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The Household Allocation Process.
This paper discusses the economic theories of the household allocation process, which includes the power and decision-making roles within the family.
10,590 words (approx. 42.4 pages), 39 sources, MLA, AU$ 307.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that major changes in recent years in one of the primary institutions of society and the family have changed the theories of household economics. The author pointed out that one of the hypothesis is that women's power and status within the household are associated with their income-earning ability. The paper relates that many economists have developed bargaining models, which include the formation, function and dissolution of marriage, and family behavior by including information from evolutionary biology, anthropology, game theory, and economic research of family resource allocation and behavior.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background of Study
Linking Household Economics with Anthropology and Biology
Hypotheses on Household Allocation Processes
Income Pooling
Family Expenditure Patterns and the Attachment Theory
Control over Income: Self-esteem, Power, and Decision-making
Interdependence of the Market and Household Economies
Economic Perspectives
Human Capital
Household and Family
Patterns of Money Management
Sociological Implications of Income Distribution
Social Perspectives
Extending Beyond Parents
Testing Economic Models
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In summary, this study shows that fathers have the capacity for responsiveness and care-giving equivalent to that of mothers, but that in most cultures the mother is traditionally the primary caregiver. This pattern is slowly changing in Westernized societies. As of now, however, the mother remains the most responsive party to the child's needs, and therefore may be more likely than the father to spend money to meet those needs. This expenditure depends greatly on her access to resources, whether through decision-making power in the household or through control over her own source of funds. Who makes decisions about expenditures within the family, then, may have a significant impact on the use of resources for meeting the immediate needs of infants and young children."
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The Brain's Processing of Information, 2008.
An analysis of G. Potts, L. Martin, P. Burton and P. Montague's article, "When Things are Better or Worse than Expected: The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Allocation of Processing Resources."
976 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Potts, Martin, Burton and Montague's examination into the way the brain processes information, specifically how it orders and accesses data to know what is the most relevant information. It looks at their 2006 article, "When Things are Better or Worse than Expected: The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Allocation of Processing Resources."
Table of Contents:
Summary
Analysis
From the Paper
"The authors consider some models for this process that have been offered by other theorists. Data that is considered task-relevant is data with motivational value, meaning they confer rewards or punishment. Activity has been identified in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), ventral striatum, and medial and orbito-frontal cortex for reward signals. Research has shown many of the specific mechanisms involved, such as the pairings of VTA neurons and what makes them fire. How these neurons fire has been demonstrated not simply to code reward but to code how reward outcome relates to expectation. Another identified component is ERN (error-related negativity), associated with the monitoring of ongoing behavior rather than attention selection. However, in some tasks, the brain has insufficient information to evaluate whether a response is correct or not, in which case feedback is needed to make an assessment. In such a case, the ERN is elicited to the feedback rather than the response."
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Time Allocation for Chores, 2005.
A critical analysis of a study designed to indicate time allocation for chores for teenagers in a household.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper critically analyzes a research study conducted to assess teen's time allocation on household chores in relation to household demographics, gender and gender biasing. The paper discusses the study purpose, design and methodology and the discusses the limitations of the study and the lack of ability to generalize to the current population.
From the Paper
"The Gager, Cooney and Call (1999) study was extremely well done. Their study purpose, design and methodology were quite distinctive based on the comprehensive nature and attention to detail for presentation traditionally only alluded to in other studies. This paper will provide a brief synopsis and critique of the study according to class critique guidelines and as required, in outline form."
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Cross-Border Risks and Capital Allocation Decisions, 2005.
This paper is a research proposal to study the international management of cross-border risks and capital allocation decisions in a high risk environment.
