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Hodgkin?s Disease, 2005.
This paper discusses Hodgkin's disease, also known as Hodgkin's Lymphoma, focusing on its physiological effects and treatment.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Hodgkin's disease, like other cancerous diseases, is basically a disease of the body cells in this case, the cells of the lymphatic tissue starting almost anywhere in the body. It explains however, that it usually starts in lymph nodes in the upper part of the body, most commonly in the chest, neck or under the arms. The author points out that the treatment of Hodgkin's disease is to destroy or eliminate the cancerous cells, which is done using chemotherapy or by radiation therapy. The paper relates that several advances have been made in treating Hodgkin's disease in recent years and, due to the effectiveness of treatment, Hodgkin's is now considered to be one of the less serious cancers: The success rate of treatment for the disease is over 90%, if diagnosed early.
Table of Contents
Physiological Effects of Hodgkin's Disease
Overview
How the Disease Affects the Body
How the Treatment affects the Disease and Body?
Treatments Available
From the Paper
"Hodgkin's disease is one of the two (and less severe) types of cancer of the lymphatic system; the other type being non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The disease is named after the British physician, Thomas Hodgkin, who first discovered the condition in 1832. Hodgkin's disease commonly occurs in young adults (between the ages of 15 to 35) and in older people (over 50 year olds. However, about 10%-15% of cases have been diagnosed in children below 16 years of age. Statistics also show that more men than women are afflicted by it. Estimates by the American Cancer Society indicate that over 7,500 new cases of Hodgkin's disease are diagnosed every year in the United States. Due to advances in the treatment of cancer in recent years, the survival rate for Hodgkin's is good and approximately 90 percent of Hodgkin's patients who are diagnosed at an early stage are cured."
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Hodgkin's Disease, 2004.
An overview of Hodgkin's Disease, its symptoms, and treatments.
2,507 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 24 sources, MLA, AU$ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper describes Hodgkin's Disease (HD) as a cancer of the lymphatic system. It provides a pathogenesis of Hodgkin?s Disease and then examines the risk factors of this condition. It further looks at the epidemiology of HD and its etiology. Includes graphs.
From the Paper
"Hodgkin's disease (HD) is a cancer of the lymphatic system. It is known as a lymphoma. In 1832, Thomas Hodgkin identified the disease anatomically. (Hodgkin, 1832) Hence, the name. From a pathognomic standpoint, the lymphoma was identified as a multinucleated giant cell. It came to be known as the Reed-Sternberg cell (RS) after its identifiers. (Reed, 1902) Fortunately, HD shows high rates of curability. Unfortunately, the etiology of HD is not well understood. Several causative factors?external and internal have been identified. Lymphoma cells generally grow in lymph nodes, which are part of the lymphatic system. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that approximately 7,600 new cases of Hodgkin's disease will be diagnosed in the United States during 2003. (Cancer.org, 2003)"
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Alcoholism: Disease or Not Disease?, 2006.
This paper argues that alcoholism is a disease.
1,113 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This concise and well-organized paper examines alcoholism as a disease. The author describes the criteria for an illness to be considered a disease. According to these criteria, alcoholism fits the definition of a disease. The author concludes if considered as a disease, better treatments can be found for sufferers of alcoholism.
From the Paper
"First, as more and more research is put into the claim, it becomes quite obvious that alcoholism is an actual disease. Alcoholism is defined as "an illness marked by consumption of alcoholic beverages at a level that interferes with physical or mental health, and social, family, or occupational responsibilities" (NLM). Alcohol dependency, a form of alcoholism, is portrayed by a higher tolerance for alcohol, which means that it requires more substance for an affected person to become intoxicated. Also, people that suffer from alcohol dependency normally suffer from withdrawals if alcohol use is discontinued or reduced. People that are dependent on alcohol normally spend much of their time consuming or acquiring alcohol. When one consumes too much alcohol many side effects and body disorders occur. Some of the most recorded side effects of alcoholism are: pancreatitis (irritation and swelling of the pancreas), heart muscle damage, nerve damage, esophageal bleeding, brain degeneration, cirrhosis of the liver, delirium tremens, erectile dysfunction, insomnia, and nutritional deficiencies. All of these are bodily disorders which effect different parts of the body (Rychtarik, 3)."
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Causes of Alzheimer's Disease, 2000.
