| Papers [1-16] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "HIV TRANSMISSION BREASTFEEDING AFRICAN WOMEN": |
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HIV Transmission in Breastfeeding African Women, 2002.
Examines the obstacles and issues involved in counteracting the transmission of HIV by breastfeeding mothers in Africa.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper is an analysis of a very specific issue: the transmission of the HIV virus by African women who breastfeed their infants. The problem is complex, and includes a host of issues, the main one being cultural.
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Breastfeeding and HIV Transmission, 2008.
Looks at breastfeeding and HIV transmission among black women.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that information about the risks of infection transmission of HIV must be provided to women in culturally relevant terms so that they can understand the significance of their choices. However, there is a communication gap in many black communities regarding healthcare prevention as well as treatment. The author points out that healthcare professionals must be fully informed of the benefits, risks and detriments of HIV transmission in HIV positive black women so that they can effectively communicate what they know in an unbiased and culturally relevant manner.
From the Paper
"Numerous studies have been performed to determine the risk of mothers who are HIV positive breastfeeding their babies. According to Crowe et. al. (2006) since a 1992 study by Dunn, it has been widely accepted that 14 percent of babies whose HIV positive mothers breastfed them would become infected themselves. However, there is now a great deal of evidence that this figure is not accurate because Dunn did not take a lot of important variables into account."
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Vertical Transmission of HIV in South Africa, 2002.
An examination of the disastrous spread of HIV in South Africa, especially via vertical (mother to baby) transmission.
6,372 words (approx. 25.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 216.95
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Abstract
Vertical transmission of AIDS has assumed enormous proportions, and this problem is aggravating the already disastrous AIDS epidemic in South Africa. This paper considers the problem of vertical transmission in little detail and ascertains the treatment methodologies and how their proper implementation could avert this major crisis from worsening the already damaged social and economic structure of Africa.
From the Paper
"AIDS is one of the most dreaded epidemic diseases of the last century with an almost unabated outburst throughout the last two decades. More than 40 million people throughout the world are afflicted by AIDS. The dreadedness of the disease is reflected in the disastrous and debilitating effects it has had on people all over the world. The social and economic implications of AIDS has been something unprecedented in the history of world. Though the HIV virus is not easily transmitted the increasing number of infected people around the world only indicates a major global catastrophe. The concerning fact is that while we are still engaged in active medical research for a cure of this deadly disease, the HIV virus continues unhindered, to infect millions of people worldwide. The third world nations and Africa in particular have been the most affected. The impact of the AIDS epidemic in Africa is made worse by the poor economic situation and the consequently unaffordable medical facilities. Vertical transmission of the disease from mother to the child is continuing in an uncontrolled manner contributing to as much as 40 % of new AIDS cases. [AidsAction]"
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HIV/AIDS in African American Women, 2006.
A combination of five papers reviewing HIV/AIDS in African American Women.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 168.95
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Abstract
This current research project assessed the factors that predispose African-American women to contract HIV/AIDS in four small papers and one large research paper of 15 pages. It is evident that these factors are not specifically relegated to areas of health care and that the inter-connectivity of economic, social, and political factors in addition to health care factors reduced the likelihood of developing and implementing a single health care strategy that comprehensively reduces HIV transmission and suppresses health care issues resulting from AIDS among the target population.
From the Paper
"The current research project has allowed me to explore several areas within my personal and academic interests. The thrust of the research effort was on the target population and I subsequently learned a significant amount concerning the factors that predispose African-American women to contract HIV/AIDS. It is evident that these factors are not specifically relegated to areas of health care; the Interconnectivity of economic, social, and political factors in addition to health care factors reduced the likelihood of developing and implementing a single health care strategy that comprehensively reduces HIV transmission and suppresses health care issues resulting from AIDS among the target population. Additionally, public policy that effectively blends these many diverse factors is likely to be multi-disciplinary in its creation and implementation. "
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Breastfeeding, 2008.
