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Hong Kong: One of the World's Greatest Economic Anomalies, 2002.
An overview of Hong Kong's economic success.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how within only two generations; Hong Kong has established itself as a model of stellar economic growth. This paper will attempt to uncover the 'secrets' of Hong Kong's success, and strive to provide a greater understanding of this very unique and dynamic area.
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Hong Kong and World War II, 2007.
A comparative analysis of three different articles relating to the 1941 attack of the Japanese army on Hong Kong and Japanese occupation till the end of the War in 1945.
3,226 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses, from different perspectives, the 1941 attack of the Japanese Imperial Army on Hong Kong and the brutal Japanese occupation there till the end of the War in 1945. It examines three scholarly articles that are seen to relate to the same broad topic of how events during World War II in Asia continue to shape thinking on Japan, more than 50 years later, in matters of power and strategy involving China, Japan, the U.S. and other influences. June Teufel Dreyer is introduced as an American follower of East Asian affairs and the author of an article on Japan and China that seems more American in scope than Asian. Richard J. Aldrich's study of British secret intelligence in Asia during World War II is then discussed in relation to Hong Kong. The third paper is by Kent Fedorowich on a British diplomat's view of Hong Kong before the colony fell to the Japanese.
Outline:
Introduction
On Sino-Japanese Rivalry
Allied Intelligence in World War II - Hong Kong
Hong Kong on the Eve of its Occupation
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
" When Hong Kong fell to the Japanese, civilians were interned and thousands of Indian, British and Canadian soldiers that had tried to defend the colony became prisoners of war, many of them dying of disease, starvation and general abuse. (CBC 1972) Consulting Greenhous's summary of the 2,000 Canadians defeated at Hong Kong's struggle against the Japanese showed the takeover as something that people in Hong Kong would remember for many years. (1997) The soldiers fought from December 8 to 18, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army often killing the wounded just as they viciously attacked civilians. When the Japanese took control of the colony the people lived on tiny rations, the actual takeover as brutal as anywhere in Asia the Japanese conquered. The people of Hong Kong till the lapse of 1997 were used to seeing Communist China as a place of oppression and perhaps unwanted designs on the future of Hong Kong, but Japan stayed in mind as the greater enemy, and a potential new threat. "
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Hong Kong's Economic History, 2008.
A discussion of the economic history of Hong Kong from the mid-19th century to today.
4,300 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 165.95
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Abstract
This paper recounts Hong Kong's economic history from the time it became a British colony in the mid-19th century until the present. Hong Kong has prevailed as a remarkably prosperous territory since then, surviving various calamities, and has maintained its success even under the rule of the People's Republic of China. The paper concludes that Hong Kong's economic history has produced a distinctive culture that seems permanent, different from what is found in newly industrialized and advancing areas of Mainland China.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The 19th Century
World War II and Beyond
The 1960s and 1970s
The End of British Hong Kong
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the 1930s, the Global Depression affected all Chinese ports including Hong Kong. Small scale manufacturing engaged many Chinese by this time whereas outsiders tend to think that most people were employed in the port of Hong Kong or its support trades and industries. The completion of the Canton-Kowloon railway was a boon because goods could be moved quickly from the Mainland, undercutting steamers and junks that once took goods to Hong Kong for onward shipping. (Chui, 1973, 55) Also, Chinese business experience allowed many to tough out years of lower demand finding new niche markets in simple goods required elsewhere in East and Southeast Asia. Clan and family networks allowed small profits from goods said to be needed in the Netherlands East Indies or Rangoon or Malaya, the general 'survivability' of the business community seen. In December of 1941, the invasion of the Imperial Japanese Army destroyed nearly built up in a hundred years of activity. No one knows how many local Chinese were murdered, foreigners interned, as Allied soldiers and local reservists tried to defend the colony, many of whom were killed or taken as prisoners of the Japanese. This time is remembered by Hong Kong people as an era of suffering and destruction. (See Banham, 2003)"
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Two Articles on the Economic History of Hong Kong, 2006.
