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HIV Vaccines, 2006.
This paper discusses the history of the development of a vaccine for HIV.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, since Professor Robert Gallo confirmed etiological agents of AIDS in 1984, scientists in the United States, along with many other countries, have been making tremendous strides in the race to develop a vaccine for HIV. The author points out that the problem researchers have been facing is that the HIV virus does not respond to classical vaccination approaches, which have been used for other vaccines including smallpox and polio. The paper relates that, once the vaccine has been developed and released to the general population for use, scientists may see a decrease in illness even though not all persons have been given the vaccination.
From the Paper
"The two vaccine mechanisms differ in how the genes are packaged, with one being a naked version (can't reconstitute into a contagious virus) and the other a weakened type. Since only HIV gene fragments are attached to the adenovirus, ones that cannot replicate, any participants in the study would not have reason to believe that they can become infected with the HIV virus. Directors of this study feel that using the adenovirus vector appears to be the most promising advance in the past years attempts of research. Half of the participants will be from the Americas, while the other half will be in Southern Africa. The participants will be divided into two groups and will get four injections that will be spread out over a six month period. Half will be given the vaccine while the other half will get the placebo."
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Minorities and HIV Vaccine Trials, 2004.
Discusses why minorities are unwilling participants in HIV vaccine trials.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
In recent years, HIV has begun to move away from being an automatic death sentence and toward the status of being a chronic, but manageable illness. This paper presents an examination of HIV vaccine clinical trials and examines whether or not minorities are comfortable participating in them. The writer examines the historic Tuskegee syphilis trial and applies some of the problems there to the current hesitancy by minorities to participate in HIV vaccines clinical trials. The paper is based on a literature review.
From the Paper
"The medical community has a documented lack of minority volunteers willing to participate in clinical trials for HIV medications and other treatments. There are several factors that contribute to this trend including a basic mistrust that the minority will be given a fair amount of the treatment in question, as well as historic problems with medical trials and minorities in the past.
(Timeline http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/tuskegee/time.htm)
The need to recruit minority participants for clinical trials is obvious. Minority people get ill and they get disorders. They are part of the population that the medical community is attempting to assist and their participation in clinical trials can help that process move more quickly and efficiently."
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The Search for an HIV Vaccine, 2002.
An examination of the medical research being performed in the search for a vaccine against HIV and AIDS.
2,028 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how the HIV vaccine attacks the immune system with the T-Cells. Also, it discusses different types of vaccines and how they work along with leading causes of AIDS and how it has become an epidemic. It examines different forms of research and other attempts at creating a vaccine in the past.
From the Paper
"Since the HIV epidemic began in the 1970?s, it is estimated that 22 million persons are infected with the virus that causes AIDS. There are 3 million new infections each year with 65 percent of these cases in developing countries. There is no cure for AIDS and the outlook for finding a cure is very bleak, therefore a preventive vaccine is urgently needed to control the spread of HIV/AIDS. It is important to remember that being HIV positive does not equate to having AIDS, however it is only a matter of time that the virus will progress to the disease."
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The Promise of DNA Vaccines, 2006.
A review of recent work on DNA vaccines.
1,076 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper examines recent developments in the field of DNA vaccines. It discusses progress in vaccines against rabies, cancer and HIV / AIDS, as well as the role of the United Nations' Joint Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in current medical studies.
From the Paper
"Areas where the development of the DNA vaccine is concentrated are rabies, cancer and HIV. A DNA vaccine has been developed that protects monkeys from becoming infected with rabies. "DNA encodes for the surface glycoprotein of the rabies virus that induces high level of neutralizing antibodies." This is promising, since the DNA vaccine is less expensive, easy to use, and does not require refrigeration. As a result, the vaccine could be supplied worldwide, especially in areas where rabies is an epidemic."
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Behind Vaccines, 2002.
This paper debates the side effects of vaccines and its benefits.
