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Health Care Politics and Policy in the U.S.A.: A New Systems Approach, 2004.
This paper examines the historical and current policies of health care in the U.S. and introduces a new model of collaboration utilizing a systems approach.
7,090 words (approx. 28.4 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 231.95
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Abstract
This paper stress that health care is the largest single industry in the country and that health policy making in the United States involves a complex web of decisions made by various institutions and political actors across a broad spectrum of the public and private sectors. The author reports that the Health Maintenance Organization is a system in which enrollees pay a fixed fee (capitation) in advance and, in return, receive a comprehensive set of health services. This paper concludes that the goal of the integrative health care model is to advance the current health care system to a new level cooperation, mutual partnerships, and dedication that will keep intact the true values of accessible, efficient and affordable quality health care, which does not discriminate against individuals.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Examination of Health Care Politics and Policies
Medicare Politics and Policy
Medicaid Politics and Policies
Managed Care Politics and Policy
Types of Managed Care Organizations
Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs)
Exclusive Provider Organizations (EPOs)
Point of Service Plans (POSs)
A New Integrative Systems Model of Health Care
Primary Level
Secondary Level
Third Level
Conclusions
From the Paper
"During this period, doctors and specialists had unquestioned authority within the hospital and retained nearly total control over medical decision-making. They merely had to ask, and they would gain access to the hospital's complete arsenal of medical personnel and equipment. Individual roles were well respected. Hospital administrators stayed out of medical decision-making. The administrators staffed the hospitals, procured supplies, and handled fiscal matters and deferred to the medical staff in all clinical matters. Health insurers also had there role and did not intervene. They sold indemnity insurance, which permitted patients to receive care from any licensed provider, and paid for all services rendered, except possibly for a nominal co-payment. With administrators and insurers playing passive roles, physicians clearly stood atop the hierarchy of the health care economy."
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Health Care Managers and Health Care Delivery, 2004.
Examines the relationship that exists between health care players, how they perform their duties, and how they join their forces in health care delivery.
2,367 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and provides information on the roles and responsibilities that health care managers are tasked to accomplish in today?s health care systems. Moreover, this paper examines how a health care manager's job as a leader who ensures a smooth and organized management and operation of health organizations, influences his/her perspective on health care professions. The paper emphasizes the importance of understanding how health care managers perceive their duties in health care service.
From the Paper
"The basic role every manager must be able to render is the task of providing good human relations to everyone at work. Through this role, the objective of accomplishing jobs in an environment where good work relationship is maintained can be made possible. In the field of health care, healthcare managers must have the ability to perform this basic responsibility. A healthcare manager should be a specialist in managing the condition of the healthcare staffs. Though this duty may be perceived as a simple task, it is critical that a good human resource management be delivered to a health organization to ease the stress and pressure that health care providers, such as the doctors and nurses, experience from their duties."
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Health Care and Managed Health Care: The Need for Sweeping Reforms, 2002.
A look at role of primary care nurse practitioners in relation to health care reforms.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the role of primary care nurse practitioners in respect to health care and health care reform. The failure of primary healthcare is critically assessed, in the respect that health care is currently "managed" by independent "for- profit" organizations, where there is an emphasis on financial success rather than patient welfare. This paper also places a strong emphasis on the role of nurse care practitioners in the state of Florida and in community health care clinics.
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Health Care Policy, 2006.
A discussion regarding global health care policy issues.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies the top ten health care policy issues as represented through a search of the world wide web. The issues referenced are determined through political websites as part of candidate platforms and presidential issues as well as from a site specific to health policy. Issues cited are: Aging, diet and nutrition, environmental health, global issues, healthcare reform, infectious diseases, mental health, patient advocacy, public health and research and discovery.
From the Paper
"Health care policy issues have been with us as long as the people have looked to their form of government for help related to health and welfare. According to Macgee (2006), in our modern society, health represents more than disease related issues or health delivery systems, yet governments and nations still compartmentalize health policy issues. This paper presents the top ten issues related to health care policy as represented through a search of political and a-political sites offered on the World Wide Web. The issues listed below are those most commonly debated and include the social variables surrounding the specific health care issue, for the social ramifications are what drive policy. "
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Lack of Universal Health Care in U.S., 2001.