A review of two articles discussing Hong Kong's economic history.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at two very different articles that have to do with the 20th century economic history of Hong Kong. Teh first article the paepr reviews is by David Clayton, in which he describes all that he was able to learn from records that he obtained in the 1990s from an ordinary Hong Kong knitting factory that had gone bankrupt in 1933 and how it was reconstructed. Catherine R. Schenk's "The Empire Strikes Back -Hong Kong and the Decline of Sterling in the 1960s" refers to a very different Hong Kong.
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Hong Kong's Economic History, 2005.
This paper studies the economic history of Hong Kong, looking at its journey towards a distinct society.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This is a thematic paper looking at Hong Kong's entire economic history, including various references, towards an explanation as to how Hong Kong's culture so differs from that of Mainland China, Taiwan, or other Chinese enclaves. The writer discusses the collaborative relationship with the British and foresight in post-War era. Further the writer looks at the creation of industrial/manufacturing base to allow independence, capitalizing on resource of acumen and steady labor supply.
From the Paper
"Economic history is more than the study of productivity or statistics. It provides understanding of how distinctive cultures develop and change, and the economic history of Hong Kong seems bound to have created a new identity, and one that people belonging to Hong Kong will continue to value. Brown & Foot's study of Hong Kong reflects a manner of looking at Hong Kong's development in delineated phases or 'stages' after 1840. However, if one looks at economics in a society that is dynamic, contained, but also cosmopolitan, thematic approaches may be more helpful."
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Economic Growth in Singapore and Hong Kong, 2006.
This paper discusses what newly-industrialized countries can learn from Singapore and Hong Kong with regards to economic methods.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines a World Bank initiative to encourage economic growth in developing lands. In particular the paper considers how Hong Kong and Singapore are two nations which serve as excellent examples to the rest of the world of how relatively less developed nations can maximize their human capital. Chiefly the following paper argues that laissez faire economics especially in the case of Hong Kong coupled with a determination to accentuate service sector growth, especially true in the case of Singapore, can lead to great things.
From the Paper
"Newly industrialized countries are understandably eager to join the front ranks of twenty-first century nations. For this to occur, of course, they require diligence, a receptivity to new knowledge, and a certain amount of innovation. The following paper will review how economic methods employed in Hong Kong and in Singapore can help developing states achieve prominence in the new world order. Specifically, the paper looks at the benefits of domestic competitiveness and at government policies aimed at promoting innovation and self-reliance (Hong Kong in particular) and services-sector growth (Singapore has been especially aggressive on this front). In the final analysis, a globalized world requires liberal government policies, and both of the aforementioned nations offer that. "
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Democracy in Hong Kong, 2002.
Looks at the history of Hong Kong's political and economic culture and how it relates to the future of democracy in Hong Kong.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 25 sources, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
The following discussion proposes to assess the history of Hong Kong in terms of political culture and democracy. Initially, the country's famed role as an Asian Tiger in the period from 1960 to 1990 is explored. The anti-democratic bias of the national economic strategy is outlined. Then events surrounding the handover itself and subsequent political events are assessed. Next, this summer's election of the 'election committee' is examined. Finally, Hong Kong's culture of dynamism, dialectic and diversity will be examined.
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The 'Handover' of Hong Kong, 2002.
An analysis of the 'hand over' of Hong Kong in 1997 and the three sides involved, the British and Chinese governments and the people of Hong Kong.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 17 sources, AU$ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the various groups involved in the 'hand over' of Hong Kong on July 1, 1997. There were three groups of stakeholders involved: the governments in London and Beijing, and the population of Hong Kong both its elite, 'tycoon' leadership and popular forces. This paper identifies each group's interests and objectives, and their success in achieving them in the past decade of extensive political and socio-economic change.
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Hong Kong, 2004.
This paper discusses the lost identity of Hong Kong after the 1997 return to China.
3,570 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 144.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, with the handover of Hong Kong to China, the identity of Hong Kong is undergoing a changing reality as witnessed by the changing identity of Hong Kong?s culture seen through its media and press. The author points out that many Hong Kong residents are now convinced that the culture and identity of Hong Kong rests not upon its citizens but on the government of China, thus challenging the future of human rights and democracy in Hong Kong. The paper states that many people believe that China has no interest whatsoever in the media and press freedom of Hong Kong as long as the economy of the country is resonant.
