes.
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Short-Term Memory and Aging, 2008.
A discussion of the possible causes for short-term memory loss in old age.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 112.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses short-term memory loss among the elderly. The paper points out that the habit of viewing difficulties of short-term memory loss as normal in aging is countered by knowledge of the phenomenon as a frequent indication of changes in other memory functions. The paper mentions current models, which address short-term memory in relation to brain connectivity, such that impaired short-term memory may be read as a sign for other alterations in memory or brain function that are more significant. The paper looks into a variety of causes in order to gain a better conceptualization of a condition that is a frequent symptom, rather than a disorder all its own. The paper concludes that symptoms involving cognition and memory indicate something, and are not reducible to old models of steady decline, especially mental decline, in old age.
From the Paper
"An aging North American population and much research attention given to Alzheimer's and dementia have produced considerable knowledge of help in understanding other conditions of brain function including mental and nervous disorder. Grady, Furey Et Al (2001) examined altered brain connectivity and the decline of short-term memory of a sample of Alzheimer's patients and a normal control group. Alzheimer's disorder is increasing defined as a syndrome of dysfunctional connectivity within the brain whose most apparent indication is often much impaired short-term memory. Given the technology available to neurologists and neuro-psychiatrists of today, much more is understood of what happens to the memory of the Alzheimer's patient in addition to knowledge allowing us to know more of the normal or aging person who does not present the condition. Delays in cognitive processing due to Alzheimer's changes affect other aspects of memory. For instance, impairment in the functioning of the prefrontal cortex of means the patient cannot recognize a once familiar face, or the face of a caregiver or other individual that is seen daily."
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The Three Stages of Memory, 2006.
This paper delves into the three distinct stages of memory which consist of: Stabilization, enhancement and modification.
1,545 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This well-researched paper reviews and analyzes the latest published research and relevant results pertaining to the nature and dynamics of human memory. The writer of this paper explores the significance of sleep on the formation of memory as well as the impact of menopause and its tendency to affect a woman's memory. This paper details the results of various studies which clearly explain the three distinct stages of memory while also delving into how and why memories either linger on or vanish. This paper presents the findings of studies done on babies and their capacity to remember which greatly increases between 8 and 12 months while long-term memory is not fully developed until after the first year of life. This paper also details the author's results to a particular experiment conducted on 11 students which focused on recognition and delayed recall as they pertained to names and numbers.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
Psychological Laboratory Report
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Findings of a new research unravel the three distinct stages of a memory, how memories endure or vanish. These stages are the stabilizing, the enhancing and the modifying of a memory. In the first stage, the memory or experience is created in the brain, stabilized and then saved like computer files but, unlike computer files, the memory needs six waking hours to become stabilized. The second stage happens during a full night's sleep, on which the enhancement of memory is absolutely dependent, and underscores the significance of sleep to the learning process. And the third stage is the recall phase, wherein the memory that has been stabilized and enhanced can be modified. These findings were drawn from a new research conducted with 100 young subjects, aged 18 to 27 in several finger-tapping sequences at various intervals and points in the sleep-wake cycle. The research, conducted at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center, focused on procedural skill memory, the type that enables the learning of coordination-based skills, like driving, sports, playing musical instruments and surgical procedure."
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The Repressed/False Memory Debate and its Crucial Consensus, 2002.
Explores the nature of repressed memory and the ability of therapists to distinguish between true and false childhood memories.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 194.95
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Abstract
Summary: The repressed/false memory debate is marked by sharp polarities of what Loftus terms firm believers and skeptics who "point to the reconstructive nature of memory and ask for evidence and corroboration". The debate is far from theoretical since individual's reputations and futures are at stake. While the claims and arguments on both sides of the controversy will be discussed, the purpose here is to explore the nature of memory, repression and dissociation to determine if therapists can distinguish between true and false memories of childhood trauma.
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How Stress Affects Memory, 2007.
This paper explores stress and memory and how these two factors interact in various ways.
1,353 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
The paper offers the psychological and neurological definitions of stress and memory and explains how men and women handle stress in different ways. The paper looks at how teenagers of both genders may be especially vulnerable to stress. The paper studies the effect acute stress has on the short term memory and how chronic stress can negatively impact both short and long term memory of a sufferer in a permanent fashion. The paper provides suggestions on how to reduce stress and considers areas of future research.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
What is Memory?
What is Stress?
Gender, Age and Various Stressors
Acute Stress and Memory
Chronic Stress and Memory
How to Reduce Stress?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A memory is a kind of neurological activity of imprinting or retrieval. Different areas of the brain coordinate different areas of memory, such as phonological, or acoustic and linguistic memory, as opposed to visual and spatial memory. These different types of memory stimulate different areas of the brain. Intense personal memories appear to affect a particular structure of the limbic system of the brain, in addition to the hippocampus. This structure is called the amygdala and regulates human reactions to fearful situations."
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