755 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the issues surrounding childhood vaccinations. Many parents today worry that autism and other side effects can be caused by vaccines given to their children. This paper includes research on the complications of vaccines, information on the amount of shots children should receive and an explanation on how vaccines work in the body.
From the Paper
"The theory of vaccinations has never been successfully tested. Perhaps we are lab rats. In fact right now there is a growing debate over whether vaccinations are linked to the increased incidence of lung, brain and bone cancers seen in children and adults. The bottom line is that vaccines prevent diseases that are very real. We have to weigh that against the theoretical concern for which there is no proof."
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Vaccines, 2005.
A description with examples of modern developments in vaccines.
2,628 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
The paper describes through examples, the principles that underpin modern developments in vaccination strategies. It gives a background to the development of vaccines, and describes how they work and the bodies immune response. It also looks at current developments in vaccinations and gives detailed descriptions of various vaccination methods. It uses specific U.K.examples with the MMR vaccine.
From the Paper
"The response to immunisation/vaccination can be enhanced by a number of agents, and collectively these are termed adjuvants. These are a heterogeneous group of compounds, with several different mechanisms of action. In the history of immunisation/vaccination, many compounds have been used empirically, with little knowledge about how they may work. Several vaccines are composed of proteins that have bee precipitated with alum, and others are emulsified in oil based compounds. One of the best known emulsifying agent's is Freund's complete adjuvant, which contains mycobacterial derivatives. Amongst these, bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide are powerful immune stimulants, having an activating effect on macrophages and T-cells."
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The Vaccines for Children Program, 2002.
A look at the politics of this immunization program.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This ten-page graduate level paper describes the Vaccines for Children (VFC) Program, its inception and policy descriptions as directed by former president Bill Clinton and Senator Hillary Clinton.
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Strategies for Dealing with HIV/AIDS, 2002.
This paper is an in-depth overview of the aspects of the HIV / AIDS epidemic, including the profound issues and statistics on the virus in the developing and industrialized world.
3,080 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 25 sources, APA, AU$ 131.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with an overview of AIDS epidemic in terms of its derivation and the possible causes of AIDS. It describes AIDS in developing countries and those countries' national government strategy for battling it, the paper continues by investigating AIDS in industrialized countries and comparing these policies to those in developing countries. To better understanding the differences locally and internationally, certain sample countries have been used to illustrate the situation. The paper also explores the global AIDS prevention strategy and evaluates how HIV vaccine developing.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Overrview of AIDS
Introduction of AIDS
Global Picture of AIDS
Distribution of AIDS
AIDS in Developing Countries
Sex between Men in the Developing World
Government Strategy on Sex between Men
Education in Asia
Strategy Effectiveness
HIV Vaccine in Developing Countries
Thailand
South America
Africa
The Spread of Injecting and Drug Use in Developing Countries
The Golden Triangle
Drugs in Russia
AIDS in Industrialized Countries
American Syringe Exchange
Strategy Effectiveness
Syringe Exchange in the UK
NHS and Local Health Authorities
Global AIDS Strategy
World Health Organization
Global AIDS Societies
Vaccine Development
Conclusion
Appendix
Reference
From the Paper
"AIDS is now found worldwide. While, what is AIDS? Keith Alcorn and Robert Fieldhouse (2000) stated, ?AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is the result of damage to the immune system: the resultant deficiency in its functions allows certain specific opportunistic infections or tumours to flourish.? It is an opportunistic virus, which could take the opportunity to damage human being?s immune system and cause death.
"In 1986, there is a hypothesis released in St. Mary?s Hospital (1986), that is the disease may have originated in Central Africa and then expand to Caribbean, USA and Europe. While there are more and more scientists argued the origin of AIDS, Keith Alcorn and Robert Fieldhouse (2000) argued that ?AIDS was first identified as a distinct syndrome in 1981 as the consequence of a cluster of cases amongst gay men in large US cities with highly visible and established gay communities.? Peter Aggleton (1994) found that how serious that AIDS expand worldwide, the epidemic has increased over 100-fold since AIDS was identified in 1981, according to the research for the Harvard-based Global AIDS Policy. By 1992 at lease 12.9 million people worldwide were infected with HIV (7.1 million men, 4.7 million women, 1.1 million children)."