A scientific paper on Alzheimer's disease. A discussion of the disease and an in depth look at its causes.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 25 sources, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
This review of Alzheimer?s disease (AD) focuses on the various causes of the disease. It is a compilation of material gathered from various scientific journals. The review begins by giving an introduction of AD followed by a discussion of various factors believed to cause AD, such as: amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, apolipoprotein E, and genetic factors. The author concludes by stressing the need for more research into the causes of AD.
Introduction
Overview of Alzheimer?s Disease
Pathological Causes of Alzheimer?s Disease
Amyloid Plaques
Neurofibrillary Tangles
Genetic Factors in the Development of Alzheimer?s Disease
Chromosome 19 and Apolipoprotein E
Other Genetic Factors
Presenilin
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Alzheimer?s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and dementia. The precise mechanisms that cause AD are still unknown, however, certain factors that predispose individuals to Alzheimer?s disease have been identified. Although no definitive cause has yet been discovered, this article reviews current research into various possible causes of AD, including the pathological causes, such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Also the genetic factors that cause AD, such as apolipoprotein E (apoE) and presenilin gene."
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Mad Cow Disease, 2006.
An overview of this brain disease which affects cattle and humans.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
Mad Cow Disease is a brain disease of cattle, which was first identified in the United Kingdom in the mid-1980s. Although not as widespread as some other livestock diseases, such as hoof-and mouth-disease, the Mad Cow Disease has attracted a lot of publicity because of its apparent apparent ability to transmit to humans, the fact that there is no known cure for the disease and the horrifying nature of the brain decay it causes. This paper explains the cause of the disease, how it affects the organisms, how it is transmitted from one organism to another, and the ways in which it could be transmitted to humans. The paper also discusses the human equivalents of the disease.
Paper Outline:
Cause of the Disease
How the Disease Affects the Organism
How is the Disease Transmitted from one Organism to Another
The Ways in Which it Could be Transmitted from Cows to Humans
Human Equivalents of the Disease
Works Cited
From the Paper
"This theory about the spread of disease is based on the observation that incidences of the disease have mostly been found in the UK where feeding of meat and bone meal to cattle was most common. Although other European countries also fed meat and bone meals to cattle as a protein supplement, the British laws about high temperature sterilization of the protein meal were relatively lax in order to keep meat prices competitive."
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Alzheimer's Disease, 2006.
A review of Alzheimer's disease, discussing the history, symptoms, treatments and issues related to the disease.
2,171 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at Alzheimer's disease, a degenerative brain disorder that was first identified in 1906 by Alois Alzheimer. This disease represents the single most prevalent form of brain disorders and is also the leading cause of dementia, affecting approximately 4.5 million people in the Untied States. The paper provides a brief overview of the disease, the symptoms, the diagnostic procedures and the treatment methods in order for us to gain a better understanding of this degenerative brain disorder.
Outline:
Introduction
Alzheimer's Disease
Early and Late onset Alzheimer's Disease
Symptoms of the Disease
Memory Loss and Language Disorder
Depression
Dyspraxia and Agnosia
Diagnosis
Tests for Cognitive Impairment
Positron Emission Topography
Major Causes of Alzheimer's Disease
Amyloid Plaques
NeuroFibrillary Tangles
Metal ions
Treatment Methods
Restoring Cholinergic Transmission
Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Considerable reduction in cholinergic transmission is one of the primary causes for the loss of memory and other associated symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and other kinds of dementia. Hence pharmacological treatment for AD mainly revolves around rectifying this circulatory deficit within the brain. Compounds designed to enhance cholinergic transmission constitute an important part of the treatment plan. Acetylcholine the neurotransmitter of the brain is considerably broken down in-patients suffering from AD and other dementias. The underlying mechanism of the neurotransmitter can be simplified as follows. An electrical impulse generated passes along the nerve and when it reaches the end it triggers the release of chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters, which in turn diffuse along the synaptic cleft and react with the specific receptor sites on the organ. Activation at the receptor junction initiates a series of chemical reactions resulting in a specific biological response. "
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Prion Disease in Humans, 2005.
An overview of Mad Cow Disease and how it has benefited the medical world.
