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Human Evolution and Closest Relative, 2007.
This paper discusses the evolution of the human and discusses human origins.
2,016 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 18 sources, MLA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that evolution is defined as a change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation and natural selection. The writer notes that the topic of human evolution all started when human fossils and remains were discovered from different regions on earth. The writer points out that the availability of new technology even allows the study of the genetic structures of the fossils found, which signifies a more reliable and astonishing breakthrough in defining the start of human evolution. The writer concludes that many of the scientific evidences including that of the anatomical, archaeological and genetic provide a full proof view that modern humans descend from earlier hominid populations or our ape-like ancestors.
From the Paper
"Homo sapiens (about 100,000 years ago) is characterized by large brain size, high forehead, small eyebrow ridges, slender skeleton and upright structure. The Homo sapiens fossil record shows anatomical trends toward decreased bone mass. Their diet was more balanced - it included meat, grains and vegetables. The sapiens' tools were more sophisticated, and incorporated the use of raw materials. Surviving Cro-Magnon artifacts include huts, cave paintings, carvings and antler-tipped spears. The remains of tools suggest that they knew how to make woven clothing (according to a claim by Michael Rappenglueck, of the University of Munich. 2000.). The appearance of Cro-Magnon culture about 40,000 years ago was characterized by fine artwork - beads, ivory carvings, clay figurines, decorated tools and even musical instruments."
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Human Evolution, 2002.
Discusses the theory that human evolution is a result of the interplay between genes and the environment.
2,405 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
Biologist E. Mayr put forth a theory that interplay between human genes and their environment contributes to human evolution. He believes this sets narrow limits on allowable evolutionary changes within a species. The paper shows that developmental biologists believe that the genes active early in development are the oldest acquired genes, while those active in the later stages of development are more recently acquired genes. In this respect, changes in the older genes would have more serious deleterious effects in the individual than changes in the newer genes. This paper produces support for this theory on human evolution by providing examples of human and other mammal development.
From the Paper
"Engels (2) uses the example of human hands to explain the idea of human evolution. He believes that hands are the "perfected product of hundreds of thousands of years of labor. The endless adaption of new manual operations allowed human hands to become indispensable tools." Engels postulates that as apes evolved into man, they adopted an upright posture and began using their hands for purposes other than walking. Even though monkeys used their hands for holding food, clubs to attack their enemies, etc., none has the capacity for using their hands that man does. Since even primitive man was able to fashion tools and spear heads, and even simple jewelry, the muscles, ligaments, and bones must have evolved over time to allow their use in more complicated tasks."
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Genetics and Human Evolution, 2005.
Explains how mitochondrial DNA is used to reconstruct human evolution.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the use of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in tracing human evolution. The paper explains that mtDNA is maternal, and non-recombinant, making it a useful tool for looking back at ancestral lines and tracing them to the first modern human. The paper considers the two hypothesis for this: the African replacement hypothesis and the multi-regional hypothesis.
From the Paper
"Reconstructing human evolution is now done using genetic markers on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA to trace the relationships and origins of human populations. Because all mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited through the maternal cytoplasm variations in mtDNA provide evidence of maternal lineage. There is no DNA recombination occurring in mtDNA so the only changes from one mtDNA to the next are due to mutations in each sequence derived from a common ancestor. Polymorphisms are common in the non-coding regions of mtDNA with an estimated..."
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Human Evolution, 2008.
Describes human evolution beginning with the separation of hominids from anthropoids about 5-6 million years ago.
1,605 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, as human evolution progressed from the australopithecines to Homo sapiens, early man began to walk upright, use fire, tools and language and create culture. The author describes the main species known in the evolutionary tract but omits other intermediates for which very few fossils have been found. Of these know species, the paper discusses distinguishing characteristics, what type of tool culture they had, and if they had any type of socialization. The author presents briefly famous archaeological finds. Includes many figures.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Australopithecines
Homo
Homo Habilis
Homo Erectus/ Homo Ergaster
Homo Neanderthalensis
Homo Sapiens
Cro-Magnon
Homo Sapien Sapien
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The most famous Australopithecine fossil is Lucy. The A. afarensis fossils were found in Hader, Ethiopia and were about 40% complete, including bipedal kneecaps and molars and front teeth similar to humans rather than great apes. Another famous fossil find was the Taung infant, found by Raymond Dart in Taung, South Africa. The A. africanus fossil consisted of the face, mandible, and a natural endocast of the brain case. Another famous find was the set of three footprints in Laetoli, Tanzania, by Mary Leakey."