This paper explores the population trends of breastfeeding women and what can be done to encourage this practice.
2,674 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 35 sources, MLA, AU$ 117.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the declining rates of breastfeeding, particularly among low-income and working mothers, with the intent to support increasing those levels among those populations. The paper describes the physiology of lactation, explores the barriers to breastfeeding and looks at the Hispanic community that experiences one of the largest deficits in overall rates of breast feeding. The paper discusses the post-delivery care when a lot of attention must be paid to helping women become active breast-feeders and relates that the quality and standards of care vary widely among the urban areas, states and individual practitioners. The paper discusses the role of nurse practitioners who must encourage their patients to breastfeed since breastfeeding has an overall positive life-long impact upon the health of a child.
Outline:
Physiology of Lactation
Barriers to Breastfeeding
Population
Current Standards of Care after Delivery
The Role of Nurse Practitioners
Increasing Knowledge of Breastfeeding in the Practice
From the Paper
"Breastfeeding has, until relatively recently in our cultural history, been an unavoidable part of life throughout the entire world. But, in the "modern" era, a wave engulfed many mothers, particularly during the mid-twentieth century, which promoted the use of "formula", or manufactured powders that were thought to be nutritionally superior to mother's milk and, less potentially offensive to others (puritanical morals being what they were in the 1940's through mid 1960's). We now live in a world where advertisers say "breast milk is best", but then push the ease and benefits of their manufactured products. Women increasingly turn to formula when they cannot or will not breastfeed in public, or are otherwise forced to use methods such as breast pumps in order to feed their children while managing a job or otherwise busy schedule. Several studies have shown that there have been a series of declines in particular populations of the number of women breastfeeding at various times followed by upswings in other populations or communities."
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Breastfeeding, 2008.
This paper studies the article "Breastfeeding Among Low-
Income Women with and Without Peer Support" by Jean Penrose Arlotti.
1,319 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines Jean Penrose Arlotti's article, "Breastfeeding among Low-Income Women with and without Peer Support", which discusses the effects of peer support on breastfeeding among low-income women during the first three months after giving birth. The writer notes that the problem identified in the article was the busy lifestyle of women that interfered with breastfeeding and the lack of prenatal education and support regarding breastfeeding given to low-income women. The writer concludes that the study is clear and concise and could be replicated sufficiently with the proper sample group and support participants.
Outline:
Purpose of Study and Identify Problem
Examine Literature Review
The Study Framework or Theoretical Perspective
Research Objectives, Questions, or Hypotheses
Sample Setting
Measurement Instrument Used in the Study
Procedures for Data Collection
Statistical Analyses Used
Researcher's Interpretation of Findings
Study Limitations Identified by the Researcher
Researcher Generalization of Findings
Implications of the Findings for Nursing
Suggestions for Further Study
The Study is Sufficiently Clear to Replicate
From the Paper
"The independent variables that were operational within the study included whether the participants belonged to a group with a peer counselor or a group without a peer counselor; whether the women belonged to a breastfeeding class; whether the women knew others who breastfed; and whether each woman was given support for breastfeeding. The conceptual independent variable was the mother's career plans after birth. The operational dependent variables in the study dealt with the actual amount of time the women in the study breastfed their babies, while the conceptual dependant variables included peer support, family support, and the effects of breastfeeding education. The research variable, both conceptually and operationally was the time frame that the study was conducted within. The demographic variables used in the study were age of the breastfeeding woman; her education level; marital status; race or ethnicity; her career plans after the child's birth; and whether she planned to breast or bottle-feed her child, or both."
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Breastfeeding in Public, 2008.
