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Hormonal Changes in Middle-Adulthood, 2005.
A discussion of biological and hormonal changes in human middle-aged adults.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the various aspects of biological and hormonal changes in the human body that play a part in the Middle Adulthood stage of life-span development. However, the paper had a problem defining adequate psychological gender norms as they seemed over simplified and problematic, since the issues of passive/aggressive behavioral attributes are so widely spread between older males and females.
From the Paper
"Psychology: Understanding and Evaluating Middle Adulthood in Relation to Gender Crossover, Psychology and Hormonal Changes in Lifespan Development This sociological study will evaluate and understand the various changes that occur when a human being reaches the Middle Adulthood stage of their lifespan development. By realizing the behavioral and biological changes associated with gender crossover and hormonal changes in personality. In this manner, one can realize how the body and the personality patterns change in relation to a gender pattern of external societal influences. In essence, through hormones, gender issues, and converging gender parallels, Middle Adulthood presents a stage of development that is congruous with lifespan development. This issue of hormonal changes that occur within the personality of a human being going through Middle Adulthood is important in life-span biology. The problem of evaluating gender roles in middle Adulthood is discovering the causal nature of human behaviors."
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Middle Adulthood & Older Adulthood, 2002.
A discussion of the psychoanalyst Erik Erikson's developmental stages.
1,191 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper is about Erikson?s theory of the last two stages of development (the ?Middle Adulthood? and ?Older Adulthood?) and how they relate to life?s challenges. Eric Erikson was a German born American Psychoanalyst, known as a Freudian ego-psychologist who accepted most of the basic theories of Freud, but placed more emphasis on the societal and cultural aspects of psychology rather than on instincts and the unconscious. He refined and expanded Freud?s theory of stages of development by putting forward an epigenetic principle of development, which states that the human personality unfolds progressively in eight distinct stages of life. He was a staunch believer that human development continues into adulthood and old age and is just as important as it was in the earlier parts of our lives. This paper analyzes the ?Middle Adulthood? stage of development which relates to the period in life during which we are involved in raising children, generally described as the period between the ages of 40 to 65 and the ?Older Adulthood? which refers to the age around retirement when the task of ?parenting? is over.
From the Paper
"Erikson has described two basic ?tasks? or ?crises? for each stage of our development stage. One is a positive task and the other a negative task. While the development of the positive task is desirable, some assimilation of the negative task is also necessary for a balanced development of human personality. For example in the first (infant) stage, the tasks are ?trust? and ?mistrust.? While trust is the positive and desirable task to be learnt by the infant, a little bit of ?mistrust? is also necessary for a ?balanced? development. Too much of trust and no mistrust would make the infant a gullible fool in later life. (Ibid.) Erikson?s theory is that we carry forward some maladjustment or malignancy into the next stage, if our progress in a particular stage of development is not ?balanced.? While maladjustment refers to over-development of the positive task, malignancy is the over-development of the negative ?task.? Obviously, the tilting of the balance in favor of the negative trait is more damaging for an individual."
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Hormonal Imbalances and Human Behavior, 2005.
A look at how hormones affect human behavior.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the effect of hormonal imbalances on human behavior. The paper looks at thyroid, adrenal, gonadal and placental hormones, PMS, PND, and the chemical basis for how hormones cause depression and other behavioral changes.
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The Beef Hormone Issue, 2006.
This in-depth paper examines the much debated and controversial issue regarding the use of hormones within the cattle industry.
3,108 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 132.95
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Abstract
The writer of this well-researched paper details the health risks which can and do result, due to the use of hormones in the beef produced in America and around the world. This paper traces the use of hormones in beef back to the 1970s, when the U.S. began using hormones to accelerate the growth rate of animals in an effort to conserve time and money. The writer contends that over 95% of the cattle in the U.S. are currently being administered growth promoting hormones. This paper examines the ongoing conflict between the U.S., the European Union and Canada over the ban on cattle products produced with growth hormones. Since the 1950s, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), has been researching the effects of growth hormones and it, as well as other scientific experts, have found that there is no difference between beef raised on hormones and those raised without. This paper delves into the various FDA laws which permit the use of hormones in restricted amounts. The writer of this paper also focuses on the health risks involved with the ingestion of these hormones. Scientists and health experts contend that any increase in the level of hormones, above that which occurs naturally in humans, carries a potential risk of carcinogenic effects.
From the Paper
"Beginning in the 1970's the United State's meat industry began using hormones to improve the growth rate of animals in an effort to conserve time and money. In 1981, the European Union began restricting the use of growth hormones within the Union itself, and also began restricting the import of meat and meat products derived from cattle that had been given hormones. During the past years, the European Union have updated and/or amended its regulations several times, generally to include more hormones, however, for the most part, the regulations have remained the same. The dispute at the World Trade Organization concerns the use of six scientifically approved hormones used for cattle growth promotion, estradiol, melengestrol acetate, progesterone, testosterone, trenbolone acetate, and zeranol."
