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Health Care Insurance Crisis in the U.S.A., 2003.
This paper explores possible solutions to the health care insurance crisis in the U.S.A..
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that the health care insurance crisis in the U.S.A. is multidimensional, including subsidies and market reforms. The author proposes solutions including expanding coverage by attempting to regulate the individual market. The paper suggests the lowering insurance costs by lowering health care costs.
From the Paper
"There is a crisis in America's insurance healthcare system and it is multidimensional. The United States is facing inadequate funding and increasing demand for services."
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The U.S. Health Care Insurance Industry, 2007.
This paper examines the U.S. health care insurance industry at the national and regional levels.
3,905 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 14 sources, APA, AU$ 155.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the U.S. health insurance industry is a faltering system as witnessed by poor performance, difficulty accessing physicians and rising premiums that cut into after-tax income. The author compares two health plans in Texas: Aetna Life Insurance Company's PPO 500 plan, which is judged better for a younger workforce that is predominantly unmarried and without children, and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas' PPO Select Saver Plan IV Blue Cross plan, which is deemed a better arrangement for an older, "graying" workforce. The paper evaluates the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which is generally seen as a watershed event for health insurance reform.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The U.S. Health Care Industry over the Last 10 Years
The U.S. v. Canadian Approach to Health Care
Development of Managed Medicare Insurance Products in Texas
A Comparison of Two Health Plans in Texas
A Plan for Managed Care Organization Seeking Accreditation from JCAHO or NCQA
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
A Plan for Comprehensive Improvement of a Managed Care Organization's Processes
Conclusions
From the Paper
"In fairness, the U.S. model has its advantages. For one thing, wealthier individuals/employees who wish to "cut through" the bureaucratic red-tape of socialized medicine in Canada can go to the United States and have their needs promptly addressed in a way not possible in Canada. Moreover, from a strictly business perspective, the fact that American HMOs are prepared to exclude various clientele in order to serve the "bottom line" and are likewise prepared to similarly slash services can be just the excuse private American corporations need in order to exclude various members of their workforce."
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Universal Health Care Insurance, 2007.
An analysis of the pros and cons for universal health care insurance in the United States.
1,164 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the arguments for and against universal health care insurance in the United States. The paper concludes that health insurance coverage should be assured in a nation that is as financially strong as the United States and should be instituted according to the guidelines as set out by the National Institute of Medicine.
Table of Contents:
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
I. Arguments Exist on Both Sides
II. Arguments Against Universal Health Care Insurance
III. Arguments in Support of Universal Health Care Insurance
IV. National Institute of Medicine Report Recommendations
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Arguments provided against the Universal Health Care Insurance include the reasons as follows: (1) There isn't a single government agency or division that runs efficiently; if they can't run an office such as the DMV efficiently, how can we expect them to handle something as complex as health care? (2) "Free" health care isn't really free since we must pay for it with taxes; expenses for health care would have to be paid for with higher taxes or spending cuts in other areas such as defense, education, etc. (3) Profit motives, competition, and individual ingenuity have always led to greater cost control and effectiveness; (4) Government-controlled health care would lead to a decrease in patient flexibility; (5) Patients aren't likely to curb their drug costs and doctor visits if health care is free; thus, total costs will be several times what they are now..."
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Differences in Quality of Health Care by Insurance Type, 2003.
An in-depth study of health care utilization and access in fee-for-service vs. health maintenance organizations.
20,250 words (approx. 81.0 pages), 70 sources, APA, AU$ 364.95
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Abstract
This study examines the role of the health care safety net in increasing utilization and access for uninsured adults and children. Data from the 1997 National Survey of American Families and county-level data on local safety net conditions are cited. The study notes the minor variation in utilization and access among low-income adults by local safety net conditions, but the large differences by insurance status. Also noted is the discovery that most measures of the local safety net conditions were not related to use and access differences between insured and uninsured adults. The paper concludes with the finding that expanding insurance coverage would be more effective as a means of increasing use and access among low-income individuals than expanding the safety net.
From the Paper
"Critics of American health policy frequently note that only the United States and South Africa have failed to develop a system of national healht insurance despite possessing the societal resources to do so. It would appear that the United States is a clear favorite to become the next-to-last industrialized country to with a national health care system. The failure of American society to establish a national health insurance system has created a crisis of social justice. Some 40 million Americans, two-thirds of who are full-time workers and their dependents, lack both health insurance and individual wealth, and as a result are permitted to suffer ill health and premature death in comparison to those who are well-off or well insured. Given that the birth of managed care includes stringent reimbursement guidelines and insuing controversy over services provided or not provided, studies are needed to compare the quality of care provided by managed care insurance plans to the traditional method of health insurance, fee-for-service cost reimbursement."
