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The American Health Care System, 2006.
A comparative analysis of health care systems across cultures, compared to the American health care system.
5,125 words (approx. 20.5 pages), 26 sources, APA, AU$ 166.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a historical perspective on the American health care system. It compares health care systems across various cultures and analyzes the current state of health care in America. The paper then describes three distinct measures to reform health care without resorting to socialized medicine. It looks at regulatory reform, quality improvements and mandatory immunization programs.
Table of Contents:
History Of American Health Care
Health Care Abroad
The Current Situation
The Cost Of Poor Quality
Good Medicine
Payin' And Suffering
Conclusion And Proposal
Appendices
From the Paper
"Health care in the United States didn't begin as the complex system we grapple with today. The first health care market worked very well- patients with very low expectations paid "doctors" for cures that didn't work. While this system was often less than ideal for patients, it was ideal from an economic point of view. This practice continued as doctors began to offer effective services to patients who developed an appetite for care that often exceeded their ability to pay. As the Great Depression fell upon America, hospitals began to suffer from patients' inability to pay for care. Desperate for relief, hospitals lobbied states for a way to ensure bills were paid. The creation of the first modern insurance company, Blue Cross, resulted . Originally, Blue Cross was a non-profit organization that simply paid the bills, without getting involved in what type of care was provided. Once doctors realized the benefits of this system- primarily, fast and complete payment of bills- the insurance industry began to grow. Soon, the practice was so popular that employees began demanding that their employers provide insurance benefits- a practice encouraged by the government in the form of tax benefits. This change in how care was paid for meant that the burden of health care costs shifted from the general population to the government. In the years after World War II, the United States experienced dramatic leaps in medicine. In the 1960's, the US saw a major change in how health care dollars are spent when Medicare and Medicaid began . Since that time, the US has seen a rise in the percentage of health care dollars spent by the government from 24% in the 1960s to 60% in the 1990s. Including tax subsidies for health insurance, 51% of health care spending in the US is done by government- and paid for by taxpayers."
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Minority Groups and the American Health Care System, 2002.
An assessment of minority access to the American Health
Care system, focusing on HIV-AIDS patients.
7,229 words (approx. 28.9 pages), 39 sources, APA, AU$ 208.95
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Abstract
Approximately 12 percent of America's population is without any formal health care insurance coverage, although some estimates of this proportion are higher. The research problem investigated in this study concerns minority access to health care. The central issue in the study is the determination of the best approach to improve such access, especially in relation to HIV-AIDS patients. The paper begins with a review of health care delivery problems for minority population groups, which is followed by a consideration of the HIV-AIDS issue among minority population groups. The primary focus of this assessment is on health care outcomes.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Minorities and HIV-AIDS
Interaction with Health Care System
Racial and Ethnic Orientation
Structure and Method of Investigation
Minorities: Health Care Delivery Problems in the Community and Health Care System
Bioethical Issues
Failure to Address Racial Differences
Failure to Address Insurance Status Differences
Health Care Delivery and Accessibility
HMOs and Fee-for-Service Providers
Social Psychological Influences
Distrust of the Health Care System
Health Beliefs of Minorities
Social Identity Influences
Minority Status and HIV-AIDS
HIV-AIDS and Minority Population Groups
Origins
Ethical Issues
HIV-AIDS Health Care for Minorities
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access to Health Care
Proposed Initiative
Conclusions and Recommendations
Restatement of Problem
Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Potential Solutions
Assessment
Recommendations
From the Paper
"In the 1990s, one initiative designed to broaden access to health care services needs for the nation?s indigent involved the development of nurse-managed clinics targeting low-income persons. A nurse practitioner is a specially educated and trained nurse who provides some level of health care directly to patients without supervision by a physician.
Nurse managed clinics for the indigent are prominent in the nation?s inner cities. Nurse managed clinics such as those associated with the Kellogg Homeless Project in Washington, the Pine Street Inn in Boston, and the Los Angeles School of Nursing Health Center are delivering health care services to indigent persons at cost savings (compared to more traditional delivery venues) and in areas that would not otherwise be served by health care professionals (Sharp, 1992; Lutz, 1991)."
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HIV-AIDS Patients and the Health Care System, 2002.
An assessment of minority access to the American health
care system focusing on the HIV-AIDS community.
5,926 words (approx. 23.7 pages), 36 sources, APA, AU$ 183.95
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Abstract
Approximately 12 percent of the American population is without any formal health care insurance coverage. The research problem investigated in this paper concerns minority access to health care. The central issue is the determination of the best approach to improve such access, especially in relation to HIV-AIDS patients.