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HIV Infection, 2007.
This paper examines the HIV disease and discusses related aspects.
3,172 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 133.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents a brief history of HIV and discusses the treatment options that exist throughout the world. The writer addresses the quality and quantity of life as it relates to treating the disease. The writer concludes that HIV is a very serious illness that leads to AIDS and ultimately death. The writer further notes that the research indicates that while the number of people receiving treatment has increased in recent years there are still challenges associated with obtaining the treatment that is needed. The research also suggests that the development of a successful vaccine is near.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Brief History
Treatment
Status for treatment overall
Cost associated with these drugs
HIV VACCINE
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Overall when people are diagnosed early with HIV they can live for 10 years or more before being diagnosed with AIDS. Sadly in many cases people are not diagnosed early and in many cases when they are diagnosed they do not have access to the drugs that will increase their life spans. When people who are deteriorating because of the effects of the disease, receive treatment the results can be drastic particularly for children. People on he medication experience weight gain and a greater amount of energy. Overall when people who are HIV positive receive treatment their quality and length of life improve."
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HIV/AIDS Mitigation, 2008.
This paper examines good governance in the prevention and mitigation of HIV/AIDS, specifically as evidenced in the HIV/AIDS program of Zamboanga City, a highly-urbanized city in the Philippines.
6,910 words (approx. 27.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 227.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses that stopping the spread of HIV/AIDS has to be made integral to any development endeavor aimed at improving the lives and well-being of citizens of the world. The author points out that the United Nations acknowledges that good governance has to be integrated into the creation and management of institutions, processes and programs aimed at beating the targets set forth in the "Millennium Declaration of 2000". The paper reviews and analyzes the present and future scenario of HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation in the Philippines and identifies some elements of intervention needed to operationalize a strategy for good governance. The author underscores that the HIV/AIDS program of Zamboanga city is built around improved capacities for public administration and civil service, decentralization in delivery of services, transparency and accountability, expanded role of civil-society, and the centrality of participation grounded on the rule of law and human rights.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Related Literature
Pro-Poor Policy Framework
Public Administration and Civil Services
Decentralization and Delivery of Services
Accountability and Transparency Situations and Context of HIV/AIDS in the Philippines
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Socio-Economic Impact of HIV Aids
Participatory Approach
Cultural and Moral Dimensions
Grounding Development
Mobilizing the Cultural Resources
Key Lessons in Good Governance from the United Nations
Case in Point: Zamboanga City HIV/AIDS Program
Public-Civil Society Partnership
Organization and Management
Community-Oriented/ Community Based
Innovative Optimized Use of Infrastructure Support
Livelihood Assistance
Financial Resources
Lessons from HIV/Program Implementation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to the United Nations, a critical requisite for achieving the MDG's is a conducive and coherent policy framework. This involves first, the contextualization of the goals by each country, and down to identifying sectoral concerns and on to effective local responses. Responses and interventions to HIVAIDS entails a national policy framework that provides for effective decentralization of action and one that effectively coordinate implementation and resource mobilization as well as achieve a critical mass of support from the public in a much cost effective way. The policy framework to be pro-poor means, that it recognizes the social and economic implications of HIV/AIDS and seeks to integrate social and economic interventions to mitigate the spread of the infection and disease."
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Vaccinations, 2004.
A brief discussion of the history of vaccines and the advantages/disadvantages of their use.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the pioneering use of vaccines by Edward Jenner and the expansion of types of vaccines over the years. It also looks at the growing opposition to vaccines today.
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HIV Prevention, 2005.
Presents background information on HIV and AIDS and preventative measures that can be taken to reduce the spread of HIV.
3,116 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 131.95
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Abstract
This paper presents statistics on the number of people in the world with HIV, where most of those people reside, and who is susceptible to contracting the disease. The paper also explains the difference between HIV and AIDS, how HIV is contracted, and the best methods of preventing the transmission of HIV.