This paper discusses the benefits and need for breastfeeding in public.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper states that breastfeeding in public is legal in the United States. The author points out that, despite this legality, for some people, the sight of a mother breastfeeding in public is a cause of discomfort. The paper relates that public health officials and even the laws agree that mothers should have the right to breastfeed in public; however, the debate against public breastfeeding brings to mind the issues surrounding pornography and art that, if it aims to titillate, it is classified as porn. The author summarizes the many benefits of breastfeeding for the child and mother and concludes that not breastfeeding on demand in public can deprive both mother and infant of these benefits.
Outline:
Introduction
The Law: a Rundown of Statutes from all 50 States about Breastfeeding in Public
It's One's Right: Benefits of Breastfeeding
It's One's Right: The Impediments of Breastfeeding in Public, Specifically at Work
It's One's Right: Explicit Reasons Why Breastfeeding in Public is Okay
Alternatives to Breastfeeding in Public
From the Paper
"In 2005, a different kind of protest spread from the Internet, to the streets, and outside the ABC headquarters. The culprit was Barbara Walters' comment on "The View" that the sight of a woman breast-feeding her child beside her on a plane made her uncomfortable. Outside the ABC headquarters, which airs "The View", some women were breastfeeding their babies in full view of everyone. Some held up placards and signs that denounced both Walters and her program. Amy Harmon writes that this was probably the first overt manifestation of a movement called "lactivism" or women who wants their right to breastfeed in public recognized."
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Breastfeeding Duration, 2008.
This article provides a critique of the article "Breastfeeding duration in an Australian population" by Blyth, et al, which discusses the impact of modifiable risk factors on breastfeeding duration.
1,523 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses an article "Breastfeeding Duration in an Australian Population: The Influence of Modifiable Antenatal Factors." by Blyth, R., M. Mid, D. Creedy, C. Dennis, W. Moyle, J. Pratt, S. De Vries & Healy, G. The writer maintains that the modifiable factors discussed in the article have implications for nursing interventions, and all of the researchers who conducted this study are nurses. The writer notes that even though almost all mothers initiate breastfeeding, the current trend around the world is that one-half of those mothers discontinue the practice by one month postpartum and very few are breastfeeding at a later time. This critique assesses the value of the modifiable factors isolated by the researchers, along with the validity of the findings. The writer concludes that modifiable factors do not actually predict breastfeeding duration but they are a reliable source of nursing information about breastfeeding behavior.
From the Paper
"The authors include a literature review that focuses on the decline of breastfeeding and on factors identified in other research which affect the duration of the practice. Among the non-modifiable factors is being economically deprived, or being a member of an ethnic or racial group with inadequate language skills. The modifiable factors include the presence of social support, being provided with essential information, the intention to breastfeed, and confidence with breastfeeding. One of the most formidable obstacles to effective breastfeeding and its duration is lack of needed information by the mother. Most research suggests that when information is provided, breastfeeding will be initiated and its duration will be extended. The authors point out that there is no real consensus about the effectiveness of health teaching, however. The researchers also note the significance given by previous studies to social support. Support from family members can result in three times the likelihood of breastfeeding and a support network also is influential."
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Breastfeeding, 2002.
A brief examination of the research surrounding the positive and negative impacts of breastfeeding on infants.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly weighs the "pros" and the "cons" of breastfeeding. The position of the paper is that breastfeeding is the most nutritious option for an infant, but that women might have disease complications or lifestyle options which hinder their ability to breastfeed.
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Bidirectional Fiber Transmission, 2005.
A comparison of single fiber and dual fiber realization of bidirectional fiber transmission.
2,040 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with an explanation of the four common methods of providing bidirectional communications between two devices and then explains the technique of transmitting multiple optical signals on a single optical fiber known as wavelength division multiplexing. The paper concludes with a comparison of single fiber transmission and dual fiber transmission and an explanation of the advantages of single fiber transmission.
From the Paper
"Duplexing methods determine the overall throughput that is shared between the two directions of transmission: downstream and upstream. The important property of a duplex method is its ability to achieve a good distribution of high data rates for all the loops in a cable binder. If the same frequency bands are used simultaneously for both upstream and downstream transmission in a cable binder, the available capacity will be severely affected."
