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Human Embryos and Stem Cell Research, 2005.
A discussion on the ethical problems and their possible solutions for using different sources of human embryos for stem cell research.
5,141 words (approx. 20.6 pages), 33 sources, MLA, AU$ 187.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how using different sources of human embryonic stem cells for research raises different ethical problems and how experimenting on embryos created for in vitro fertilization but left unused, or embryos, created specially for research raise ethical questions. It provides a literature review to present the main arguments for and against using different sources of human embryonic stem cells and to learn about possible alternatives to human embryo research.
Outline
Introduction
Does Using "Spare" Human Embryos For Research Mean a Lack of Respect for the Embryos?
Is Using Embryos Created for Research Purposes Morally Worse Than Using Existing "Spare" Embryos for Research?
What Are the Ethical Problems Related to Therapeutic Cloning?
What Could Be the Alternatives to Embryo Research in Order to Avoid or Minimize Ethical Conflicts?
Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"The other two sources of embryos raise serious ethical questions, namely, whether using "spare" human embryos for research means a lack of respect for the embryos and whether using embryos created for research purposes is morally worse than using existing "spare" embryos for research. The application of the technique of the somatic cell nuclear transfer, in its turn, raises a question on what ethical problems relate to creating human embryos by means of this technique. For example, the polls in the United States show that there is quite a big public controversy over human embryonic stem cell research and therapeutic cloning. The polls also show that the public remains in the dark about the scientific issues related to embryonic stem cell research. "
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Diabetes and Human Embryo Stem Cell Research, 2002.
Discusses the benefits of human embryo stem cell research in the fight against diabetes.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses the many benefits of human embryo stem cell research in the fight against diabetes. Taken from human embryos only several days old, stem cells are nature's blank slates, capable of developing into any of nearly 220 cell types that make up the human body. This is precisely why scientists believe they will lead to cures for diseases once thought untreatable.
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Human Stem Cell Research and Therapy, 2005.
A discussion on the ethical issues related to human stem cell research and therapy.
3,022 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 128.95
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Abstract
This paper offers an overview on the scientific background of stem cell research and therapy. It also discusses the ethical issues involved, which include informed consent and ownership and the destruction of embryos when stem cells are harvested. The author explores the slippery slope towards human cloning if therapeutic cloning is not restricted and the commodification of human cells, tissues and embryos.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Stem Cells: What?
Use of Stem Cell in Research and Therapy
Ethical Issues
Informed Consent and Ownership
Destruction of Embryos
Slippery Slopes towards Reproductive Cloning
Commodification
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The discoveries of methods of deriving and culturing human stem cells with nuclear replacement technique have enabled researchers to find out the previously unidentified therapeutic potential of human stem cells. This has stirred up much excitement and hope, and at the meantime, it has also elicited immense controversies and debates. Today, few have doubts about the potential of stem cell research in reducing the suffering of those afflicted with severely debilitating diseases such as Alzheimer's diseases, and the possibility of curing them might not be far-off. However, some are alarmed by the rapid development of this area of study. They insisted that such research is to be regulated and restricted, even though its results are beneficial for human's well being. Between the pro- and anti-stem cell research groups, no consensus has been reached, and the debate continues."
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Stem Cells, 2006.
An overview of the nature of stem cells, stem cell research, and the controversy surrounding the use of stem cells from human embryos.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
The different types of stem cell research involve the use of human eggs - and embryos - as intermediates and are at the center of controversy as to whether it should be considered human life. Recent advances are attempting to produce non-embryonic stem cells as well as address the said issue. This paper discusses the nature of stem cells, what they are, how they are produced and the issues surrounding them.
From the Paper
"Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop and proliferate into more specialized cells such as neurons or skin cells. These specialized somatic cells comprise the different tissues and organs of the human body. The cloning process currently in use involves the use of the cellular machinery of an egg cell and the genetic material encoded in the nucleus of a somatic cell called somatic cell nuclear transplant (SCNT). First, the egg cell is secured to stabilize it. A needle is inserted into the egg to extract the nucleus and DNA."
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Stem Cells, 2004.
This paper discusses stem cell research, one of the most truly revolutionary medical science developments.