Rising cost of health care. Employer provided health insurance. Employee-based health plans. Growth of HMOs. Move toward health care reform. Government vs. private industry run universal health care.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 15 sources, AU$ 186.95
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From the Paper
"Few issues are as critical to individuals as their physical health. Yet the cost of health care in the United States is recognized as one of the most serious public issues facing Americans today. For many years, employers have provided, or subsidized, health care in one form or another to employees. In some cases, the employer provided health insurance and the employee could select the provider without limitation. In other cases, the employer joined a health maintenance organization which required employees to go to specific physicians and providers. Americans who did not work full-time, who did not work at all, or who worked for small companies often did not (and do not) have access to health insurance or health care on a regular basis. This research considers the state of the health care industry today, the ..."
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Defense and Health Care Policy-Making, 2002.
Looks at the policy making process regarding issues of national defense and health care.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This essay analyzes the issues of health care and foreign/defense policymaking. The author provides a clear statement of the issues, identifies the jurisdictional level, and discusses the key players and their roles. Specific actions, personal involvement, and barriers to be overcome are also addressed.
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Analysis of U.S. Health Care System, 1996.
Overview & analysis of the U.S. health care system with a focus on unresolved problems & current trends. Concludes with a set of recommendations for a new health care model.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 116.95
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From the Paper
" Analysis of U.S. Health Care System
Introduction
The intent in the following pages is to provide a brief overview and analysis of the U.S. health care system, with a particular focus on unresolved problems within the system and current trends. This system, unlike the former Soviet system, is a polyglot arrangement of diverse institutions and providers that is oriented to care after a problem occurs, rather than prevention.
Background
The U.S. health care system followed the basic Western model of development, with a reliance on individual providers for most health care. Nurses were a development of the 19th century, along with hospitals, while the concept of insurance coverage for health.."
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U.S. Health Care, 2003.
An analysis of the shortcomings of the current health care system in the U.S. and its primary causes.
1,952 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the current U.S. health care system could be run a lot more efficiently. It looks at how better planning, coordinating, controlling and evaluating the use and allocation of health care resources could assist in improving its current state even though the goals of the system are quality improvement, cost containment, greater effectiveness and increased efficiency. It shows how issues such as prescription drugs, medicare reform, import of drugs, exhorbitant costs and and other causes that have left the U.S. Health care system in the trouble it is in today.
From the Paper
"The cost of drugs is a big issue and simultaneously the cuts in prices, would in their estimate lead to reductions in research budgets that would ultimately be counter-productive. Companies would not be able to avoid the long and expensive process of testing and developing new drugs if they could not gain an adequate return from their sale. But momentum for a prescription benefit is growing, with the backing of the powerful American Association of Retired People, (AARP), which represents the grey lobby. And even Republicans in Congress are beginning to concede that something needs to be done about the cost of prescription drugs, even if they favour an extension of the private insurance system."
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The U.S. Health Care Insurance Industry, 2007.
This paper examines the U.S. health care insurance industry at the national and regional levels.
3,905 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 155.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the U.S. health insurance industry is a faltering system as witnessed by poor performance, difficulty accessing physicians and rising premiums that cut into after-tax income. The author compares two health plans in Texas: Aetna Life Insurance Company's PPO 500 plan, which is judged better for a younger workforce that is predominantly unmarried and without children, and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas' PPO Select Saver Plan IV Blue Cross plan, which is deemed a better arrangement for an older, "graying" workforce. The paper evaluates the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which is generally seen as a watershed event for health insurance reform.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The U.S. Health Care Industry over the Last 10 Years
The U.S. v. Canadian Approach to Health Care
Development of Managed Medicare Insurance Products in Texas
A Comparison of Two Health Plans in Texas
A Plan for Managed Care Organization Seeking Accreditation from JCAHO or NCQA
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
A Plan for Comprehensive Improvement of a Managed Care Organization's Processes
Conclusions
From the Paper
"In fairness, the U.S. model has its advantages. For one thing, wealthier individuals/employees who wish to "cut through" the bureaucratic red-tape of socialized medicine in Canada can go to the United States and have their needs promptly addressed in a way not possible in Canada. Moreover, from a strictly business perspective, the fact that American HMOs are prepared to exclude various clientele in order to serve the "bottom line" and are likewise prepared to similarly slash services can be just the excuse private American corporations need in order to exclude various members of their workforce."