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Benefits of Breastfeeding, 2005.
A literature review detailing the benefits of breastfeeding to both the mother and the baby.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper is a literature review discussing the benefits of breastfeeding. The paper discusses the reason why breastfeeding is so strongly encouraged by the World Health Organization (WHO). It then discusses the results of studies suggesting the benefits for the child as reduced chances of infectious diseases and the mother having less chance of breast cancer.
From the Paper
" Literature Review Introduction Breastfeeding is strongly encouraged by the World Health Organization (WHO) because it results in many benefits for both mother and child. Among the benefits for the child are reduced chances of infectious diseases; the mother has less chance of breast cancer (Winterburn & Fraser, 2000). According to Heck et al. (2003), although women actually should breastfeed for a year, the majority of women stop breastfeeding after just a few months. Stopping breastfeeding early is related to a short postpartum hospital stay. The research question guiding the literature review is: How does the length of postpartum hospital stay affect the duration of breastfeeding in childbearing women? There are factors involved in a short length of stay in hospital postpartum that ensure mothers will stop breastfeeding."
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The Benefits of Breastfeeding, 2005.
A discussion on the benefits of breastfeeding for a mother and child, according to the WHO and the UN.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the position of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN), in relation to breastfeeding. The paper discusses the physical and psychosocial benefits for both the mother and child, of prolonged breastfeeding. It then discusses the promotion and support for mothers with new babies.
From the Paper
"Literature Review Table will follow separately INTRODUCTION Many health organizations recommend a prolonged duration of breastfeeding. Both the World Health Organization and the United Nations maintain that breastfeeding causes physical and psychosocial benefits for the mother and child. Promotion and support for breastfeeding have become national public health priorities recently. "The American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, continuing to 1 year or beyond" (Taveras et al., 2003, p. 108)."
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Maternal Breastfeeding Program, 2008.
A research proposal for an education program for expectant and new nursing mothers.
2,762 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 120.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the prevalence of breastfeeding through a critical literature review and the impact of a pro-breastfeeding education program delivered to expectant and new mothers. The paper also looks at how the information communicated through the education program can be enhanced through contact with peers, as peer mediation may potentially improve the subjects' acceptance of the information contained within the education program. The paper explains that breastfeeding is the traditional method of nourishing a child and is a physiological response to childbirth on the part of the new mother. The paper then points out that despite this naturally-occurring link between the new mother and her child, breast milk substitutes - commonly referred to as formula - were developed in the late 1950s and were increasingly marketed to new mothers through the 1980s as a superior means of nourishment. The paper shows that breastfeeding and the clinical trials related to the practice are of the utmost significance since the immediate and long-term well being of both mother and child depend on its success. The paper concludes that nurses play a major role in effective breastfeeding and need to be completely knowledgeable about appropriate and successful strategies.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Literature Review
- Socio-Cultural Influences and Breastfeeding
- Health Outcomes Associated with Breastfeeding
- Challenges within the Literature
Theoretical Framework
Research Question/Hypotheses
- Hypothesis 1
- Hypothesis 2
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Research was ongoing during this time and the majority of credible information stressed that breastfeeding was sufficient in terms of the nutritional content required for infants. Additional benefits were also isolated: children who breastfed during infancy demonstrated enhanced immune systems and were less likely to succumb to childhood and adolescent illnesses (Cunningham, Jelliffe, & Jelliffe, 1991; Saarinen & Kajossaari, 1995); breastfeeding was linked to improved cognitive development in children; research even suggested that the emotional development and attachment abilities of the child were improved and that the child may demonstrate improved psychosocial stability as an adult (Lawrence & Lawrence, 2005) and that breastfeeding "yields health care savings by reducing illness events" (Ahluwalia et al, 2000; 85)."
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Breastfeeding in the Philippines, 2006.
An in-depth discussion regarding breastfeeding in the Philippines.
