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Hate Crimes Legislation, 2003.
Delves into hate crimes in America and examines laws being passed to protect the victims.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 20 sources, APA, AU$ 122.95
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Abstract
This research paper discusses the nature and incidence of hate crimes in the United States and laws that have been enacted or proposed to deal with them. Although the evidence is not conclusive that the number of hate crimes has actually increased in recent decades, their frequency suggests that racial, ethnic, and other minorities have been threatened by them. The response has been a rash of legislation at state and federal levels, much of which is of questionable effectiveness. The paper shows that this legislation should be understood as being an outlet for society's frustration with hate crimes and as an exercise in political symbolism, rather than as a serious attempt to deal with the underlying problems involved.
From the Paper
"Federal hate crime legislation has also been adopted and/or proposed. In 1990, the Hate Crimes Statistics Act, which requires the Justice Department to keep statistics on hate crimes and to make annual reports thereon, sailed through Congress without serious opposition. In 1994, an amendment to the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act passed, under which the punishment for violation of an already existing federal crime could be enhanced if it could be shown that the crime was committed out of motives of hate or prejudice."
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Battling Hate Crimes in America, 2003.
Examines activism against hate crimes in America, looking at hate crimes and legislation up to 2003.
3,128 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 24 sources, APA, AU$ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the groups working towards a better world by battling hate crimes in the United States. The paper covers the activities of such groups as the Human Rights Campaign, National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, National Organization for Women, and New Light Media. The paper examines statistics of hate crimes and also covers legislation passed in recent years in support of this battle against hate crimes.
From the Paper
"June 14, 1998, in Jasper, Texas, three men offered James Byrd Jr. a ride. They then beat him, chained him to the back of a pickup and dragged him two and a half miles. His head and right arm were found in a ditch a mile from his body. Byrd was black, his killers were white. Solely because he was black, these three men exemplified James in an attempt to start a hate group in Jasper, Texas. Instead, attention brought to this incident has caused the world to take a close, hard look at hate and its removal from the new millennium. Along with their efforts to educate on diversity and acceptance, the Byrd Family has established the James Byrd Jr. Foundation for Racial Healing and has worked attentively on hate crime legislation."
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Organized Crime, Hate Crime, and Ritualistic Crimes, 2006.
A paper examining police responsibility in investigating hate crimes, organized crime, and ritualistic crimes.
1,767 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 19 sources, APA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of community policing. The author says that for certain types of crime, such as hate crimes, mob-related crimes and ritualistic crimes, police must look at the underlying causes of the crimes rather than just dealing with the perpetrators after the fact. The paper explains why these particular categories differ from other crimes, and why these categories require a different kind of approach from police.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Organized Crime
Hate Crime
Ritual Crimes
Law Enforcement Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Community policing is a term that is becoming increasingly common in police studies and practice. This is a natural result of the increase in the responsibility of the police in a complex and modern environment. This means that policing has to deal not only with the effects of crime but also with the underlying causes of criminal acts in order to be effective. This is especially the case with regard to forms of crime such as hate and ritual crimes which have sensitive and far-reaching social implications. In this regard the responsibility of the police is being shared with other institutions and the community in order to provide a more adequate and comprehensive solution to contemporary crime issues."
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Hate/Bias Crimes in New Jersey, 2006.
A look at some of the hate crimes committed in the state of New Jersey and legislation for combating hate crimes.
2,381 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the various hate crimes that take place throughout the U.S. on a regular basis, focusing particularly on the state of New Jersey. The paper also describes some of the legislation that has been enacted in an effort to fight hate crimes and discusses the need for even harsher laws for curtailing such crimes. The paper further explains that the present hate laws are ineffective as a deterrent and, therefore, are not helpful towards solving the problem of hate crimes. Finally, the paper outlines a plan for curtailing hate crimes that would include proper training for members of law enforcement in how to recognize and respond to hate crimes, the creation of a multi-agency task force on hate crimes, and sufficient state and federal funds for fighting hate crimes.
From the Paper
"Cross burning is one of the hate crimes that occur in the state of New Jersey on the regular basis. Cross burning can, in fact be traced back in history right up to the time of the infamous 'Ku Klux Clan', which was a group of people who were dedicated totally to the perpetration of hate and bias related crimes on minorities, mostly African-Americans living peacefully in that state. According to an eyewitness of the cross burning carried out outside an African-American's house in new Jersey, "Few things can chill free expression and association to the bone like night-riders outside the door, and a fiery cross in the yard". (O Say! Can you see: Free expression by the light of fiery Crosses) An African-American couple, Russ and Laura Jones, started to experience trouble with so called 'skinheads', as soon as they had shifted their place of residence to St.Paul, in Minnesota. They were, in fact, the only Blacks living in that all-white neighborhood, and this was indeed a neighborhood that was known for its racist culture and its hatred of blacks."
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Hate Crimes: Crimes Against Man or God?, 2006.