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Economics: Health Care Policy, 2006.
A discussion regarding private versus public health policies.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the question of allowing private clinics to provide services to paying members of the public that are also covered by the public health care system. The underlying assumption of this issue is that for-profit private clinics would allow clients who pay to obtain quicker access to medical services than they would obtain from the public system.
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U.S. Health Care Crisis, 1993.
An analysis of the U.S. health care crisis, including a look at the politics, economics, insurance, rationing, role of nursing and care as right vs. privilege.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 57.95
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From the Paper
"The American health.care crisis has been building up for many years, but in the 1990s it has reached what may be called epidemic proportions. It is a crisis that involves the closely related factors of cost and availability of adequate health care for Americans, and which raises the underlying issue of fairness. The health care crisis also reaches to a fundamental political, philosophical, and moral question. Is health a right for all Americans? Or is it a privilege, which, like BMWs or beachfront houses, should be expected to be available only to those who are in a position to pay for it.
The answer given to these questions, and the decisions made regarding the American health.care system, will obviously effect the lives, well.being, and pocketbooks of every American. But they will particularly impact upon those who work within the..."
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Health Care in U.S. & Asia, 1999.
Comparative overview of major concepts & policies guiding formulation of health care, government involvement, service delivery and financing.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 17 sources, AU$ 81.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to compare health care in the United States with health care in Asia, both in the modern period and with reference to historical patterns. The plan of the research will be to set forth the historical context in which the comparison can be grounded, and then to discuss the principal ways in which philosophies of health care can be readily identified as American or Asian in character.
Late into the nineteenth century, after the victory of such figures as Galileo, Newton, Priestley, and Darwin had given credence and authority to the scientific method in a variety of disciplines, Western health care was grounded to some degree in imaginative and magical healing powers. The residue of the "predictive" and "diagnostic" abilities of astrology and command of the four elements--earth, air, fire, and water (Burke 120, 124)."
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Health Care In U.S. and Canada, 1999.
Compares quality, forms, reform, private vs. public care, economics and choice.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
While the health care system in the United States is increasingly dominated by managed care, the health care system in Canada continues to undergo changes. Although it still retains its basic character as a publicly-funded right for all citizens, the health care system in Canada is pressured by consumers to allow for more choice, including the choice to obtain private care
From the Paper
"Health Care in Canada and the U.S.
Introduction
While the health care system in the United States is increasingly dominated by managed care, the health care system in Canada continues to undergo changes. Although it still retains its basic character as a publicly-funded right for all citizens, the health care system in Canada is pressured by consumers to allow for more choice, including the choice to obtain private care.
Health Care Reform Efforts
In the United States, health care system changes this decade have primarily been driven by financial considerations. According to Nancy McKenzie (1994), the debate about health care ..."
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U.S. Health Care, 2002.
A discussion of the role of competition in the U.S. healthcare industry.
1,723 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how health care issues have been at the forefront of political, social and economic debates for many years and how Americans are clamoring for changes but the nation stands divided on what type of changes should occur. It explores the impact that the ability to compete for consumers has on the health care industry as well as the behavior of private and public organizations throughout the country. It also speculates on both the negative and positive conclusions about the long term impact health care competition will have on the industry.
From the Paper
"As the competition became intense it began to backfire for society. Those who provided the best care and the most up to date services began to charge more for their service. Those who could afford it paid for that care thereby driving up the cost even more. Those who could not afford it were left to go to the less advanced facilities which began the divide between the insured and the health poor of the nation. The competition was not only between private providers but also began to appear from hospital to hospital and facility to facility as they worked to edge out the others in the quest for consumers."
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U.S. Health Care System, 1996.
History & evolution, focusing on system's shortcomings. Private vs. public health insurance, need for reform, costs, managed care, AMA, Medicare, universal coverage, more.