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Human Origins and Evolution: Evidence from the Y-Chromosome?, 2003.
Presents arguments that explain why sequence analysis cannot confidently answer evolutionary questions.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 26 sources, APA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper highlights difficulties with using sequence data to estimate parameters about human ancestral populations, particularly times of speciations (when new species evolved). The Y chromosome has been analyzed to infer various parameters about human ancestral populations and to provide clues as to human origins. The paper argues that the individual properties of this data source combined with a burgeoning list of refutable assumptions make any and all of these results utterly spurious. The paper argues that molecular experts claim that the old and imprecise science of paleontology has been superseded by their far more mathematically precise methods. These experts sideline the fact that all their estimates are fundamentally based on paleontologically acquired data. The paper includes illustrations and table.
From the Paper
"The Y-linked SRY gene triggers mammalian male-determining processes when expressed in the embryonic bipotential gonad. Sex chromosomes are thought to have evolved ~300Mya, probably replacing a mechanism based on gestational ambient temperature. Current opinion is that the Y-chromosomal SRY gene and its X-chromosome homologue (SOX3) are variants diverged from an ancestral non-sex-determining gene. When the ancient SRY-precursor gene gained a dominant and penetrant male-determining function the homologues became sex chromosomes and the process of dramatic degeneration and specialisation of the Y began. Pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) located at the tips of X and Y recombine at high frequency during male meiosis. Consequently, these regions are similar to autosomal sequences in base composition and gene diversity. PARs comprise 5% of the Y and the other 95% makes up the non-recombining region of the Y (NRY). Recombination deficiency of the NRY is thought to result from lack of homology with the X, due to several large inversions. Null mutations accumulate in NRY genes as they are ?sheltered? by X-chromosome homologues."
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The Effects of Human Intervention on Evolution, 2006.
A look at how mankind has influenced the evolutionary processes on Earth from the earliest beginnings.
2,319 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of evolutionary thought and discusses how mankind has impacted the evolutionary cycle of the Earth and its creatures.
Introduction
Overview of Evolution
The Original Frontier
Man's Effect on Evolutionary Trends Through Genetic Bottlenecks
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Perhaps the most baffling aspect of evolution is the way in which mankind is viewed by many people as somehow being separate and apart from the evolutionary cycle -- perhaps because of the universal perception of man's soul. However, we are inextricably linked into the Gaia process; we all live on a planet whose cycles and processes result in changes in climate and geographic terrain; changes in circadian patterns and changes in food and other resources. Therefore, it is impossible to separate man from nature, just as it is impossible to separate mankind from the evolutionary process. In other words, a definition of "evolution" must include anything, good or bad, that mankind does to our environment as being part of the natural selection process. To the extent that plants and animals are able to adapt to a changing environment is the extent to which that species will survive and thrive. This changing environment can be created by any natural force: changes in climatic conditions as a result of ice ages ebbing and flowing, changes in terrain as a result of earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, etc., and indeed, acts of man."
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Human Evolution, 1992.
Describes Homo Erectus, Rampithecus, Australopithecus and Homo Sapiens.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 80.95
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From the Paper
"FROM HOMO ERECTUS TO HOMO SAPIENS
"The problem of defining Homo erectus is that it is viewed at present as a grade of human evolution intermediate between the small-brained early Pleistocene hominids and the large-brained Homo sapiens" (3:102). This theory of human evolution from the Natural History British Museum in London defines the controversy in the anthropological world. The evolution of man does not follow an easily marked road map. Exactly when Homo first emerged is not definitively clear. With the discovery of Homo erectus remains in 1891 in Central Java, fossils have since been found in Africa, China and Europe. It is generally accepted that the species evolved in Africa about 1.6 million years ago (3). However, some anthropologists argue that the emergence of the species is at least 2.5 million years old. (2) They base their ..."
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Human Evolution, 1993.