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The Beef Hormone Dispute, 2005.
This paper discusses the continuing dispute between the United States and the European Union regarding American beef treated with hormones.
2,970 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the dispute over beef hormones between the United States and the European Union has been ongoing for two decades, escalating to a ban on American beef treated with hormones, despite scientific studies supporting the fact that certain approved growth hormones posed no public health threat. The author points out that the pandemonium in the E.U. started in the early 1980s over synthetic hormone diethylstilbestrol (DES), which was banned in the United States in 1979 because of its links to cancer and birth defects, was detected in some imported baby food made with veal. The paper shows, therefore, that four European countries prohibited all hormone use in cattle, which eventually led to the ban of American beef. The paper relates that the core of the difference is that American consumers and authorities have embraced technological breakthroughs relating to foodstuffs; whereas, the Europeans tend to shy away from such advancements: In the end, the beef hormone dispute appears to be at a stalemate.
From the Paper
"The use of certain growth hormones in the American beef industry was a common occurrence in the 1970s and 1980s. American farmers saw the immediate benefits of growing beefier beef cattle and enthusiastically accepted the practice. The growth hormones, used by the United States, are actually a pellet that is implanted under the animal's skin, behind the ears. This time-release capsule slowly releases the hormones over the period of several weeks, during significant stages of growth. The cost effectiveness of this process is significant"
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Hormones and Weight-Training in Elderly Males, 1995.
This paper discusses hormones and weight training in elderly males: Aging process, physiological effects and risk-benefit ratio of growth hormones and exercise on muscles, bones, fat and testosterone.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 19 sources, AU$ 186.95
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From the Paper
"The various pathophysiologic processes associated with normal aging were once considered both inevitable and irreversible. More recently, research has shown that declines in lean body mass, bone mineral density, and muscle strength may be associated with related decreases in certain steroidal hormones. Hence, many believe that testosterone and growth hormone replacement therapy, in conjunction with weight-training, may delay or even reverse age-related atrophic changes. However, while exercise does confer many health benefits upon the elderly, the advantages of hormone administration remain in doubt."
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Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), 2007.
This paper is a research proposal, including a review of literature, regarding the prescription of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) by physicians.
9,855 words (approx. 39.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 292.95
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Abstract
This study examines the impact of the WHI as it relates to the prescription practices of physicians who have menopausal patients. The research explores such factors as the knowledge of the physicians as it pertains to the results of the WHI, years of practice, location of practice and the gender of the physicians. The paper hypothesizez that there will be some correlation between number of years in practice and the manner in which the results of the WHI are interpreted. Such a correlation is expected because a great deal of the existing research on this subject suggests that there is a correlation between these variables. The paper includes several long quotations, letters to physicians and the questionnaire.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Definitions of Terms...
Limitations of the Study
Review of the Literature
What is Menopause
Women's Health Initiative (WHI)
Hormone Therapy
Post-menopausal Use of Hormone Therapy
Potentially Harmful Effects of PHT
Impact of WHI on Physicians Prescribing HRT
Impact of WHI on Women using HRT
Alternatives for HRT.
Conclusion
Methodology
Overview of the Proposed Study
Research Methods
Subjects
Materials
Proposed Data Analysis
Appendixes
American Society of Reproductive Medicine Recommended Practice Guidelines for Hormone Therapy
Introductory Letters
Physician Survey on Hormone Therapy
Questionnaire in Prescribing Attitudes if Physicians for Hormone Therapy
From the Paper
"The primary limitation of the study is the response rate which was only 30%; although this type of response rate is consistent with a one-time physician survey. In addition the authors reiterate the idea that only one survey was sent so that the results of the survey would not be biased. The respondents were demographically comparable to non-respondents and the overall population of U.S. physicians. In addition the correlation between specialty and attitude was not restricted by gender, age, or region. Furthermore, worst-case assumptions in a sensitivity analysis did not alter the results of the evaluation."
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Human Development: Birth to Adulthood, 2003.
A look at development from conception through adulthood, looking at prenatal factors, factors of infancy and childhood, and factors of puberty.
1,592 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the human body experiences a wide range of fundamental changes during the transition from prenatal to adult periods of life. It traces the development from conception through adulthood, using prenatal factors, factors of infancy and childhood, and factors of puberty concerning the chromosomal, hormonal, brain structure, gross anatomy, and self-perception changes that are experienced during these phases.