1,755 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the potential benefits of stem cells result from the fact that they can transform themselves into literally any cell in the body, thus replacing the injured or damaged organs, which will render today's medicines obsolete. The author points out that there are formidable challenges to be overcome; the most serious is the 'ethical' opposition to stem cell research led by pro-life advocates who consider the use of embryos for creating stem cell lines as the killing of potential human beings. This has resulted in restriction of federal funding for stem cell research. The paper states that there are several formidable scientific barriers, such as the tendency of the immune systems to attack transplanted cells, which have to be crossed; therefore, the author believes that stem cell research deserves full support.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Types of Stem Cells
How Are Stem Cell Lines Created?
Sources of Stem Cells for Research Purposes
Fertility Clinics
Aborted Fetuses
Cloning
Made to Order
The Ethics of Stem Cell Research
Arguments Against Stem Cell Research Arguments for Stem Cell Research
Other Ethical Concerns
Issue of Federal Funding
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the most dramatic breakthroughs in the history of biological research occurred in November 1998, when two independent teams of American researchers managed to isolate and grow a special kind of human cell called the stem cell. Until then, scientists had struggled long and hard to isolate the elusive cells but capturing them had proved difficult. One reason for this difficulty was that most stem cells only exist in their original form for a short time before turning into the various specialized cells of the body; the other was that the cells need a highly specialized environment to keep them alive outside the body. Other scientists had previously succeeded in culturing stem cells for only short periods; the 'breakthrough' accomplishment was that the pioneering scientists successfully created conditions under which the stem cells could replicate over time without specializing."
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Stem Cell Research in the United States, 2004.
This paper explores the legal and moral issues of the stem cell research debate. It also explores the uses of adult stem cells as an alternative to embryonic stem cells.
1,941 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
The paper first briefly defines stem cell research in all its forms (embryonic, adult, umbilical). It next explores whether the young fetus should actually be considered a 'life-form'. The political portion of the paper revolves around President Bush's policies and California's Proposition 71. Finally, the argument is made that alternatives to embryonic stem cells represent the only moral choice, especially at this early stage of research.
From the Paper
"There are too many unanswered questions and unknowns when it comes to stem cell research, embryonic or not. There is promising research being made on adult stem cells and umbilical cells as we speak. Shouldn?t these avenues be completely explored before we even discuss destroying another embryo in the name of science? I would think so. The greatness of humankind can be measured by its accomplishments, but accomplishments made without regard to morals can destroy us. This is the course we must avoid. We must not sacrifice life with blind hopes of scientific advancement. We must not sacrifice one life to cure another."
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Stem Cells, 2007.
An overview of stem cells and their potential use to medical science.
1,493 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how scientists believe that stem cell research has the potential to find cures for several previously incurable diseases and how, despite this exciting potential, progress in stem cell research has so far been hampered by serious technical, ethical, and political issues. This paper discusses the types of stem cells and their sources, the potential of stem cell use in medical science, and the issues that are holding back rapid progress in stem cell research.
Outline:
Types of Stem Cell
Sources of Stem Cells
Potential Uses of Stem Cells
Barriers in Stem Cell Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Embryonic stem cells are almost always derived from embryos developed from eggs fertilized during fertility treatment in clinics. In the process of in vitro fertilization, eggs removed surgically from a female ovary are fertilized with sperms in a lab for subsequent implant in a woman's uterus. Numerous fertility clinics fuse more than one egg with sperm as a routine in order to try another implant if the first one does not work. Hence, thousands of such "left-over" embryos are stored in liquid nitrogen freezers in the United States and other countries where in vitro clinics exist, which can be used for stem cell research. "
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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
A look at the controversy surrounding the issue of stem cell research as well as an argument in favor of advancing the technology.
5,591 words (approx. 22.4 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 197.95
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Abstract
This is a position paper arguing that stem cell research should continue because of the promise it holds for people afflicted with certain diseases. The paper presents a brief overview of the arguments presented by those opposed to stem cell research and then counters with arguments in support of the research by first clearing up misconceptions and misunderstandings about stem cell research and by identifying the tremendous promise this medical technology holds for the future. The paper also responds to the two primary arguments against stem cell research, which contend that stem cell research is the same as playing God and that the use of stem cells, even at the earliest stages, equates to destroying human life.