1,530 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to determine the foundation of the best approach to be used in resolving the decline in breast feeding. The paper concentrates on facts and issues pertaining to the use of the bio-cultural approach. The paper also tries to ascertain and determine the relationship between the bio-cultural, socio-economic and cultural aspects of breastfeeding and how this relationship affects the behavioral patterns of mother and infant. The primary basis of this study is mothers and infants from the Philippines.
Contents:
Introduction
Bio-Cultural Approach in Breastfeeding
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Among the other theoretical approaches in anthropological studies, the bio-cultural model is considered to be the preferred applicable approach in understanding breastfeeding and facilitating ways and means for mothers to breastfeed. This model is an approach commonly used by anthropologist. Anthropology is the social science which studies the relationship between biology and culture. Culture is defined by anthropologists as a people's way of life. Anthropologists consider humans to be biological organisms that continuously adjust and modify their environment through culture. For a long period of time, anthropologists have been trying to find ways to collect data regarding the behavioral pattern of humans, especially females, in breastfeeding and weaning their young. Anthropologists upholds that a practice such as breast feeding which has nourished and provided sustenance to human children since the earliest known humans must have affected and imparted benefits for both mothers and infants."
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Manual versus Automatic Transmission, 2002.
Argues that manual transmission is better than automatic.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper describes, compares and contrasts manual and automatic transmissions, defending the thesis that manuals are better than automatics in several aspects including efficiency, expense and pleasure. The paper argues that manual transmission is better than automatic because it is more pleasant to drive, giving one full control of the vehicle (about 62% of the sports cars sold in the U.S. are manual), it is more efficient and safe because it requires the driver's full attention and is cheaper because it requires less gas.
From the Paper
"Ever since the automotive revolution began, there has been a battle between manual and automatic transmissions. Many differences can be pointed out, and when the two are objectively compared, one can easily see that manuals are superior to automatics. One of the strongest impressions that foreigners get when they first visit the USA is the fact that so many Americans prefer to drive automobiles with automatic instead of manual transmissions. In Europe, where the average cost of gas is $4 per gallon, most people, almost without exception, drive manuals because automatics need more fuel. Driving a manual there is an axiom ? no one questions it, and everyone believes it is better. However, blind belief is not right. That is why a few arguments will be stated in defense of manual transmissions. Although cars with automatic transmissions may appear appealing to the customers, the truth is that manually operated automobiles are superior. Automatic cars are so easy to operate that they deprive the driver of the delight of feeling in control of the car. That ease also allows the driver to have a quick cup of coffee or a nice talk on his or her cellular phone while driving. In addition, when a driver has only one pedal and the steering wheel to worry about, he or she is more apt to fall asleep. These distractions make them dangerous on the road."
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Breastfeeding, 2005.
An analysis of the benefits of breastfeeding babies as opposed to bottle feeding.
1,088 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
Breast milk, long believed the ideal form through which children could require their sustenance, is now questioned by some as being less nutritious than the modern manufactured alternatives. Those who argue in favor of breast milk maintain that there is no better substitute for this natural food source, and that seeking alternatives has the potential to harm the infant's earliest developmental processes. This paper briefly looks at the positive and the negative impacts of breastfeeding in order to clarify the pros and cons of the use of breast milk.
From the Paper
"However, there is evidence which suggests that not all cases of nursing infants are best nourished through breast milk. There are conditions through which a nursing infant has the ability to put either the mother at risk (e.g.: when the mother suffers from diabetes) or that the illness or the lifestyle of the mother has the ability to put the infant's life, health, and overall well-being at risk. The latter scenario is far too common, where a mother who chooses a harmful lifestyle or who is on medication has the ability to pass trace substances to her developing child. Many manufactures of drugs or supplements run auxiliary tests to determine the potential to transmit these substances from mother to child through breast feeding, and will often caution physicians if there is a possibility of risk. "
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