1,636 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
Ever since Mad Cow Disease sparked terror in international headlines, the public has been concerned about eating beef. Mad Cow Disease is not, however, the first or only prion-caused disease. Several others, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) and kuru in humans and a host of agricultural animal disorders join Mad Cow in both cause and effects, the major effect being horror. This paper argues that, while the presence on the planet of a disease that literally lays waste to human brain tissue is frightening, there are two probabilities that can be seen as reasons not to be terrified. Instead, people could be hopeful that research sparked by the publicity surrounding Mad Cow Disease will eventually bring answers to such sociologically and medically devastating diseases as Alzheimer's Disease, and other lesser known but just as deadly diseases such as Lou Gehrig's Disease. The paper shows that these two probabilities are first, that prion-caused diseases are much less prevalent than media hype would indicate and, second, that a cure or vaccination is relatively certain to be discovered in the near to medium term.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Methods
Discussion
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Questions have arisen regarding why these particles are not attacked by the body's defense mechanisms, and the answer, Mahy noted, is that they are so odd, they are simply not recognized and therefore cannot be neutralized. Prions contain no nucleic acid and are therefore extremely " extremely resistant to inactivation by chemical or physical interventions that would inactivate viruses" (Mahy 1998) because there is no vector through which to deliver the 'poison'. Even more so than viruses, then, it is reasonable to wonder whether prions are, in fact, alive. And if they are not alive, then how can they infect an organism? Do they replicate like bacteria and viruses, or what?"
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Young Adults and Heart Disease, 2008.
An overview of the risk factors that contribute to heart disease with specific relation to the younger population group.
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 17 sources, MLA, AU$ 155.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the subject of heart disease in young adults, with information for young adults to assist them with their understanding of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The paper comments that many young adults consider heart disease as an old person's disease. The paper also notes that young adults may become more aware that individuals of all ages, even their age, can have CVD. The paper provides the strategies presented to combat heart disease. Charts, tables, and a flow chart are included with the paper.
Outline:
More than Knowing Something
Research Considerations
Current and Projected Concerns
Strategies to Address Concerns
The Causes and Cures Contributed to Heart Disease
Programs Can...
New Considerations
Coffee... Tea... Vitamin C Claims
Steps to Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease
Congenital and Chronic Disease Concerns
Hope for Children with Congenital Heart Disease
Most Likely - Yet Less Likely
Tomorrow's Time Bomb Question?
Can Heart Disease be Prevented?
Do The Right Thing
Unlearning Risk Factors
From the Paper
"What is currently known about heart disease, as the World Health Organization (WHO) reports, because young adults are "increasingly adopting unhealthy lifestyles," (Reinhardt), resulting increasing consequences of those lifestyle choices also increase. Currently, cardiovascular disease (CVD) ranks as the leading cause of death globally, reportedly contributing to one third of all deaths each year. "The Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke, published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in conjunction with the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), was launched on 26 September 2004 to coincide with the fifth annual World Heart Day, a major driving force for encouraging heart disease and stroke prevention worldwide."
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Mad Cow Disease, 2007.
An analysis of the epidemiology, pathophysiology and prevention for Mad Cow Disease (known as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans).
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Mad Cow Disease, otherwise known as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy or as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. It discusses the history, background and pathophysiology of the disease. It then goes on to describe prevention and treatment options for the disease, concluding that there are no effective treatments available. The paper concludes by discussing nursing and collaborative care for patients with the disease.
Table of Contents:
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Prevention and Treatment
Differences in Classic CJD and Variant CJD
Nursing and Collaborative Care
From the Paper
"Variant CJD has a median age at death of 28 years. The duration of the illness is approximately 13-14 months. Some of the clinical signs and symptoms include: prominent psychiatric/behavioral symptoms, painful dyesthesiasis; and delayed neurologic signs. The "Pulvinar sign" on an MRI is present in greater than 75% of most of the Variant CJD. The presence of "florid plaques" on neuropathology is usually in large numbers and easily detected. The agent is readily detected in the lymphoid tissue. There is a marked accumulation of protease-resistance prion protein noted in the brain. This is why the Variant CJD is much more easily detected because it shows up on more tests."
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Sickle Cell Disease, 2006.