From the Paper
"The prenatal period of anatomical development usually last for 40 weeks (ten lunar months) and can be divided into a period of cleavage (this is the distribution of the zygote?s contents into smaller and smaller cells); an embryonic stage (this stage extends from the second week through the eighth week of development and is characterized by the formation of the placenta, the development of the main internal organs, and the appearance of the major external body structures (Hole 1990). The term embryo describes the fertilized egg during its first seven weeks of existence; the human embryo is usually termed a fetus after the eighth week of development, when the limbs and external features of the head are recognizable."
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Hormones in Agriculture, 2002.
Discusses the effect that the addition of hormones to the agricultural chain has on humans and animals.
1,227 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed discussion about the use of hormones in our agricultural food and the adverse effects it has on animals and the human consumers. The writer provides an outline of the effect the hormones have both physically and politically on the consumer and the nations that support the use of hormones. The writer also presents evidence of the health problems hormones are thought to cause.
From the Paper
"As the world continues to grow, the need for food and dairy products increases as well. Using hormones to increase production of product initially seemed to be a good solution but as studies were conducted it became evident that there were possible problems and risks. The nations of Europe as well as Canada became concerned about the health risks involved with the US use of hormones in bovine. Because of the contradictions in opinions and study results it would behoove the nation to hold off on the use of hormone in cattle until the questions can be answered satisfactorily."
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Adulthood, 2004.
A discussion of the transformation from childhood to adulthood and the psychological implications.
2,137 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at theories of relating to adulthood that explain how the transformation from one stage of adulthood to another can be just as significant as moving from childhood to adulthood. It explains that, just as a child may encounter difficulties as he or she progresses toward adulthood, adults may encounter difficulties as they face each new stage in adult life.
From the Paper
"According to Lucas and Kuhner (1999), development is the process of creating meaning out of the events we experience. The meanings we develop are influenced and restricted by how we perceive those events, and so is subjective. Our perceptions will not exactly match those of others and we may perceive similar events in markedly different ways depending on a number of variables including our individual traits, our prior experiences, and how we perceived and interpreted those events. Thus over time, each person develops his or her own individual lens (Lucas and Kuhner, 1999) through which subsequent events will be viewed. This is an ongoing process that occurs throughout the adult?s life."
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Changing Relationships in Late Adulthood, 2005.
Examines how changes in lifestyle during later adulthood can effect relationships.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
Late adulthood is often mistakenly viewed as a time of relaxation, where everything slows and an individual's life becomes more consistent and less stressful. In reality, late adulthood is a time of great change. Individuals retire, children move away, lifestyles alter significantly and social ties decline. This paper shows that, most significantly, a person's relationships change significantly in late adulthood. This includes relationships with siblings, spouses, friends, children and grandchildren. By considering these relationships and how they change, this paper shows that late adulthood is far from being a time of reduced stress. It may become a time of reduced stress if the individual makes the transition successfully, but the actual process of transition involves many significant changes.
From the Paper
"Peterson (2002) notes that friends play a special role because they link the individual to the larger social world. Individuals meet with friends as a way of keeping up with events in the world and in their own communities. This allows individuals to feel connected and avoids the problem of feeling isolated, alone, or rejected. It is also noted that older individuals have more secondary friends, which are described as "people who are not intimates but with whom they spend time occasionally" (Berk 2004, p. 606). This includes groups meeting to take part in activities such as playing bridge, lawn bowling, quilting, and various other craft activities".
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Counseling and Young Adulthood, 2007.
An examination of the period of young adulthood, with an emphasis on the counseling issues that come up during this life stage.
3,454 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the life stage developments that occur during the ages of 18 through 35, as well as the characteristics of the members of this age group, and assesses their cognitive and psycho-social skills. It then discusses the psychological disorders that are typical at this age group, such as depression and stress-related disorders. Factors that contribute to the development of these disorders, including relevant life changes, are also discussed. The last section looks at how effective therapy or counseling techniques can help young adults address these common psychological disorders in young adulthood. It also suggests how counseling techniques such as psychoanalysis and cognitive-behavior therapy can be modified in order to address the special needs and disorders associated with this period.
Outline:
Young Adulthood
Common Disorders and Counseling Methods
Depression and Bipolar Disorder
Counseling and Young Adulthood
Works Cited
From the Paper
"In purely physical terms, young adulthood encompasses only minor physiological changes, compared to those that occur at puberty. People can experience additional modest gains in height and in muscle development from their late teens to their early twenties, but generally do not experience major physical changes until middle age. However, young adulthood is a period of profound psychosocial and cognitive developments. Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development builds on the work of Sigmund Freud. Like Freud, Erikson basis his theory on the idea that internal, biological factors largely determine one's personality. However, while Freud's theory stops at adolescence, Erikson's psychosocial stages continue into adulthood.