From the Paper
"It is a myth that only homosexual men and promiscuous women are susceptible to contracting HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This very serious disease does not discriminate. In fact, HIV can be contracted by anyone. Because it can happen to anyone, HIV should be understood by everyone. Everyone can do something to help stop the spread of HIV."
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AIDS/HIV Patients and Health Care, 2002.
A thorough examination of health care for HIV and AIDS patients and a review of the literature relevant to access to care, quality of care and funding.
9,785 words (approx. 39.1 pages), 46 sources, MLA, AU$ 290.95
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Abstract
A research study is proposed that investigates the experiences of HIV/AIDS patients with health insurance. The specific problem that is investigated concerns variations between HIV/AIDS patients and non HIV/AIDS patients in relation to denial of coverage, premium levels and experimental drug approval. Literature is reviewed is support of the proposed research study. The major bodies of literature reviewed are those related to access to care for HIV/AIDS patients, the quality of care received by HIV/AIDS patients and health care funding, especially as such funding applies to HIV/AIDS care and research and with a further emphasis on future funding prospects.
Introduction
Access to Care for HIV/AIDS Patients
Bioethical Issues
Social Psychological Influences
Effects of Managed Care on Health Care Access for HIV/AIDS Patients
Quality of Care Received by HIV/AIDS Patients
HIV/AIDS Funding
The Welfare State
Summary of the Literature Review
References
From the Paper
"A critical factor affecting access to necessary health care for HIV/AIDS patients is health care insurance coverage. Approximately 60-percent of the American population is covered by private health care insurance programs (Congressional Budget Office, 1999). Most of these programs?the very great majority?are either fully or partly funded by employers, while the remainder of such programs is funded fully by the covered individuals and families. For the remaining 40 percent of the population, the delivery of health care services is dealt with in a variety of ways, as follows: (1) for approximately 25 percent of the population, health care services are funded by the federal government, primarily through the Medicaid and Medicare programs; (2) approximately five-percent of the population, both individuals and families, who for whatever reason do not choose to contract for health care insurance, are in the financial position to pay for health care services at the time of delivery; and (3) approximately 10 percent of the population defer health care services to the point where they can non longer be deferred, at which time they typically enter the health care system as emergency patients (Congressional Budget Office, 1999). As emergency patients, their care is more expensive than it would have been if treated earlier, and the care is either (1) paid by government or charity or (2) results in charges to the patients and their families that they seldom have any hope of ever paying. In the latter case, caregivers, typically public hospitals, must absorb the losses.
When all is said and done, approximately 12 percent of the country?s population is without any formal health care insurance coverage (Minahan, 1999; Rosen, Fanshel, & Lutz, 1999), although some estimates of this proportion are higher. Further, in most cases, such individuals are not in a financial position to fund such services as required. With the size of the American population established at approximately 273 million by the 1999 census estimate (Population Reference Bureau, 2000), the 12 percent without formal health care insurance translates into approximately 33 million people."
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Vaccine Technology, 2004.
A brief discussion of the importance of modern-day vaccines in preventing epidemics.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how one of the most important health advances of the 20th century has been immunization. It looks at how this development has stopped the spread of several potentially fatal diseases and explains that DNA vaccines have become the most promising area of vaccinology. The paper briefly looks at the technology of DNA vaccines and how these could be used in the future.
From the Paper
"DNA vaccines have the potential to be used as therapy, designed to treat a particular active disease, such as inducing cell-medicated immunity to bowel, or breast cells that express cancer antigens, thus causing the body to identify and kill tumor cells (Simmerman pg). In fact, researchers are now studying DNA vaccines for cervical cancer (Simmerman pg). For over a decade, investigators have been extensively using animal models to research DNA vaccines and recent trials have used small numbers of humans to determine treatment tolerance and immune response (Simmerman pg). Since the majority of these trials are phase I, they focus on safety and do not measure efficacy, however, in trials for hepatitis B, herpes, HIV, malaria, adenocarcinoma of the breast and colon, and lymphoma, the subjects have tolerated the vaccines relatively well (Simmerman pg)."