An examination of the theories on the development of civilization in the context of increasing complexity of life, technology, urban pressures, progress and aggression.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 127.95
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From the Paper
"In the eighteenth century, several social philosophers, notably John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, considered the issue of the social contract and the way in which people shifted from a primitive state of nature to a society. These philosophers believed that this was a voluntary act undertaken to protect certain interests, and they also believed that there had to be compelling interests involved to entice people to make this sort of commitment and to give up the absolute freedom they enjoyed in nature. Today, we have become accustomed to living in a social setting and to making the necessary adjustments to the social contract. We have developed laws and public institutions to see to it that our rights and the rights of others are protected. However, society has become much more complex. What started out as a series of small villages has grown into a..."
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The Evolution of Human Rights, 2002.
A paper which studies how the question of human rights has been studied by philosophers through history.
2,021 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that within the realm of life exist inherent elements to one's existence; paramount to man's existence is the concept of natural rights. It discusses how philosophers have long postulated what, exactly, these rights consist of within the massive scope of mortality, with some contending that natural rights are those that are without social infiltration, while others attest to the fact that natural rights are doled out only by social status. The paper shows that, from Locke to Hume and myriad other philosophers in between, the issue of natural rights has evolved from those who both share and oppose specific ideals associated with humanity's intrinsic privilege.
From the Paper
"Man's struggle to assert his rights as a human has existed ever since humanity realized its inherent separation from the rest of the living world. Through the centuries, this perpetual quest for upholding said rights has been met with great resistance from those who believe that only a select few should be granted the privilege of human rights. Philosophers have spent endless hours determining exactly what the concept of rights truly means, with the general consensus reflecting the respect for and appreciation of one's own unrestricted distinctiveness amidst the broader social spectrum."
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Cultural Evolution vs. Biological Evolution, 2008.
A comparison and contrast over cultural evolution with biological evolution.
1,583 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the concept of cultural evolution and compares and contrasts cultural evolution with biological evolution. The paper discusses the effect of the historical or cultural environment on the development of cultural evolution and looks at the study of cultural anthropology and the various opinions that exist on the ability for evolution of culture to occur at all.
From the Paper
"The social sciences must take into consideration cultural perceptions, even if these perceptions are biologically in error. The human race has far more in common with one another than it has differences, but culturally individuals have perceived and classified other individuals according to 'races,' including Darwin himself in some of his less enlightened moments. Cultural evolution and anthropology aims to understand how these perceptions have affected human culture, but biological evolution merely takes note of this factual error. Obviously, the biological fiction of race, and the fact that an apparently Caucasian individual can have the genetic material of someone who is African, even if these traits are not dominant in his or her physical configuration, acts as a profound question to the assumptions of our culture. The limits of our own culture challenge the idea that there is a linear, positive progress to cultural evolution of ideas and practices (such as industrialization making the world less habitable). The insight biological evolution provides about race shows that there can be fruitful methodological dialogue between cultural and biological evolutionists, but the two approaches will never study the same discipline, nor can the use the same methods. The biological question: 'Are there races within the human species' is a different question than the cultural query: 'why do cultures continue to subscribe to the divisive idea that there are innate differences between different groups of the human species?""
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Krutch's "Human Nature and the Human Condition", 2005.
An overview of Joseph Wood Krutch's "Human Nature and the Human Condition"
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 174.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of Joseph Wood Krutch's "Human Nature and the Human Condition". The paper discusses the author's main themes, provides a summary of the work, and addresses the strengths and weaknesses of the collection of essays as a whole.
From the Paper
"Throughout history human beings have attempted to produce theories of knowledge and learning. Some of the most basic questions such theories have attempted to answer concern what knowledge is, where knowledge comes from and how we know what is true. Plato theorized that only things that do not change, that are immutable can be known. Limitations of the human senses and perception have always played into theories on knowing. So too has human capacity for ration and more..."
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Human rights vs. Human Nature, 2006.
A discussion regarding the justification of war and the issue of human rights versus human nature.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the question of justifying military intervention on the basis of protection of human rights, pointing out that such a question requires a prior assumption. The paper clarifies this assumption to be that countries are capable of benevolent, disinterested altruism. History refutes this assumption. The paper further discusses how individuals and groups within a country may very well have the best intentions to bring relief to the suffering citizens of a brutal dictatorship or civil war; but countless examples, from Vietnam, to Latin America, to Rwanda, to present day Iraq, show a road to hell paved with such good intentions. The political and military forces involved in such maneuvers, by their very nature, preclude truly altruistic actions.