From the Paper
"Hence, China can do or undo any rules and promises it previously made to the Hong Kongers. China can very easily use its legal documents and texts to justify its actions. Leaders worldwide have now begun to show their concern over the media change in Hong Kong. It is highly essential for Hong Kong to maintain its media identity since it greatly relies on it. Despite China?s promise to the mass population of Hong Kong regarding their freedom of press and expression, Hong Kong today is an entirely different place than it was before the hand over. According to Lin Neumann, ?The climate of free expression in Hong Kong has shifted in subtle but distinct ways: In the vibrant Hong Kong press, self-censorship has become a fact of life."
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Hong Kong's Economy, 2002.
A look at the history of the success of Hong Kong's economy.
2,914 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Hong Kong, once a vibrant manufacturing center of Asia, is fast becoming the financial hub of the continent. It shows how with its immense human resource in the financial sector and its expertise in handling export services, it is fast becoming the main business gateway of China. It analyzes the various economic reasons that have redefined Hong Kong?s role from being a largely production centric economy towards a service oriented economy.
Outline
Thesis
Introduction
Economic Growth
Hong Kong - China Industrial Relocation
Effects of Investments in China
Manufacturing Hub (A Declining Trend)
Reasons for the Shift
Hong Kong (Growing Entrepot Trade)
Tax Policies
Offshore Income (Tax Exemption)
Low Tax (Capital Income)
History of Hong Kong Currency
Aftermath of Reversion to China
China?s Entry into WTO (Implications for Hong Kong)
The Growing Financial Market
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In December 2000 the monetary authority of Hong Kong introduced the US dollar settlement system. It is widely perceived that the introduction the US dollar payment system within Hong Kong was initiated with a view to further boosting Hong Kong?s potential as a financial service sector. The new US dollar payment system is in tune with Hong Kong?s export oriented economy. Joseph Yam, chief secretary of Hong Kong?s monetary Authority said the new system, "is part of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority's continuing program of building financial infrastructure under its strategy for developing Hong Kong as the financial hub of Asia,?. He further adds, ?Because the exchange rate link suits an externally oriented, Entrepot economy, it will continue to serve Hong Kong well in its expanding role as a regional and international hub, as China enters the WTO.""
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Hong Kong Housing Industry, 2005.
This paper analyzes the macro-economic effect of the 1997-1998 Asian economic crisis on housing in Hong Kong.
9,885 words (approx. 39.5 pages), 24 sources, MLA, AU$ 291.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Hong Kong's housing, much more than in other cities, is a significant part of the infrastructure thus influencing the macro-economy: High housing costs cause workers to make wage demands and the employers are facing high location costs as well. The author points out that Hong Kong is unique in almost every respect, populated by Asians but has a Western-style economy but the Asian outlook on long-term investment is paramount. The paper concludes that the economic situation in Hong Kong is recovering faster than in other East Asian nations because of the financialized property-based economy, which is poised perfectly to weather economic storms without seeing the economy evaporate: Housing retains some value in any market; whereas, consumer goods and paper-based wealth of all sorts often do not.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Current Conditions
Literature Review
Findings
Discussion
Land Sales and Land-Related Revenue in Hong Kong 1991-2001
Various Asian Growth Projections, Annual GDP Growth in %: Actual and Projected
From the Paper
"While Singapore and South Korea share some regional norms with Hong Kong, they are more properly considered newly industrialized countries (NICs) than Hong Kong. Park assessed housing policy in South Korea and Singapore because it is an important aspect of social development in addition to a source of shelter; he noted that it also affects access of the population to other material resources. He notes "In most cases, it can influence consumption patterns and household incomes, affecting what people can do and who they can become. For these reasons, most states in advanced capitalist countries have actively intervened in housing provision, although the degree and mode of state intervention vary according to sociopolitical conditions." In Hong Kong, historically and at the present, that intervention is considerable, a fact that sets it apart from most other 'free' economies."