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Health Care Insurance, 2005.
A proposal to create a national health insurance system in the United States.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses a plan to create a national health insurance system. This system would have a reasonable but sufficiently high co-payment to instill responsibility and would be means-tested so as to protect the truly poor and assure that they get the health care they need. The paper examines the issues of developing a national health insurance system and compares the health care that is provided in the United States with other countries that already offer some form of national health insurance. The proposed plan would avoid some of the problems people fear might develop while offering the benefits people need.
From the Paper
"In the effort to make the individual exhibit greater responsibility for his or her own health and so to promote more preventive care, the only system that has a good chance of working on a national basis is a form of national health insurance. HMOs work to minimize costs and to reduce overuse of the health care system, but the emphasis is on denying service and denying expensive procedures, many of which are badly needed and which can create higher future costs when denied in a timely manner. A national health insurance system with a reasonable but sufficiently high co-payment to instill responsibility, means-tested so as to protect the truly poor and assure that they get the health care they need is the best approach. Other countries already provide some form of national health insurance and manage to do so at a lower cost than the U.S. ...."
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Health Care Managers and Health Care Delivery, 2004.
Examines the relationship that exists between health care players, how they perform their duties, and how they join their forces in health care delivery.
2,367 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and provides information on the roles and responsibilities that health care managers are tasked to accomplish in today?s health care systems. Moreover, this paper examines how a health care manager's job as a leader who ensures a smooth and organized management and operation of health organizations, influences his/her perspective on health care professions. The paper emphasizes the importance of understanding how health care managers perceive their duties in health care service.
From the Paper
"The basic role every manager must be able to render is the task of providing good human relations to everyone at work. Through this role, the objective of accomplishing jobs in an environment where good work relationship is maintained can be made possible. In the field of health care, healthcare managers must have the ability to perform this basic responsibility. A healthcare manager should be a specialist in managing the condition of the healthcare staffs. Though this duty may be perceived as a simple task, it is critical that a good human resource management be delivered to a health organization to ease the stress and pressure that health care providers, such as the doctors and nurses, experience from their duties."
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Health Care and Managed Health Care: The Need for Sweeping Reforms, 2002.
A look at role of primary care nurse practitioners in relation to health care reforms.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the role of primary care nurse practitioners in respect to health care and health care reform. The failure of primary healthcare is critically assessed, in the respect that health care is currently "managed" by independent "for- profit" organizations, where there is an emphasis on financial success rather than patient welfare. This paper also places a strong emphasis on the role of nurse care practitioners in the state of Florida and in community health care clinics.
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Health Care Crisis, 2004.
A look at the health care crisis facing Americans due to the deteriorating economy.
1,469 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Americans are facing a crisis in health care, characterized by rising costs for providing health care, along with an increase in the number of people who are either uninsured or under-insured, which only adds to the cost for society. It looks at how different proposals have been made to reform the system, but few have been implemented as yet. It also shows how the aging of the population is another reason why a crisis is seen, for more and more older Americans also means more people in need of extended health care, many of them also uninsured.
From the Paper
"Many of the elderly depend on payments from government sources for their health care, and there is concern that this part of the system is also in decay. Medicare is a federal health insurance program for people 65 and older and for certain disabled people. Medicare was enacted in 1965 as part of Title 18 of the Social Security Act. Medicare is operated by the Health Care Financing Administration, a federal agency, and local Social Security Administration offices across the country take applications for Medicare and provide basic eligibility information to applicants. However, it is known that most Social Security offices in truth know little about Medicare coverage because all they really do is take applications for it."
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U.S. Health Care Crisis, 1993.
An analysis of the U.S. health care crisis, including a look at the politics, economics, insurance, rationing, role of nursing and care as right vs. privilege.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 57.95
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From the Paper
"The American health.care crisis has been building up for many years, but in the 1990s it has reached what may be called epidemic proportions. It is a crisis that involves the closely related factors of cost and availability of adequate health care for Americans, and which raises the underlying issue of fairness. The health care crisis also reaches to a fundamental political, philosophical, and moral question. Is health a right for all Americans? Or is it a privilege, which, like BMWs or beachfront houses, should be expected to be available only to those who are in a position to pay for it.
The answer given to these questions, and the decisions made regarding the American health.care system, will obviously effect the lives, well.being, and pocketbooks of every American. But they will particularly impact upon those who work within the..."
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Crisis in the Health Care Industry, 2002.
A look at the causes of the health care crisis in America, and the effect it is having on the community and possible solutions.
1,090 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the financial crisis surrounding health care in the United States. Lack of financial support is cited as the most common reason for rapid closure of many hospitals. This state of affairs is naturally causing a great deal of anxiety in the community as number of elderly patients has risen some 53 percent and unemployment is already a major problem of the country. This paper studies the issue closely and shows why physician?hospital-organizations are being viewed as the most viable option.