Erikson believed that a person's social and cultural surroundings had a strong influence on one's psycho-social development."
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Emotional Development in Early Adulthood, 2004.
Discusses the emotional and psychological development process that takes place in early adulthood.
2,430 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the emotional development process in early adulthood. The paper examines the relationship between emotional development during early adulthood and the experiences of love and mate selection. Also addressed are the role that emotional development plays in lifestyle choices and the changes that occur in adulthood.
From the Paper
"Individuals need to effectively deal with the presenting conflict of a current developmental stage in order to advance onto the next stage of development. Therefore, young adults need to work out issues of intimacy versus isolation in order to successfully leave young adulthood and graduate onto adulthood, which presents a different main conflict. Research has indicated that a necessary component for a capacity for intimacy is the achievement of a strong identity, and it has been found that this differs between men and women (Carver & Scheier, 1996). The presence of strong identities was found to be predictive of whether or not men got married, while it predicted the likelihood of a lasting marriage in women (Carver & Scheier, 1996)."
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Hormones and the Diet, 2006.
An overview of human hormones and their importance in relation to our diet.
2,753 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 120.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with scientific work that has been carried out over recent years to identify a small group of chemicals and hormones that regulate the processes of the body and the brain. The author provides comprehensive information regarding various hormones that are produced in the body, their importance and how they can affect an individual's diet.
Outline:
Introduction
Cortisol
Estrogen and Progesterone
Testosterone
DHEA
Stress and the Diet
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Conclusion
From the Paper
" Within the last fifteen years or do, research scientists have identified a small group of chemicals and hormones that regulate the processes of the body and the brain, such as insulin (diabetes), adrenaline, noradrenaline and glucagon, "a hormone that stimulates the conversion of glucogen into glucose in the liver and often is linked with hypoglycemia (Parry, 2005, p. 256). And within the last ten years, these same scientists have discovered that the chemical/hormonal story is considerably more complex, due to finding hundreds of newly-identified compounds that regulate a person's mood, his/her susceptibility to particular diseases, and especially what a person eats, i.e. that these chemicals are secreted and made active by certain types of food based on diet and intake.
"At least seventy neurotransmitters (chemicals that modify or result in the transmission of nerve impulses between brain synapses), have also been identified which regulate nerve function, including memory, mental function, mood, movement, the wake-sleep cycle and appetite. The disruption of even one neurotransmitter significantly alters nerve cell function and causes a reaction which affects all other neurotransmitters, profoundly affecting many natural processes in the brain and the body."
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Hormones and Heredity, 2007.
This paper examines the effects of hormones on human behavior.
781 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how, although environment and heredity are important sources of determining human behavior, hormones also have a marked influence on our physical and mental state and thus can alter our behavior, at least for some time. The paper explains that while someone may be genetically predisposed to certain behavior, he is not likely to act until there are other influences fueling that action. The paper shows how heredity is a weak source in isolation, but together with environmental factors, hormones may influence a person's behavior.
From the Paper
"Human behavior has been an interesting subject of discussion and research. It is commonly believed that genes and environment determine human behavior. We need to not forget that genes are precisely what we call hereditary in ordinary language. When we are that someone is hereditarily prone to doing a certain thing, what we mean is that his genetic makeup makes his susceptible to such an action. There are certain characteristics or personality traits that human beings inherit and thus we blame these on genes."
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Human Growth Hormone, 2004.
A comprehensive analysis of human growth hormone and its implications for health care providers and consumers.
5,900 words (approx. 23.6 pages), 25 sources, APA, AU$ 205.95
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Abstract
Described as the new 'fountain of youth' and as a potential health hazard that is being increasingly abused, human growth hormone seems to promise to provide a number of far-reaching benefits for the elderly and those who are suffering from various diseases related to the endocrine system. This paper introduces the topic, provides a review and discussion of the relevant literature to determine what the human growth hormone is, how it works, and what the experts are saying about its benefits and drawbacks. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"The editors emphasize that the abuse of performance-enhancing drugs is not limited to professional athletes. They cite research by the National Institute on Drug Abuse which indicates that more than 500,000 teenagers (175,000 girls and 325,000 boys used steroids, in the past year alone). According to the Healthy Competition Foundation, one in four teens knows someone who has abused performance-enhancing drugs but only 50 percent of the teens who were surveyed were even aware of one potential side effect of the drugs involved (Bad sports, October 2000, p. 1). Of the various compounds available, Emma Davy says that probably the most popular performance-enhancing drug today is human growth hormone which is banned in most sports."
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