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Hong Kong: British and Chinese Governance Compared, 2002.
A comparative analysis of the British and Chinese governance of Hong Kong with an emphasis on the economic sector.
2,216 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the political status of Hong Kong was transformed from that of a British Crown Colony to that of a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People?s Republic of China (PRC) when political control of Hong Kong passed to the PRC from the United Kingdom on July 1, 1997. It analyzes the economic crisis of enormous magnitude that began in east and southeast Asia in the late summer of that same year and evaluates if the transfer of political control over Hong Kong to the PRC was a causal factor in the development of the economic crisis that swept east and southeast Asian nations in the last half of 1997.
Outline
Introduction
Comparing Pre-Transfer to Post-Transfer Macroeconomic Performance by the Hong Kong Economy
Population
Gross Domestic Product
Industrial Production
Consumer Prices
Unemployment
Wages
Real Estate Performance
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Real estate prices plunged in Hong Kong once effects of the wider Asian economic crisis began to be felt in Hong Kong. During this period (which lasted approximately six months in late-1997 and early-1998), real estate prices fell approximately 50 percent. No recovery in real estate prices began to occur until 1999. During the first six months of 1999, real estate prices have recovered to the extent of increasing approximately 15 percent. Analysts in Hong Kong are divided over the issue of whether the recovery in real estate will continue. Many of these analysts are pessimistic because of the recent deterioration in political relations between the PRC and Taiwan ("Hong Kong Land Sale Above Market?s Expectation," 1999)."
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Housing Policy in Hong Kong from the 1940s to the 1960s, 2008.
A look at the housing policy in Hong Kong between 1940 to 1960.
2,115 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the housing policy in colonial Hong Kong from the 1940s to the 1960s, and notes that these decades were characterized by a radical transformation in the role of the state in the colony's housing markets, moving from a laissez-faire model to a highly interventionist approach. The author argues that while the increasingly interventionist housing policies of Hong Kong's colonial government over this period were flawed in many respects, the policies serve as an example of how housing policy can serve to successfully support economic growth and industrialization in developing world contexts.
Outline:
Introduction
The Challenges of the Hong Kong Setting
The Significance of Colonial Hong Kong's Housing Policy
Hong Kong Colonial Housing Policy: The Critical Juncture
1953: A Watershed in Housing Development
Implications of Hong Kong's Public Housing Policy
From the Paper
"The topic of housing policy in colonial Hong Kong has been the focus of considerable study by scholars from around the world. This is due, in large part, to the fact that Hong Kong represents an ideal social laboratory within which the complexities of housing policy implementation in a development context can be closely examined. Its narrow geographic area, well-understood variables, together with the existence of accurate and generally accurate state documentation, has allowed scholars to analyze in depth housing policy in the colony, and extrapolate learnings with respect to other contexts in Asia and the developing world. From this perspective, this essay will examine housing policy in Hong Kong from the 1940s to the 1960s, as these decades were characterized by a radical transformation in the role of the state in the colony's housing markets, moving from a laissez-faire model to a highly interventionist approach. As will be argued, while the increasingly interventionist housing policies of Hong Kong's colonial government over this period were flawed in many respects, the policies serve as example of how housing policy can serve to successfully support economic growth and industrialization in developing world contexts."
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Hong Kong Students in Toronto, 2008.
A discussion of the challenges facing Hong Kong students studying in Toronto.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the challenges facing Hong Kong students studying in Toronto. The paper explains that these students face social and cultural problems because Chinese people have experienced a great deal of discrimination in Canada and this has resulted in a high degree of isolation from mainstream Canadian culture for many of these students.
The paper further points out that in order to examine the experiences of international students from Hong Kong in Toronto it is necessary to look at these experiences from a social and cultural perspective, as well as an educational perspective. The paper shows that differences between Hong Kong and Canada cause challenges for Hong Kong students studying in Toronto because they come from a very mixed system and then have to learn a totally new way of doing things that is very different from either of the systems with which they are familiar.