Outline:
Introduction
Problem
Minorities and HIV-AIDS
Interaction with Health Care System
Racial and Ethnic Orientation
Structure and Method of Investigation
Structure
Method [Focus on Outcomes]
Minorities: Health Care Delivery Problems in the Community and Health Care System
Bioethical Issues
Failure to Address Racial Differences
Failure to Address Insurance Status Differences
Health Care Delivery and Accessibility
Delivery
Accessibility
HMOs and Fee-for-Service Providers
Social Psychological Influences
Distrust of the Health Care System
Health Beliefs of Minorities
Social Identity Influences
Minority Status and HIV-AIDS
HIV-AIDS and Minority Population Groups
Origins
Ethical Issues
HIV-AIDS Health Care for Minorities
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access to Health Care
Proposed Initiative
Conclusions and Recommendations
Restatement of Problem
Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Potential Solutions
Assessment
Recommendations
References
From the Paper
"Decisions made by health care professionals in the conduct of practice typically are reached within the context of an ethical framework (Marty, 1992). Clinical ethics is defined as the systematic identification, analysis, and resolution of ethical problems associated with the care of particular patients (Zuckerman, 1994). The goals of clinical ethics include protecting the rights and interests of patients, assisting clinicians in ethical decision-making, and encouraging cooperative relationships among patients and those close to patients, clinicians, and health care institutions. Important in the definition of clinical ethics is an emphasis on clinicians, not only physicians, thus underscoring the fact that clinical ethics needs to be a multi-disciplinary endeavor that encompasses the range of clinician expertise involved in patient care."
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UK Nationalized Health Care System, 2004.
This paper discusses the survivability of the UK nationalized health care system by reviewing its history, organization, and programs, and by comparing it to three other nationalized health services.
13,850 words (approx. 55.4 pages), 31 sources, APA, AU$ 323.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the NHS was established on the principle of the collective responsibility of the state to implement a comprehensive health care system designed to meet the health care needs of the total population, in which all UK citizens would have equal access to health care services at no charge. The author points out that it was assumed, as health care improved, demand would decrease; but, within a very short period, the government found itself faced with too little funding to meet the persistent demand. The paper contends that Japan, Sweden, and Canada appear to have incorporated better provisions to insure that equal access is guaranteed to constituents as compared to the UK?s NHS. Table.
Table of Contents
Historical Perspective
Organization of the Study
Summary of 2000 NHS Plan
Current and Future Health Status and Healthcare Needs in the UK
Alternative Health Care Systems
Review of Healthcare Systems in OECD Countries
Japan
Sweden
Canada
Comparison of NHS with the Healthcare Systems of Japan, Sweden and Canada
World Health Organization and Health Care Funding
Current Trends in Healthcare Privatization
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The Plan, as reported by the Department of Health (2000), is also designed to insure that the needs of the elderly are better met. The Plan includes the incorporation of national standards for caring for older people to ensure that ageism is not tolerated and personal care plans for the elderly and their caregivers will be provided, with nursing home services made free by 2004. There also will be an additional ?900 million package of new intermediate care services to allow older people to live more independent lives. The NHS Plan also includes further efforts to insure that inequalities amongst patients are targeted, with a focus on increasing and improving primary care in deprived areas; the introduction of screening programs for women and children; the provision of step up smoking cessation services; and the provision of free fruit in schools for 4-6 year olds."
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The Health Care System of Puerto Rico, 2004.
An analysis of the health care system in Puerto Rico.
2,056 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 20 sources, MLA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that health care systems across the world are experiencing critical problems. The paper focuses on the health care system of Puerto Rico. Population characteristics are investigated, as well as the economy, health status parameters, financial parameters, access and availability, accountability, planning, patient autonomy, and satisfaction. The paper determines how these factors influence the effectiveness of the overall health care system on the island of Puerto Rico.
From the Paper
"Puerto Rico is an island located east of the Dominican Republic. As a result of the Spanish American War Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States and its citizens were granted U.S. citizenship in 1917. The island has been at the forefront of political and economic debate for quite some time. The island was inhabited by aboriginals but after 400 years of colonial rule, the original people group that inhabited the island was nearly extinct."
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Health Care Systems, 2006.
A discussion on the reasons for the need to improve health care systems.
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a discussion on the patient population. It claims that a high percentage of the patients are elderly people suffering from Alzheimer's disease. The paper explains that this disease demands many different kinds of treatment and with the growing number of patients the need for better health care is urgent. It continues to expand on the organizations that comprise health care systems. Finally, it mentions the mechanisms for financing care and the role of the government in solving this national problem.