From the Paper
"Hospitals in the United States are facing numerous problems today, which are posing a huge threat to the existence of health care industry. While for some, it is close to impossible to fathom why hospitals would be faced with such a situation when number of patients is increasing every year, but the truth is that despite many advancement in technology and increase in efficiency, hospital industry is experiencing a major turmoil. There are several reasons, which can be given for present condition of hospitals in the country, but the most commonly cited reason is inadequate financial support. Some 23 hospitals were forced to close down within five years from 1995 to 2000 in the state of California alone. And some 150 more are expected to stop providing their services in the coming years unless something positive was done to improve the current state of affairs. Washington is another state where injured health care industry is desperately looking some kind of relief from government quarters."
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The Health Care Crisis, 2006.
This paper examines U.S. health care policies and their flaws.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 234.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how with the billowing costs of health care recalcitrant to conservative control measures, it is apparent that more aggressive policies need to be formulated that target not only the physician corporate medicine and hospitals, but also the consumer. The paper says that there is no doubt that both state and federal legislature will be needed to enforce some of the policies mentioned. The paper contends that there is also no doubt that state and federal governments will become more inept at handling the US health care crisis on a financial level.
From the Paper
"It is not new to state the fact that the present health care system in the US is in a state of disarray. It is no surprise either, that even before the advent of corporate medicine, managed care, health maintenance organizations (HMOs), etc. that the application of medicine, public health, politics and economics was, and still is, exceedingly complex, much less than palatable. Form the outset, the issue of policy formation in health care using an economic knowledge base is indeed daunting, as the most unpredictable variable in a myriad of other variables predicting health care consumption patterns - people - do not lend themselves kindly to theory. People are constantly aware of the many medical advances taking place every day. They are likewise constantly made aware of their health and how much more precious a commodity it is to them."
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Health Care Crisis, 1993.
An examination of the Clinton administration's struggle to find a solution to the health care crisis, including a look at the uninsured population, Latinos, reform efforts, rationing, costs and alliances.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 11 sources, AU$ 104.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
America is facing a crisis in health care occasioned by the rising costs of providing health care along with an increase in the number of people who are either uninsured or under-insured. The problem has become a major political issue and played a significant role in the last presidential election and remains high on the political agenda as the public awaits the announcement by the Clinton administration of what solution it will offer to the problem. Already there are major arguments over what that proposal will entail, how it will be funded, and what its prospects for passage might be. An analysis of the issue and of the possible proposals to be made by Clinton can illuminate the nature of the issue, the scope of it as a problem, the range of solutions that have been suggested, and some of the..."
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Health Care Crisis, 1994.
An analysis of the national health care inequalities in the contexts of conflict theory, structural functionalism and the concepts of C. Wright Mills.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, AU$ 116.95
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From the Paper
"In the United States, access to quality health care is available to those who have health insurance, either because their employers provide it, or because they can afford to purchase it independently. However, the U.S. faces a serious problem that promises to get worse: the inability of many citizens to gain access to needed health care, primarily because of cost.
Patrick & Erickson (1993) state the problem in socioeconomic terms: "Although geographical, cultural, and educational barriers limit access to care, financial barriers dominate. Poor people, near-poor people, and persons with chronic illness--especially those without public or private insurance--find it difficult to obtain health care services (p. 333). Instead of offering blanket coverage on the basis of citizenship, "the..."
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U.S. Health Care Crisis, 1993.
Discusses the sizable number of Americans who are without health insurance because they are unable or unwilling to pay for it.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 69.95
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From the Paper
"HEALTH CARE
Background
Health care in the U.S. is in crisis. Its cost has increased about 10 percent a year since 1980, which is more than three times the general rate of inflation. Moreover, in the wake of such high costs, some 37 million people, or about one-seventh of the population, lacks health insurance, largely because many employers are too small and cannot afford to provide such a fringe benefit (Castro, 1991, pp. 34-38). Aggregate health expenditures in the U.S. total some 400 billion dollars and account for 12.4 percent of the gross national product (GNP), up from 9.4 percent in 1980, which far exceeds that of other industrialized nations (Japan's 6.5 percent and Germany's 8.1 percent). And government's share of the nation's medical care ..."
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The American Health Care Crisis, 2004.
A look at the causes, dimensions, and consequences of the economic crisis in American medical care.
992 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how it is an irrefutable fact that the American medical care system is in the midst of an immense and complicated state of crisis and how this crisis is multifaceted, carrying with it not only financial, but ethical and political implications as well. It shows how the degrees to which Americans are affected by this crisis vary greatly and how the current widespread problem leaves virtually no American unscathed. It argues that, while America is said to lead the world in medical research and its ability to treat and cure some of the most complex and deadly illnesses, it lags behind every other industrialized nation in the world in guaranteeing all of its people access to the best that medical care has to offer.