A discussion of the pathology and treatment of sickle cell disease.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed overview of sickle cell disease, an inherited disease of the red blood cells, which is present from birth. The paper begins with a brief discussion of the history of the disease, including its discovery. Next the paper investigates the pathophysiological aspects of the disease, presenting the information in easy-to-understand layman terms. The paper then discusses how sickle cell disease affects sufferers physically. Finally the paper presents and evaluates treatment options.
Outline:
Historical Perspective
Pathophysiological Basics of Sickle Cell Disease
Physical Manifestations of Sickle Cell Disease
Treatment options for Sickle Cell Disease
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Before one can speak in depth on sickle cell disease itself, one must understand the basic pathophysiology which surrounds the condition. Hemoglobin is a protein carried by red cells, which carries oxygen from the lungs for delivery to peripheral tissues. It is composed of two similar proteins, alpha and beta. It is the coordinated action of the alpha and beta globin chains which allow the oxygen transport to occur. These two chains combine to form hemoglobin. During life, except during the very first week of embryonic development, one of the globin chains in an alpha. A developing fetus also has another chain which is a gamma globin; sometimes called non-alpha is present in the fetal circulation. The gamma globin is replaced shortly after birth with the beta, which then chains with the alpha. When two alpha chains combine with two gamma chains, this is called Hemoglobin F, or the common hemoglobin of fetal circulation. Adult hemoglobin, formed of two alpha and beta chains is called Hemoglobin A. If one alpha and one non-alpha chain combine, then this two chain combination is called a dimer and it not functional enough to deliver oxygen to tissues."
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Disease: A Social Product, 2006.
This paper examines Sander Gilman's argument that disease and illness are main avenues for projecting societal beliefs, views and ideologies, as detailed in his book "Disease and Representation."
1,110 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explores Sander Gilman's theory that the representations of illness and disease are manifestations of society which are susceptible to changes, much the way knowledge is. Art and literature are two major avenues in which society projects its beliefs and views. Gilman uses this phenomenon to examine how disease and illness are seen through society. Gilman contends that in art and literature, painters and poets have accumulated their society's fears of illness and disease and manifested them into very detailed pictorial representations. The writer stresses the need to create representations that can be physically seen which would lessen society's fear of illness. This paper also discusses the various methods created by scientists in which observations and ideas can in fact be seen and scrutinized which results in better understanding of disease and illness.
From the Paper
"Scientists have created a method by which observations and ideas can be observed and scrutinized in order to better the comprehension of the world. The scientific method is central to new ideas and theories becoming more accepted in the scientific community. Just as a human relies on its five senses to interact with the world, the scientific method relies on human observations and ideas to create knowledge. Thus, in its own essence, the scientific method is relying on lesser means of perception in order to broaden the understanding of the world. As an idea passes through the scientific method on its way to becoming accepted knowledge, it must first pass the task of acceptance by society."
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Adolescents with Gaucher?s Disease, 2004.
Study on adolescents with Gaucher's Disease, with an attempt to understand the self in relation to the disease from an Erik Erikson perspective.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 147.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a study on understanding the adolescent experiences in relation to Gaucher?s Disease. The hypotheses for the study are ?Adolescents with Gaucher?s Disease have a different perspective of the self than adolescents not diagnosed with a chronic illness? and ?Adolescents with Gaucher?s Disease perceive friendships and social interactions differently than adolescents who do not have a chronic illness?. In relation to the hypotheses, the study concentrates more on understanding how identity or self in adolescence is being affected by the Gaucher's Disease.
From the Paper
"People think of themselves as optimists or pessimists, and this is a reflection of our personality traits in opposites. The questions of being emotional or unemotional, dependent or independent, aggressive or passive, leader or follower, adventurous or cautious are also marks of these opposing traits. Most of these are natural inborn temperaments, but some of the characteristics of man like the feelings of competence or inferiority, and appearances as learned are based on the support and challenges faced by us during growing up. Erik Erickson explored this concept thoroughly. Though he had a great influence of Freud, the existence of ego from birth, and that behavior not being totally defensive were also his beliefs. He studied Sioux Indians on a reservation, and this made him aware of the great influence of culture on behavior. This made him place a lot of stress on the external world, like war and depression."
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Kuru Disease, 2003.
This paper discusses Kuru disease, a rare prion disease caused by cannibalism.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Kuru disease is found among natives in the eastern highlands of New Guinea who eat the brains of deceased relatives to honor them. The author points out that it is similarity to other spongiform encephalopathies, now known as prion diseases. The paper looks at the biochemical features of the disease and reviews prion diseases in general.