Outline:
Introduction
Hong Kong: A Special Case In China
Hong Kong Students In Toronto Universities
Social and Cultural Challenges
Educational Difficulties
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The number of students from Hong Kong in Toronto Universities is extremely difficult to determine. This is mainly due to the fact that statistics are largely deal with the national level. There are very few statistics available for individual cities. However, universities obtain data on how many students they obtain for given countries. York University had approximately 115 students from Hong Kong in 2002. The University of Toronto had approximately 280 students from Hong Kong is 2007. There are also approximately 80 students from Hong Kong at Ryerson. These figures indicate that there are approximately 475 students from Hong Kong studying in Toronto.
"Chinese people in Canada seem to experience a wide range of social and cultural challenges. Probably one of the largest challenges faced by most Chinese students in Toronto is the difficulty that many English speaking Canadians have with certain aspects of Chinese culture. Many Chinese students use English names so that English speaking Canadians will not struggle with their Chinese names. "
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Japan's Occupation of Hong Kong, 2008.
A discussion of Japan's occupation of Hong Kong in the 1940s.
3,010 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 128.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a critical look at the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in December of 1941. The paper points out that the occupation lasted till the early autumn of 1945, and the brutality of the experience is still a topic of resentment. It asserts that the occupation of World War II is part of Hong Kong's history and local memory for it harshly affected every family then living there. The paper adds that Japan's unknowable agenda caused some people in Hong Kong to rather welcome the 1997 lapse to the PRC, aware that their territory would be defended by the Red Army should their worst fears come to pass. The paper concludes that the fall of Hong Kong and the Japanese occupation were shattering events that have shaped Hong Kong's culture and consciousness.
Outline:
Introduction
Taking Hong Kong
A Fighting People
The 21st Century
A Changed Identity?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One is unsurprised by comments of older people from Hong Kong on a 'Japanese mentality' or condemnation of recent Japanese elections favouring right-wing candidates. Stories still abound of Hong Kong civilians forced to dig hideouts for Japanese boats on Lamma Island, the diggers killed to keep the boats' locations secret. Part of the trouble involves how such horrid events contrasted with a colony of which many Chinese were most proud for Hong Kong had grown from nothing after the 1840s, the work of ordinary immigrants from the Mainland, the British administration working in their favour in years when the Mainland was hopelessly turbulent or just inefficient. In fact, after World War II, people wanted a return to stable government, eschewing decolonization in favour of colonial rule that lasted till 1997. The Japanese occupation had a deep impact, in this sense, as in 1952 proposed liberal reforms were not of interest to the public. Authoritative, stable rule was wanted instead, for the IJA occupation had destroyed Hong Kong's pre-War trading economy based on entrepot shipping and services linking the Chinese treaty ports that were most profitable. Hong Kong was a place of employment, education and hope, different from other European colonies in the region, its atmosphere said to be happier and more harmonious than in British Malaya or Singapore. Its people were often the children or the grandchildren of 19th century migrants, many from Canton, the whole social order differing from that of China, the well to do proud to descend from some ordinary soul to head for Hong Kong to make his fortune, away from the rigid class system of Mainland China, Qing instability and corruption."
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Hong Kong, 2005.
This paper examines Hong Kong's economic history and how it has created a new identity.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
The paper offers a survey of the history of Hong Kong that is focused on economic development. The paper also includes a reflection on how this created a distinctive Hong Kong economy, from the 1840s into the present. The paper discusses the forward thinking business culture that came after WWII when they wanted to avoid dependency by launching the light industry/manufacturing to augment the shipping base that altered with British imperial decline. The paper places an emphasis on Hong Kong as a finance centre and as negotiating an advantageous position with respect to Beijing, after the 1990s handover.
From the Paper
"Economic history is more than the study of productivity or statistics. It provides understanding of how distinctive cultures develop and change and the economic history of Hong Kong seems bound to have created a new identity and one that people belonging to Hong Kong will continue to value. Brown & Foot's study of Hong Kong reflects a manner of looking at Hong Kong's development in delineated phases or 'stages' after 1840. However, if one looks at economics in a society that is dynamic, contained, but also cosmopolitan, thematic approaches may be more helpful."
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