Table of Contents:
Identification of the Patient Population Being Served
Organizations that Comprise the Health Care Delivery System
Mechanisms for Financing Care
Role of Government
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The role that the government plays in the healthcare model for this patient population has been alluded to in the above section. The need for a more equitable healthcare system is suggested in numerous studies. Government policy plays a crucial role in the in the healthcare models for these patients. In 1997 the Balanced Budget Act "...changed the reimbursement rules for Medicare home health benefits from a fee-for-service system to a prospective payment system (PPS)." ( Rock, B. 2005) This resulted in the fact that the coordination between the various healthcare professionals has become more important and vital in the treatment of dementia patients. "... coordination and collaboration among all members of the home health care team (that is, nurses, social workers, physical therapist, occupational therapist, speech therapist, and home health aides) is critical to provide home care for frail and chronically ill populations." ( Rock, B. 2005) "
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The Health Care Delivery System, 2005.
A discussion of the current state of the American health care system.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the health care delivery system in the United States has undergone significant change since the initial formulation of health care maintenance organizations, employer group insurance programs, and unions that demanded benefits for industrial workers. The paper analyzes how large hospital conglomerates control most of the emergency and in-patient care in the United States. The paper further analyzes how doctors are attached to health care management organizations, or public health care organizations that regulate how and where physicians can practice medicine.
From the Paper
"The health care delivery system in the United States has undergone significant change since the initial formulation of health care maintenance organizations, employer group insurance programs, and unions that demanded benefits for industrial workers. Today large hospital conglomerates control most of the emergency and in-patient care in the United States. Doctors, by and large, are attached to health care management organizations, or public health care organizations that regulate how and where physicians will practice medicine. These organizations claim that by instituting policies for doctors that they ensure a better quality of health care. While technology and science have brought tremendous advancements to the health care industry, (promising that the quality of care will lead to the stabilization of many illnesses, or perhaps even cures) there still remains over half of the American population that is either without insurance, or that cannot afford medical care at all."
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Comparing Health Care Systems, 2002.
Contrast and comparison of the health care system of the United States with that of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 17 sources, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
My research compares and contrasts the health care system of the United States and that of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Without a doubt, the most noticeable difference between the two health systems is that the United States system works under the managed care model while the UAE system follows that used in one way or another by most of the developed nations: the universal health care system.
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AIDS and the Health Care Delivery System, 2005.
A look at the effects of AIDS and HIV on the health care delivery system.
1,413 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a description of the AIDS virus and how it effects the human body and an explanation of how the virus is transmitted. The paper then examines the costs of HIV infection to the health care system and how these additional costs affect the health care delivery system in general.
From the Paper
"In 1982, a disease known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, or AIDS, was officially recognized in the United States (Shi & Singh, 2004). Since that time, the disease has become a world-wide epidemic, with more than 830,000 cases reported in the U.S. (National Institute of Health (NIH), 2003). The disease, caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), has infected scores of people as well, with over 38 million people living with the virus worldwide in 2003. Since the first diagnosis of AIDS in 1982, over 20 million people have died worldwide (UNAIDS, 2004)."
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Universal Health Care System, 2008.
This paper discusses the pros and cons of a universal health care system in California.
1,215 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that currently over seven million people in California gamble with their health, as they live without health insurance coverage. It is the position of this paper that California should adopt some form of a universal health care system for its citizens. The benefits for doing so clearly out weigh the costs. The writer maintains that this is a problem that will only escalate in the future as premiums, populations, and life expectancy continue to expand. The paper begins with an overview of the pending California bill that, if passed, would create a universal health-care system. Then, the positives and negatives of adopting such a system are critically analyzed, with the focus primarily being on overall costs, quality and innovation. Finally, in light of this evidence, a conclusion is drawn as to what California should do in this regard.
From the Paper
"The program would be funded through the Health Insurance Fund, an independent state fund. The fund would put in place various cost control measures that would allow for the funding and spending to be able to adapt to changes in the health market, enabling the system to remain efficient and beneficial. One cost controlling measure of particular interest is the provision that would allow the Commissioner to refuse an individual coverage until they prove they plan to remain in California for a to-be-determined eligibility period. Another interesting provision is one prohibiting any private health insurance program that covers benefits already covered by the California system to be sold within the state."
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Analysis of U.S. Health Care System, 1996.