From the Paper
"Kuru disease is one of a family of diseases known as prion diseases because they are caused by an abnormal form of the prion PrP protein found in membranes. The family includes Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease."
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Parkinson's Disease, 2002.
This paper discusses the medical disorder, Parkinson's disease, a slowly progressive, degenerative disease of the nervous system, characterized by tremors, slowness of voluntary movements, and increased muscle rigidity.
2,165 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the immediate cause of Parkinson's disease is related to the degeneration of brain cells in the area of the substantia nigra; damage to this area leads to the cluster of symptoms known as Parkinsonism. The author points out that symptoms of Parkinson's disease vary greatly between one patient and another, but the classic tremor associated with PD is referred to as "pill-rolling tremor" in which the movement resembles rolling a pill between the thumb and forefinger. The paper concludes that the prognosis for Parkinson's disease, for which there is no cure despite medical treatment, is not very encouraging because symptoms only worsen over time and become less responsive to drug therapies.
From the Paper
"The substantia nigra, or "black substance," is one of the principal movement control centers in the brain. The dopamine released by nerve cells of the substantia nigra stimulates another brain region, the corpus striatum. Without sufficient amounts of dopamine, the corpus striatum cannot control its targets, and so on down the line. Ultimately, the movement patterns of walking, writing, reaching for objects, and other basic programs cannot operate properly, and the symptoms of parkinsonism are the result."
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Alzheimer?s Disease, 2005.
Examines Alzheimer's disease as a major medical problem for the new millennium.
3,215 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 17 sources, MLA, AU$ 134.95
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Abstract
As more and more people live longer, many suffer from senility and Alzheimer's disease. This paper discusses the stages of the disease and how medical science has advanced in its ability to diagnose Alzheimer's.
The paper also examines the future for this disease.
Introduction
The Definition of Alzheimer's Disease
The Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease
Stages of Alzheimer's Disease
Advances in Diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease
Predicting Alzheimer's Disease
Outlook for the Future
Footnotes
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Other researchers are focusing on the 'oxidative stress' and 'programmed cell death' parts of the puzzle. It is becoming clear that oxidative stress occurs in AD, but it is not yet clear whether oxidation actually causes the neuro-degeneration, or is simply another side effect of AD. Some scientists believe that oxidative stress is a relatively early event in the disease process. They argue that the aging brain is less able to defend itself against oxidative stress, and that this helps to explain why AD is a disease that primarily strikes older people. Researchers are working now to understand whether beta-amyloid initiates the oxidative damage in AD. Vitamin E and some of the other drugs that show promise against AD may have anti-oxidant properties."
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Minamata Disease.
This paper discusses Minamata Disease, a serious neurological disorder, and the first in which environmental pollution was transferred to food.
1,285 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Minamata Disease, a poisoning disease of the central nervous system caused by methylmercury compound, which is discharged from factory effluent, polluting the environment and then, through the food-chain, accumulated in fish and shellfish. The author points out that, at first the Japanese government denied the relationship of the factory discharge and the illness, putting the needs of the factory above the well-being of its citizens and environment; but in 1969, well after the polluting production process had been shut down, the area was designated a protected marine area by the government, requiring that no waste-water containing methylmercury be released into it. The paper relates that the Japanese government has taken measures to prevent this from happening again; compensation settlements have been reached, and today, the national government is the body that certifies a person as being afflicted by the disorder.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Discovering Minamata Disease
A Deadly Disease
Significant First
Understanding the Disease
Governmental Involvement
Political Settlements
Continuing Lawsuit
The Disease Today
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The first case of Minameta Disease was reported in 1956, "in Minamata City located on the Yatsushiro Sea coast in Kumamoto Prefecture, in a patient suffering from neurological symptoms of unknown cause." This case led Minameta City to immediately develop the Committee on Unknown Disease to take measures against the patients and investigate to find the cause. The investigation was conducted mainly by Kumamoto University, and in November 1956, the university reported that the disease is a certain type of heavy metal poisoning transmitted via fish and shellfish. Since knowledge and experience about environmental pollution were not enough at that time and technology for analysis of very small amounts of chemical substances was insufficient, a great deal of time was required until the cause was made clear."
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