2,180 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, besides the risks inherent in domestic operations, banks, which are engaged in international activities also are exposed to "country risk," or the risk that economic, social and political conditions and events in a foreign country will adversely affect an institution's financial interests. The author points out that, from a practical perspective, accurate and timely country risk assessment is important not only because it affects individual investors but also because it can be systemic; one of the primary purposes of financial regulation is to manage systemic risk. The paper states that the research will be done using a case study methodology to study various country risk/cross border risk management models adopted by a sample of international banks and to assess their robustness and how well they are associated with a framework of planned management actions and capital allocation decisions.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Overview of Study
Purpose of Study
Key Term Definitions
Capital Allocation Decision
Country Risk Ratings
Risk
Preliminary Literature Review
Background and Overview
Current and Future Trends
The Countries' Performance in International Trade
Leverage
Various measures of liquidity
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
From the Paper
"A significant amount of cross-border lending takes place through offices in a bank's home country (or even one of its subsidiaries located in a third country), with no subsidiary (or even branch presence) located in the country in which the borrowing firm is headquartered. Retail banking requires a physical presence of some sort to provide points of contact with customers; by contrast, wholesale banking requires a much smaller investment. "For example, banks with no physical presence in a country can lend substantial volumes of funds to firms and governmental entities of that country through project finance and loan participations." The composition of borrowers will differ, though, depending on whether a foreign bank has a physical presence in a country or manages its loans from offshore locations."
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Cost Allocation, 2002.
A real world application of a cost allocation analysis.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a complete analysis of cost allocation in a real world application.
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Urabn Allocation of Resources, 2002.
Discusses the limits and possibilities of cities as allocators of resources.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to incorporate several stakeholders, as well as a range of cities, in a discussion of the urban allocation of resources. The historical aspect constitutes part of the analysis, while contemporary data and near-future speculations will complete the picture.
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Allocation of Funds for Public Schools, 2005.
Compares the Average Daily Membership method of allocating funding to schools to the Average Daily Attendance method.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at whether the Average Daily Attendance (ADA) or Average Daily Membership (ADM) provides a better way of allocating funding for schools. The paper also looks at provisions for funding of the No Child Left Behind Act, and how best to equalize funding resources.
From the Paper
"The Ohio House budget called for a shift in the way students are counted because it believed that Average Daily Membership (ADM) counts phantom students and it preferred to count Average Daily Attendance( ADA). President of the Ohio Federation of Teachers testified before the Ohio Senate Education Committee that because a student is absent on a given day, the cost of the educating that student is not reduced at all. Students who have erratic attendance records actually cost more to educate he said..."
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Organ Allocation and the Substance Abuser, 2004.
An overview of the organ transplant process for substance abuse patients.
1,905 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how between 10,000 and 12,000 people die annually who are considered medically suitable for organ donation and how only an estimated 6000 people donate. It discusses how, faced with the demand greatly exceeding the supply, we are faced with the moral and ethical decision of how to allocate these organs. In particular, it focuses on liver transplants and the ethics of giving patients who failed to seek treatment for their alcoholism a lower priority for organs over patients who are in need of a transplant through no fault of their own.
From the Paper
"Individuals with a reversible disease such as alcoholism should seek help before it progresses into the stage where transplantation is necessary. Alcoholism is a chronic disease, for which treatment is available and effective. Alcoholics should be held responsible for seeking and obtaining treatment that could prevent the development of late-stage complications such as the development of late-stage complications such as ARESLD. This view is consistent with that of Alcoholics Anonymous in the belief that alcoholics are responsible for undertaking a program of recovery that will keep their disease of alcoholism in remission. One comprehensive review concluded that more than two thirds of patients who accept therapy improve (Steinbock, Arras, and London, 2003)."
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Economic Development and Resource Allocation in India, 2002.
Proposes a research design to examine the impact of defense spending on economic and social development in India.
3,664 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 147.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes a study with the principal focus being on the macroeconomic effects on economic growth and social development in India, by spending on national defense. The time frame of the proposed study is the inclusive 30-year period 1969-1998. The paper shows that in the proposed study, national defense expenditures are to be assessed as an independent variable in a time series analysis wherein economic development and social development are dependent variables. The specific economic models and their specifications are addressed in the paper too.
From the Paper
"One of the more controversial issues in public policy analysis concerns the question of the effects of spending on defense spending on a country?s economic and social development. Proponents of high levels of defense spending claim that significant economic benefits derive from such expenditures. It is inferred that, as a consequence of economic benefits associated with spending on national defense, social benefits also accrue to the country. Opponents emphasize that any economic benefits derived from high levels of spending on national defense are short-term in character, at best, and that, over the long-term, such expenditures retard economic development. The detractors of high levels of defense spending claim further that retarded economic development, in turn, leads to retarded social development (Mintz & Stevenson, 1995)."