5,175 words (approx. 20.7 pages), 20 sources, AU$ 197.95
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From the Paper
"The United States is the only industrialized nation, other than South Africa, that has no national health insurance program. Throughout this century attempts have been made to initiate such programs but all these efforts have been defeated by a combination of political attitudes and economic interests that favor private approaches to health care. The result has been that the American health care system is dominated by private insurance companies, a fee-for-services basis for medical care, and a largely private system of health care institutions. Health insurance has largely come to be the responsibility of employers and individuals rather than of any public authority. Despite some governmental involvement in hospital construction, medical research, public health, and targeted programs such as Medicaid..."
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Impediments to Health Care Access for Low Income Visible Minorities, 2002.
Identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access for lower-income Americans and visible minorities and the more affluent members of America's majority.
29,350 words (approx. 117.4 pages), 135 sources, APA, AU$ 364.95
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Abstract
As the American population continues to become more diverse racially, members of visible minority groups within the population become more prominent. Simultaneously, with the increase in diversity, income distribution in the American economy has become more distorted. While economic growth in the United States has surged over the past decade, the income gap has widened; not only between the richest and poorest Americans, but also between moderate-income and low-income Americans. Members of visible minorities in the population tend to be represented disproportionately in the low-income and poverty classifications in the United States. While there is an abundance of implications of this state of affairs, one of the more crucial ones is access to health care. Individual and household financial capacity, the scarcity of employer-paid health insurance among small businesses, cultural differences based in social psychology and other factors frequently act as impediments to health care access for low-income individuals and households among visible minority population groups in the contemporary United States. This problem and these issues are investigated in this study. The study identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access between lower-income Americans and members of visible minorities in the United States, on the one hand, and more affluent Americans and members of the majority segment of the population, on the other hand. The initial chapter of this study delineates the problem investigated. Specific research questions are formulated and stated to provide greater focus for the investigation.
Social psychological theory and applied social psychology literature are reviewed in the second chapter. Literature relevant to the functioning of low-income and visible minority population groups in the United States within a social psychological context are reviewed in the third chapter. The fourth chapter is devoted to a review of literature relevant to both the health care system in the United States and the experiences of low-income and visible minority population groups in relation to health care access and health care delivery in the United States. An assessment of the problem investigated, performed within the structure of the research questions, is presented in the final (fifth) chapter. Conclusions drawn from the study findings are stated and recommendations for further research are made. The summary conclusions reached through the conduct of this study relate both to health care access and health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities. With respect to health care access, the summary conclusion reached is that a universal system of health care entitlement is required in the United States. In relation to health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities, the summary conclusion reached is that extensive education is required for both low-income persons and members of visible minorities, on the one hand, and health care providers, on the other hand. Low-income persons and members of visible minorities require education on the benefits and function of health care services, while health care providers require education in the social mores of the diverse populations they must serve.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Problem Delineation
Background on the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Review of Relevant Social Psychology Theory and Literature
Introduction
Sociological Theory and Health Care
The Welfare State
Accessing Contemporary Health Care
Role of Ethics in Accessing Health Care
Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems
Chapter Conclusions
Social Functioning of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Related Behavior
Initiatives to Improve Health Care
Access and Behaviors
The American Health Care System and the Experiences of Low-Income and Visible Minority Groups
Introduction
The American Health Care System
Analysis of Health Care Delivery Systems
Care Quality
Alternative Approaches to Health Care
Bioethical Issues
Problems of Accessibility
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access
Chapter Conclusions
Assessment of the Problem Discussion, Recommendations for Further Research
Appendices
Annotated Bibliography
From the Paper
"Social Cognitive Theory [self-efficacy] emphasizes the role of expectancies, self-efficacy, peer normative influences, and social competency skills as key components affecting adolescents? behaviors (DiClemente, Lodico, Grinstead, Harper, Rickman, Evans, & Coates, 1996). The applicability of models based on social psychological principles for understanding African-Americans? decision-making and sexual behavior has been questioned because most such models tend to be individually-focused and do not take into account the social context in which the behavior is embedded (Cochran & Mays, 1993). Social cognitive theory, however, explicitly integrates behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors as reciprocally interactive. Thus, given the hypothesized multi-factorial nature of sexual decision making and the potential impact of the high-risk social environment of the study population, approaches based on social cognitive theory are thought to be particularly relevant for understanding the myriad factors that may affect African-Americans? sexual behavior."
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