From the Paper
"Nearly 44 million Americans are without any form of health insurance. This is a figure that includes people of all ages, income levels, and ethnic backgrounds. Contrary to popular belief, ?uninsured? does not necessarily connote ?unemployed,? as approximately 80% of the uninsured population is currently under part-time or full-time employment (Hayashi, 2004). Furthermore, Americans are losing their health care plans at an astoundingly rapid rate. In the year 2002 alone, approximately 2.4 million Americans lost their health care. This number signifies the largest increase in more than ten years (Washington Post, 2003-a). To make matters worse, health insurance premiums increased by an astonishing 13.9 percent between 2002 and 2003. This has been the highest observed increase in over a decade."
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Impediments to Health Care Access for Low Income Visible Minorities, 2002.
Identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access for lower-income Americans and visible minorities and the more affluent members of America's majority.
29,350 words (approx. 117.4 pages), 135 sources, APA, AU$ 364.95
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Abstract
As the American population continues to become more diverse racially, members of visible minority groups within the population become more prominent. Simultaneously, with the increase in diversity, income distribution in the American economy has become more distorted. While economic growth in the United States has surged over the past decade, the income gap has widened; not only between the richest and poorest Americans, but also between moderate-income and low-income Americans. Members of visible minorities in the population tend to be represented disproportionately in the low-income and poverty classifications in the United States. While there is an abundance of implications of this state of affairs, one of the more crucial ones is access to health care. Individual and household financial capacity, the scarcity of employer-paid health insurance among small businesses, cultural differences based in social psychology and other factors frequently act as impediments to health care access for low-income individuals and households among visible minority population groups in the contemporary United States. This problem and these issues are investigated in this study. The study identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access between lower-income Americans and members of visible minorities in the United States, on the one hand, and more affluent Americans and members of the majority segment of the population, on the other hand. The initial chapter of this study delineates the problem investigated. Specific research questions are formulated and stated to provide greater focus for the investigation.
Social psychological theory and applied social psychology literature are reviewed in the second chapter. Literature relevant to the functioning of low-income and visible minority population groups in the United States within a social psychological context are reviewed in the third chapter. The fourth chapter is devoted to a review of literature relevant to both the health care system in the United States and the experiences of low-income and visible minority population groups in relation to health care access and health care delivery in the United States. An assessment of the problem investigated, performed within the structure of the research questions, is presented in the final (fifth) chapter. Conclusions drawn from the study findings are stated and recommendations for further research are made. The summary conclusions reached through the conduct of this study relate both to health care access and health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities. With respect to health care access, the summary conclusion reached is that a universal system of health care entitlement is required in the United States. In relation to health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities, the summary conclusion reached is that extensive education is required for both low-income persons and members of visible minorities, on the one hand, and health care providers, on the other hand. Low-income persons and members of visible minorities require education on the benefits and function of health care services, while health care providers require education in the social mores of the diverse populations they must serve.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Problem Delineation
Background on the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Review of Relevant Social Psychology Theory and Literature
Introduction
Sociological Theory and Health Care
The Welfare State
Accessing Contemporary Health Care
Role of Ethics in Accessing Health Care
Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems
Chapter Conclusions
Social Functioning of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Related Behavior
Initiatives to Improve Health Care
Access and Behaviors
The American Health Care System and the Experiences of Low-Income and Visible Minority Groups
Introduction
The American Health Care System
Analysis of Health Care Delivery Systems
Care Quality
Alternative Approaches to Health Care
Bioethical Issues
Problems of Accessibility
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access
Chapter Conclusions
Assessment of the Problem Discussion, Recommendations for Further Research
Appendices
Annotated Bibliography
From the Paper
"Social Cognitive Theory [self-efficacy] emphasizes the role of expectancies, self-efficacy, peer normative influences, and social competency skills as key components affecting adolescents? behaviors (DiClemente, Lodico, Grinstead, Harper, Rickman, Evans, & Coates, 1996). The applicability of models based on social psychological principles for understanding African-Americans? decision-making and sexual behavior has been questioned because most such models tend to be individually-focused and do not take into account the social context in which the behavior is embedded (Cochran & Mays, 1993). Social cognitive theory, however, explicitly integrates behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors as reciprocally interactive. Thus, given the hypothesized multi-factorial nature of sexual decision making and the potential impact of the high-risk social environment of the study population, approaches based on social cognitive theory are thought to be particularly relevant for understanding the myriad factors that may affect African-Americans? sexual behavior."
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