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Human Rights And Human Trafficking, 2006.
A discussion on human trafficking and the international response to the problem.
5,084 words (approx. 20.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 185.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how human trafficking has increasingly become a problem for many countries throughout the world, with people being taken from their families, homes and communities and ensnared in a life of servitude to others in a strange and foreign country. The paper focuses on the question of whether there is enough being done to combat the increasing problem of human trafficking. The paper examines the international community's response to the problem. The paper details various countries and communities and how they have been effected by human trafficking.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Overview Of Human Trafficking Throughout The World
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
India
Bulgaria
The Netherlands
Pakistan
Russia
Uganda
Poland - The Press And The Perspective In Media
Mexico - 20,000 Child Victims
Mongolia - 200 Mongolian Children Exploited As Prostitutes
Other Countries
What Is Being Done To Combat This Problem?
Bibliography
From the Paper
"According to a separate report, "Migrant trafficking and smuggling has become a global business generating huge profits for traffickers and organized crime syndicates." (Counter-Trafficking, 2006) In fact in a study conducted by IOM reports "...an estimated 15 to 30 million irregular migrants worldwide." (Counter-Trafficking, 2006) Sadly a report of the U.S. Department of Justice states that an estimated "...700,000 women and children are trafficked yearly across borders." (Counter-Trafficking, 2006) The reason stated that so many of these migrants go unreported is due to the inherent "...clandestine nature..." involved in so many of the lives and migration of these individuals."
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Aggression in Human & Non-Human Primates, 1999.
Analyzes nature of violence, differences between humans & non-humans, biological, psychological & social causes, evolution, territoriality, survival and theories.
4,950 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 13 sources, AU$ 197.95
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From the Paper
"Abstract
This paper is an investigation of the topic of aggression in both humans and non-human primates with an attempt to understand the causes of such aggression and what links exist between the aggressive behaviors of different primate species.
The literature on primate aggression is reviewed and a number of bases for aggressive behavior are put forth, including psychoanalytic, biological, evolutionary and learned. The validity of each of these explanatory paradigms is examined and the evolutionary and social learning perspectives are established as being the most useful bases on which to create theoretical models of primate aggressive behavior.
A substantial amount of attention is paid to possible evolutionary causes of aggression and evolutionarily based links between the aggressive tendencies..:
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Evolution, 2002.
A comprehensive analysis of the theory of evolution, belief in evolution, and its effect on student behavior.
2,716 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 17 sources, MLA, AU$ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of believing in evolution, on the behavior of students by describing both the evolutionary theory and its various effects. The paper presents the considerable debates on the issues of evolution and creationism. The writer claims that evolution is usually held responsible for inducing immorality among its followers.
Introduction
Evolution or Creation
Evolution and Ethics
Evolution and Morality
Evolution and the Value of Human Life
Co-Existence of Evolution and Religion/Morality
Belief in Evolution and Behavior of a Student
References
From the Paper
"The theory of evolution that man is just another animal in the line of living forms, attaches the same value to a man?s life as the value that is attached to an animal. As a result, in presence of evolutionary claims, there is no rule that could regard a man?s life as more important than an animal?s and therefore worth treating any differently. Such a belief tends to lead, inevitably to unethical code of conduct. For instance, in January, 1973, the United States Supreme Court, in a 7-to-2 vote, decided that the human embryo growing within the human womb cannot be defined as ?human? and as a result, it can be subjected to any kind of maltreatment. According to Darwin, an evolutionist, since the weaker members of society are unfit and, by the laws of nature, cannot survive, a baby growing in the womb cannot survive either unless helped by a stronger being. Unless the mother, a stronger being, is bound by a moral code, she will not help a baby grow. This will, in the long run, inevitably lead to extinction of human race."
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Human Conscience and Dramatic Theatre, 2002.
A look at the evolution of human conscience and the history of dramatic theatre through a review of three different tragic plays.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 155.95
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Abstract
This essay examines three kinds of tragedy in the history of dramatic theatre. Greek, Shakespearean, and Modern tragedies are discussed here, and analyzed in relation to exemplary tragic plays. Antigone, Hamlet, and A Raisin in the Sun are considered in relation to the tragedy that describes their composition. The differences and similarities are discussed, and the social evolution of theatrical literature is explored in the conclusion.
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