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Immunobiology and HIV, 2008.
An analysis of the mechanisms involved in HIV infection and the role of chemokines in suppression of HIV replication.
2,060 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the relationship between immunobiology and HIV. It analyzes the research in an attempt to understand the mechanisms involved in HIV infection and in the operation of various related biological effects. The paper then addresses the role of the chemokine MIP-1 beta, among others, in T cell mediated suppression of HIV replication.
From the Paper
"Patke, Green, and Shearer examine the role of beta-chemokines and their chemokine receptor on HIV B lymphocyte function. To test this interaction, the researchers used highly purified normal human B cells from seronegative donors, isolating them by adherence to CD19-coated beads. They then treated IL-4 plus anti-CD40-activated B cells with recombinant gp120 (10 ng/ml) before exposure to beta chemokines or receptor. At that stage, cyclic nucleotide generation was assessed at six hr, DNA synthesis at day threem and IgM production on day seven. Also, cell surface marker expression was determined by flow cytometric analysis using the Coulter EPICS-XL. What the researchers found was that there ia a role for MIP-1 beta and RANTES on the early B cell events of proliferation, cyclic nucleotide generation, and cell surface marker receptor modulation in opposition to the beta chemokine receptor, CCR5. the researchers also note that the ability to regulate early B cell events might be a targeted area in the development of novel designer molecule therapeutic approaches to AIDS, though further research is needed finally to demonstrate this possibility."
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Health Care for HIV/AIDS Patients, 2002.
A review of the literature relevant to access to care, quality of care and funding for HIV and AIDS patients.
9,674 words (approx. 38.7 pages), 51 sources, MLA, AU$ 287.95
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Abstract
The difficulty of HIV/AIDS patients in acquiring adequate and equitable health care coverage is examined. The specific problem that is investigated concerns variations between HIV/AIDS patients and non HIV/AIDS patients in relation to denial of coverage, premium levels and experimental drug approval. A thorough review of published literature from different fields is conducted in support of this study. This literature is categorized, analyzed and collected as a unified body. Conclusions about the meaning of the various reviewed studies are presented. The primary conclusions of this study are the needs for portability and true universality in health care for all, as well as guarantees that expensive and experimental treatments will be covered. The writer explains that such changes would benefit not only HIV/AIDS patients, but all Americans as well.
Abstract
The Problem
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose to the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Review of the Literature
Access to Care for HIV/AIDS Patients
Bioethical Issues
Social Psychological Influences
Effects of Managed Care on Health Care Access for HIV/AIDS Patients
Quality of Care Received by HIV/AIDS Patients
HIV/AIDS Funding
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"A critical factor affecting access to necessary health care for HIV/AIDS patients is health care insurance coverage. Approximately 60-percent of the American population is covered by private health care insurance programs (Congressional Budget Office, 1999). Most of these programs?the very great majority?are either fully or partly funded by employers, while the remainder of such programs is funded fully by the covered individuals and families. For the remaining 40 percent of the population, the delivery of health care services is dealt with in a variety of ways, as follows: (1) for approximately 25 percent of the population, health care services are funded by the federal government, primarily through the Medicaid and Medicare programs; (2) approximately five-percent of the population, both individuals and families, who for whatever reason do not choose to contract for health care insurance, are in the financial position to pay for health care services at the time of delivery; and (3) approximately 10 percent of the population defer health care services to the point where they can non longer be deferred, at which time they typically enter the health care system as emergency patients (Congressional Budget Office, 1999). As emergency patients, their care is more expensive than it would have been if treated earlier, and the care is either (1) paid by government or charity or (2) results in charges to the patients and their families that they seldom have any hope of ever paying. In the latter case, caregivers, typically public hospitals, must absorb the losses. "
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