Overview & analysis of the U.S. health care system with a focus on unresolved problems & current trends. Concludes with a set of recommendations for a new health care model.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 103.95
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From the Paper
" Analysis of U.S. Health Care System
Introduction
The intent in the following pages is to provide a brief overview and analysis of the U.S. health care system, with a particular focus on unresolved problems within the system and current trends. This system, unlike the former Soviet system, is a polyglot arrangement of diverse institutions and providers that is oriented to care after a problem occurs, rather than prevention.
Background
The U.S. health care system followed the basic Western model of development, with a reliance on individual providers for most health care. Nurses were a development of the 19th century, along with hospitals, while the concept of insurance coverage for health.."
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The Health Care System of Germany and Sweden, 2002.
An overview of the costs and benefits of the German and Swedish health care systems.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper will examine the health care systems of Sweden and Germany in order - through comparative analysis - to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each. Given the complicated nature of the systems to be compared and contrasted, in order to simplify the task of reading the data the analysis will be structured into two parts: (I) the costs of the health care systems in both states; and (II) the benefits each system provides its citizens/subscribers.
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The Swiss Health Care System, 2007.
An analysis of the positive and negative aspects of the Swiss health care system.
1,801 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a description of the Swiss health care system and discusses the positive and negative aspects of that system. The paper discusses the impact of the high costs of the system in Switzerland and examines the concerns about equality of access and whether quality of care is a privilege for certain classes. The paper briefly considers whether the Swiss system would be effective in Canada.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Swiss Health Care System
Positive Aspects of the Swiss System
Negative Aspects of the System
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Fees in Switzerland are not uniform. The amount paid by an insurance company depends on the specific services provided and, more importantly, vary from one canton to another. The fee schedules for each canton are approved by the cantonal government after they have been negotiated between the providers and the insurance companies. The Swiss are involved in risky venture since in 2003 they voted against a proposal to link health insurance premiums to income. The plan would have resulted in significant increases in premiums for the wealthy and would have aligned the Swiss system with the remainder of Europe (Mbitha-Schmid, 2003). To offset the impressive hospital infrastructure in Switzerland, the drawback is that lengths of hospital stay are comparatively long. Directly related to this, the amounts of health care expenditure which are spent on hospital care are the highest of any country in Europe (Mbitha-Schmid, 2003)."
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Health Care Systems, 2007.
A look at the arguments for remaining with the current American health care system.
1,460 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to demonstrate how, despite all the recent hype, the current health care system is the one most appropriate for the United States. It looks at how once one considers geographic, demographic and cultural factors, it becomes clear that universal health care is not, and cannot be, a solution that is viable in the long-term for America. It also discusses how the current system provides superior care at superior cost and how it does so using uniquely American values.
From the Paper
"In addition, we should recognize that while universal health care might have institutional value in countries with more socialized economies, the rugged individualism that has fueled American hegemony since World War II should not be so quickly brushed aside. At the end of the day, our country can be only as strong as our values, and we have, for as long as this country has existed, prioritized the capacity for Americans to self-rule, to be free to make decisions about how to run their lives, even if those decisions turn out not to be the best ones. We value that sort of liberty, because we recognize that each intervention, no matter how loving or enlightened it appears, paves the way for another intervention, and then another intervention, and so on, until that thing we called liberty is but a phantasm of what it once was. "
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The Australian Health Care System.
This paper describes the positive and negative aspects of the Australian health care system.
1,860 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Australian health care system is considered to be one of the better systems in the world, known for both its effectiveness and its efficiency. The author points out that its strength lies in the funding system, which employs three major subsidy plans nationwide: Medicare, the PBS, and the Private Health Insurance rebate of 30%. The paper states one of the problems is that the average customer, expecting a lot more than in the past, has driven health care treatment costs up considerably; yet there are more and more restraints or constraints on finances.
From the Paper
"The aim of the Australian healthcare funding system is to provide good health care facilities for the citizens of Australia and to also offer a choice for her people through the involvement of the private sector in the financial side of healthcare. The most popular system of providing this care is called 'Medicare' and this is financed by the government through a general tax levied from a sum based on a person's general income. This service is provided free of cost at the various points where the Medicare facility have been established. The healthcare provided here includes subsidized rates for prescribed medicines, including free medicines for some chronically ill patients. It also includes free or subsidized rates of treatment by certain doctors such as dentists and optometrists. Medicare is also offered to certain people belonging to the 'special needs' group, such as Aborigines, people belonging to rural and inaccessible areas, and people with mental illnesses."
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