Stem Cell Research Background and History
The Medical Potential of Stem Cell Research
The Debate over Stem Cell Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Stem cells are those cells within the human body which are capable of developing into any sort of human cell, whether that be a neuron or a heart-muscle cell or any other specialized cell. They are most often found in the very earliest stages of human embryonic development, for at the blastocyst stage and before the embryo?s body is composed entirely of such non-differentiated cells, which will eventually specialize into various cell types. Scientist today hope that the ability of these cells to be guided into developing as any sort of human tissue may enable them to be used in progressive cures for a host of illnesses, particularly those involving widespread and otherwise irreversible damage to cells which are not thereafter reproductive. (Disease of the brain and spinal cord, such as Alzheimer?s, are a prime example of such illnesses)"
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Stem Cell Research, 2008.
An analysis of the uses of stem cells in the treatment of disease and the pressure that has been placed on legislators regarding stem cell research.
1,283 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses stem cell research. It discusses the function of stem cells within the body and the ways that they can be manipulated to function in different parts of the body. The paper then looks at the current uses of stem cells in the treatment of various diseases. Finally, the paper discusses the pressure that has been placed on legislators regarding stem cell research.
From the Paper
"It is evident from the research that the issue of stem cell research continues to be a concern throughout society. With states now taking the initiative to ensure that funding exists for embryonic stem cell research, the likelihood that diseases that have caused reduced functioning and death of people will someday be a concern of the past exists. Diseases such as hear disease, Parkinson's disease and diabetes are all believed to have the possibility of being eliminated from the lives of sufferers and being treated effectively for those in the future that develop these life threatening illnesses. It is clear, therefore, that continued research will allow for a healthier future for all people if the research is supported throughout society."
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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
This paper examines various arguments against the use of human embryos in stem cell research.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a discussion of the various arguments against the use of human embryos in stem cell research. The writer refers to the response of President George W. Bush in this regard. In this paper, the ethical arguments on this matter are also discussed. In addition, the writer raises the subject of the medical dangers involved.
From the Paper
"... United States President George W. Bush made a carefully measured response to the ethical debate surrounding human embryo stem cell research. The position taken by the White House approved the use of government funds to further investigate the viability of using stem cells to develop treatments for various medical conditions. The President imposed strict eligibility limitations on researchers, which restricts them to the use of only about sixty harvested cells which had already been set aside before the time of the public announcement ... "
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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
A discussion about reasons stem cell research is beneficial to mankind and why stem cell research deserves and needs federal funding.
3,063 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how embryonic stem cells are on the cutting edge of modern science and how they have become a controversial issue. It looks at how the ongoing debate over federal funding for research in this field has highlighted many of the ethical problems involved. The author puts forward a pro-stem cell argument by providing three fundamental reasons why research must continue together with government support and funding.
Outline
Introduction
The Scientific and Medical Potential of Stem Cells
A Humanitarian Approach to a Controversial Issue
A Third Reason for Support
The Argument
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are many reasons that the government should financially support stem cell reason. Most importantly, the lack of federal funding places scientific research in the hands of privately funded projects. This research is far too important and too new to be left to private researchers. Because researchers are required to share data when their work is federally funded, public support of stem cells is of vital importance (Wildmoon, 2001). All stakeholders, including scientists, researchers, ethicists, and investors should be kept up-to-date on stem cell projects. This would be a reality if more federal funding was available."
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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
This paper discusses an article about stem cell research entitled, "The Stem Cell Challenge," by Nadia Rosenthal and Robert Lanza, June 2004.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper not only evaluates and critiques the article, "The Stem Cell Challenge" by Nadia Rosenthal and Robert Lanza about stem cell research, but also evaluates whether the article's format was research-correct, data-supportive, and topically appropriate and sustainable. The author points out that, once the research goal is identified, the investigator must abandon all forms of bias and look at the research situation as a controlled, rational process of reflective inquiry. The paper relates that this article presents the reader with an excellent opportunity to understand clearly the benefits of stem cell research with respect to diseases that currently lack a cure, namely, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, spinal cord injuries, and cancer.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Investigative Research Requirements
Article Overview Evaluation and Problem Statement
Research Data Reporting
Study Limitations
From the Paper
"In the article, Rosenthal and Lanza go on to explain to the reader that in the stem cell process, stem cells are generally extracted from surplus frozen embryos that are left over from in-vitro fertilization procedures. Once extracted the cells can be grown in a laboratory and subjected to medical application. In addition to the frozen embryo procedure, stem cells also can be extracted from adult tissue without any harm being inflicted upon the patient."