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Global Asset Allocation (GAA), 2001.
Discusses investment practices and issues including: Global diversification, management style, currency hedging, risks and rewards, equity markets/correlations. Country and industry effects. GAA models.
4,275 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 14 sources, AU$ 197.95
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From the Paper
"Global asset allocation has gained importance as people realize the diversification effect of international investments and the extent of international equity market inefficiencies. Countries differ significantly in their cultural, economic, and financial characteristics. Investment practices vary a great deal in terms of underlying philosophies and processes. The objective of global asset allocation is to assess the challenges and opportunities presented by the global market and provide a conceptual framework for investment management.
Risk and Reward for Investors
Traditional approaches to investing hold that greater risk carries with it greater returns, and that less risky investments offer lower returns as well as stability. Successful investors, therefore, find ways to..."
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Cost Allocations and IBM, 2005.
A look at the cost allocation procedure for IBM.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly describes how one company can use cost allocation procedures. It also shows a schedule with comparison to determine what level of growth can be expected for the future which is part of the cost allocations process.
From the Paper
"All companies have a desire to know where and how much they are spending. Of course the outflow of cash for the valuation of costs is directly incurred by cost centers, divisions or areas that have regular costs for doing business. For example a doctor's office may allocate a cost to each patient visit. However in real world business this is not practical and in the case of IBM they have allocated in general terms on the basis of departmental sales. IBM is a leader in the information technologies industry and as such has spent many years trying to maintain its position and advance in the industry (IBM, 2005). By reviewing the statements of earnings for IBM (year 2004 and 2003) on the following page, we can easily see which areas have assessed costs and how much that costs was in actual dollars. "
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RFID and Household Operations, 2008.
This paper looks at how RFID enabled appliances and products may create new ways to manage household operations.
2,177 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the increasing use of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags has raised the possibility of using these around the household, in order to increase time management capacity and to obtain cost and expense reductions through better operational management. The writer identifies a series of household functions and situations where RFID tags can be used and evaluates the potential benefits that can be obtained from their usage. The paper proposes a business model that assimilates the household to a business organization that generates revenue through the household income, has different operations and operational challenges and has an output. The paper shows where RFID brings about better operational management.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Proposed Business Model Description
Concept of RFID Usage in the Household
Household RFID Usage Benefits
Conclusions
From the Paper
"In terms of access, there are two main directions where the RFID usage is targeted: facilitating access for the inhabitants of the household and security measures, that is banning access to individuals who are not to enter the household.
"The access facilitation segment can be done with the implementation of RFID for the garage and entrance doors that can thus automatically open when the household members approach the house. On the other hand, RFI tags can also be implemented within the household, for automatic doors between the different rooms of the house which can open when the individuals pass by it.
"The access issue is greatly improved by RFI tags on the security segment. Here, potential thieves will not be able to open not only the area giving way to the property (entrance and garage doors), but also the doors between the rooms. This thus limits their capacity of theft."
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Household Labor, 2005.
An analysis of relationship satisfaction as correlated to perceptions of the division of household labor.
3,005 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 128.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how household labor, the work that must be completed to maintain family members and the home, continues to consume a significant amount of time, especially for females. In particular, it looks at how more significant than total time is one's perception of inequity within the division of household labor. Research is conducted on heterosexual cohabiting couples residing in Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey. In order to investigate this matter, a survey packet that includes a demographic information survey, the Relationship Assessment Scale, the Division of Tasks Scale and questions addressing perceptions of equity in the division of household labor is utilized.
Outline
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper
"Much research has examined the division of labor within households over the course of decades. Erickson found that although many may declare housework inconsequential, if not obsolete, with the need for two incomes, research suggests that household labor continues to consume a considerable amount of time, particularly for women (1993). Housework is defined in a variety of ways, but most often as the unpaid work that must be completed in order to maintain family members and the home or residence according to Shelton & John (1996). Regardless of sex, any individual can function as a homemaker, but in the United States, this role is customarily fulfilled by women. Davies & Carrier found that the division of household labor is more a reflection of beliefs about what a male and female should do, as opposed what they could do, their actual capabilities (1999)."
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Household Hazardous Waste, 2004.