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Stem Cell Research, 2003.
This paper looks at both points of view about stem cell research and the reasons behind them. In the end, the reasons are weighed against each other, and a final solution is reached.
2,132 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 96.95
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Abstract
The following paper discusses the emerging technology in the area of stem cell research. It begins with some general knowledge of what stem cell research really is, giving a brief definition of stem cells and then describing what they do in the human body. After the basic idea of what stem cells are, an in-depth look at the two different types of stem cells and their differences is given. After the basics of stem cells are given, the idea of stem cell research can be talked about and what stem cell research is and how it is done.
From the Paper
"After the reader is familiar with stem cell research and what it is all about the two sides of the argument shall be given. Some people support stem cell research and the benefits it has to offer and others are against stem cell research and its price. Both sides argue to no end believing that they support the correct stance; there may not be a ?correct stance?, but at the conclusions of this paper will be the better of the stand points and why it is the better of the two."
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Stem Cell Research, 2007.
This paper examines the issue of stem cell research and human cloning.
1,322 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the controversial debate over stem cell research. The paper relates that stem cell research may lead directly to the cures of many diseases, including but not limited to diabetes, heart disease, Parkinson's disease and vision or hearing loss. The paper examines how stem cell research can also have an effect on human cloning. The paper attempts to address what the ethical issues involved are and how those issues can be debated and ultimately solved by society. The writer expresses his/her personal opinion that using stem cell research to cure or fight disease gives a living purpose to those embryos that might otherwise have been discarded.
From the Paper
"Researchers tout the belief that a manipulation of stem cells can be beneficial in curing many diseases as well as helping in creating or developing new life, which could be part of the reason why such research generates such controversy.
"Gregory Pence, in his book Who's Afraid of Human Cloning, states that "a human being created by means of nuclear somatic transfer will develop just as much into an individual as twins do.""
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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
An overview of the ethical matters associated with stem cell research.
1,124 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
Since the ban on creating new embryonic stem cells in the United States went into effect, researchers in stem cell technology have been forced to limit their research to the existing lines of stem cells or to the less flexible adult stem cells. This paper examines moral and ethical issues which are connected to stem cell research.
Paper Outline:
What are Stem Cells?
Current US Policy on Stem Cell Research
Moral and Ethical Issues
Advice for Government
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Critics of the Bush government's policy against cutting federal funding for new stem cell lines point out that the United States is falling behind in stem cell research (Devitt 2003). This means that European countries could be the first to develop, market and therefore benefit from cures for several illnesses. Given the potential of stem cells for curing a host of diseases, this could also mean that the United States could lose its dominance in medical research."
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Cloning Embryonic Stem Cells, 2005.
This paper discusses, from a neutral position, ethical arguments either for or against the cloning of embryonic stem cells.
4,710 words (approx. 18.8 pages), 23 sources, APA, AU$ 176.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that embryonic stem cells are self-renewing, undifferentiated cells that are extracted from the inner cell mass of a 5-6 day old embryo or blasto-cyst, which destroys the embryo in the process of extracting the stem cells. The author stresses that the basic problems in embryonic stem cell research are the very highly valued moral problems it presents: (1) The prevention or alleviation of suffering and (2) the respect of human life. The paper stresses that the argument for and against cloning embryonic stem cells is also an argument as to the meaning of life and the recognition of the loss, at any point in life, of inevitable death.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What is Embryonic Stem Cell?
The Basic Problem
Arguments Presented For and Against Cloning Embryonic Stem Cells
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To endorse any use of the human embryo which was not consistent with a reverence for human life would be widely regarded as wrong. Those who believe that therapeutic research on embryos is ethically permissible, might argue that the creation and use of a human embryo outside the context of human reproduction does not necessarily undermine the attitude of respect for the human body and human dignity, provided that the purposes involved in such creation and use are purposes which we would recognize as beneficial ones. Medical uses fall into this category. In this view, it would appear to be quite consistent with an attitude of respect for human life to allow the use of human embryos at an early stage of development, well before the stage at which anything resembling a self can be said to come into existence. Such use promises to provide the possibility of the relief of a great deal of human suffering, a goal which in no sense calls into question respect for the human body."
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