An analysis of household hazardous wastes and the steps that need to be taken to ensure the correct disposal thereof.
2,147 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the epic topic of household hazardous waste. A thorough description of what household hazardous waste is and where it comes from is provided. Following this, a discussion of safe usage, storage, and disposal of these materials is presented. The paper examines what can happen to the environment when these waste products are not disposed of properly. Finally, the paper discusses why household hazardous waste does not receive the same scrutiny by governmental agencies as commercial and industrial hazardous waste.
From the Paper
"As mentioned, household products are considered to be hazardous if they have one or more of the following properties. If they are flammable or combustible, meaning they can be easily set on fire, they are deemed hazardous. If they are explosive or reactive, in such a manner that they can detonate or explode through exposure to heat, sudden shock, pressure, or interaction with incompatible substances, they are deemed hazardous. If the product is found to be corrosive, in that it exhibits a chemical action that can burn and destroy living tissues or other materials if it comes into contact with them, it is deemed hazardous. And, if the product is toxic, where it is capable of causing injury or even death if it is ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin, it is deemed hazardous ("Household Hazardous Waste Project")."
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Single-Parent Household Students, 2005.
This paper is a research project which seeks to prove the link between children from single-parent households and poor academic performance in school and to pose specific solutions to reverse this trend.
35,070 words (approx. 140.3 pages), 52 sources, APA, AU$ 363.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the study could not determine if single-parent status is a sole cause, it does conclude that single-parent household status is linked inextricably to a low-income status and the propensity for the student to be involved in crime. The author states that data was gathered from secondary sources, such as textbook, journal, periodical and reliable internet sources, with an emphasis on establishing correlations through quantitative data and on suggesting policy and funding initiatives through qualitative data. The paper recommends that (1) teacher awareness of single-parent status is critical, (2) peer counseling helps to improve grades for students from single-parent homes, (3) administrative sensitivity to single-parent status of a school district's students is key, but confidentiality must be maintained throughout and (4) extracurricular activities help improve academic performance for students from single-parent households; therefore, funding for these activities must increase.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Introduction
Overarching Challenges Facing Single-Parent Students
Single-Parent Household Children's Challenges in School Districts
Teacher Awareness of Single-Parent Status of Student
Careful Student Peer Counseling is a Critical Necessary Component
School Districts Must Encourage Confidential Journal Writing Programs
Managing School District Administration's Sensitivity While Maintaining Confidentiality
The Effect of Extracurricular Activities
Trained Professional Counselors
Scholarships to Incentivize At-Risk Students to Perform Better Academically
Methodology
Approach
Data Gathering Method
Database of the Study
Validity of Data
Originality and Limitations of Data
Summary of Chapter
Data Analysis
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"And, needless to say, the missing parents are often not at all involved in their children's lives. According to the Alabama Department of Human Resources, nationally, 40 percent of children whose fathers live outside the home simply have no contact with them. And it is not as though those fathers who do have contact with their children are generally integrally involved. Specifically, the other 60 percent had contact with their children an average of 69 days during the year.Perhaps this is because fathers often are not geographically close to their biological children -- 26 percent of absent fathers live in a different state than their children, according to the Department of Human Resources at Alabama in 2005."
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Female Head of Household, 2005.
A discussion on the issues associated with the female head of household in today's society.
2,837 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the problems of female heads of households have their origins in the economics of the nation, which favor full-time work and reward males disproportionately for the same labor. It looks at how this initial imbalance is intensified by the social welfare system, which would rather punish female heads of households than help them, no matter what effect it might have on them or their offspring. It also discusses how any solution would need to be two-fold, societal and political.
From the Paper
"Sharp noted that the market "ignores the long household work hours, the hours of care-giving, and the work imposed by traditional familial roles of the larger society. But a greater commitment to the labor market by women poses problems for women's economic health for two reasons" (1998). Moreover, the problem for working female heads of households is even more severe. "First, the incomes earned by many women are not significantly above the levels sufficient to support a family at a standard of living above the poverty line" (Sharp, 1998). For all women, he noted, household tasks and market labor, taken together, add up to long hours and low pay for all women, but for female heads of household, the 'environment', as Sharp calls the complex of paid and unpaid labor, is even worse."
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