A discussion regarding hate crimes and the reasons that such acts are incited.
1,139 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at hate crimes. The paper defines hate crimes, provides statistics and provides modern day examples of hate crimes. The paper further explains that hate crimes are not only against the laws created by man, but also that of God.
From the Paper
" We now know the term "hate crimes" was introduced in 1985: clearly an act of commission, but how far back do we need to go to realize that these hateful acts have been apart of society since the beginning of mankind. In the bible, when we read about "The Parable of the Good Samaritan" (Luke 10:25-34); dating back to about A.D. 62, which has me to believe as a Christian, to be in a state of omission, and do nothing about a crime that has taken place is just as much a sin as the crime itself. It's printed in black and white for me in 1John 4:20, "If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar: for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen but love God whom he hath not seen?" When we read Gospel passages like those in the bible from Luke and 1John, Jesus' message is direct and uncomplicated: love God, love neighbor....Go do it. Looking at the details in these passages can help us understand how Christianity and hatred get mixed up together. It provides us with clues about how to stay clear and focused on God's calling to love. "
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Hate Crimes Exist in America, 2002.
An overview of the origins of hate crimes in the U.S. and the Hate Crimes Prevention Act.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper is on "Hate Crimes in America". It gives a brief introduction to the term "hate crimes". It further explains how racism and hate crimes were introduced in America, and how these two terms attach to one another. It also explains how the Hate Crimes Prevention Act is treating this issue.
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Hate Crimes, 2002.
This paper examines the issue of hate crimes, acts of violence directed against people because of their racial, religious, ethnic, gender or sexual identity.
7,565 words (approx. 30.3 pages), 21 sources, APA, AU$ 241.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes why hate crimes are more harmful than traditional crimes, the problems with reporting and the changes necessary to determine the true scope of the problem with an emphasis on hate crimes committed on college campuses. The paper includes a legal discussion based on the idea that proponents of hate crime laws argue that additional penalties are warranted because crimes, motivated by bias, cause a greater harm to the victim and to society than crimes where the victim?s status is not a factor. The author feels that the data on hate crimes is so woefully inadequate that it is worthless for comparative purposes and for making policy recommendations.
Introduction
Hate Crimes Defined
Why Hate Crimes Matter
How Bias Crimes are Measured
Hate Crimes Data
Hate Crimes on College Campuses
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Of course, those definitions are just the beginning. Many groups push for a more expansive definition, or argue that this definition includes crimes that the FBI does not count. For example, some argue that rape is a hate crime. Other groups counter that the definition should not include sexual orientation. Regardless of what is included, it is important to note that the crime is based on the attacker?s perception. Thus, if the attacker hates Jews, and attacks someone based on the belief they are Jewish, the attacker is still guilty of a hate crime even if the victim turns out not to be Jewish."
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Hate Crimes and The Law, 1999.
Examines the nature and incidence of hate crimes and adopted or proposed legislative solutions, focusing on the Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1997.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 17 sources, AU$ 127.95
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From the Paper
"HATE CRIMES AND HATE LEGISLATION
This research paper discusses the nature and incidence of hate crimes in the United States and laws which have been enacted or proposed to deal with them. Although the evidence is not conclusive that the number of hate crimes has actually increased in recent decades, their frequency suggests that racial, ethnic and other minorities have been threatened by them. The response has been a rash of legislation at state and federal levels, much of which is of questionable effectiveness. This legislation should be understood as being an outlet for society's frustration with hate crimes and as an exercise in political symbolism rather than as a serious attempt to deal with the underlying problems involved."
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Stop the Hate: The Problem of Hate Crimes in America, 2001.
This paper looks at the disturbing rise of hate crimes in the United States, and measures taken by the government to combat the issue.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with hate crimes in America , the nation?s response to the concept of the hate crime, and what measures are taken to prevent them. The author includes explicit historical references in the paper regarding anti-Semitic, racial and homosexual prejudices, etc.
From the Paper
"Prejudice is an omnipresent force, evident in civilizations throughout history. People naturally fear that which is different and unusual. Prejudice manifests itself in many forms, an innocent assumption, vulgar graffiti, offensive language, and even assault. It is when a crime becomes motivated by prejudice that it becomes a hate crime. Over the past few years, the nation has experienced an alarming number of disturbing and sometimes deadly hate crimes. The dragging death of Africa-American James Byrd, Jr., in Jasper, Texas; the deadly attack on Matthew Sheppard, a gay student in Laramie, Wyoming; the shooting rampage targeting minority citizens in Chicago; and the shootings of children at a Jewish community center in Los Angeles, California, followed by the murder of Joseph Santos Ileto, a Filipino-American mail worker. All of these events have left a trail of dead or wounded victims and traumatized, horrified communities."
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Hate and Bias Crimes, 2004.
Explores a range of aspects associated with hate crimes and the problem they pose to society.
903 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the problem that hate crimes present to society. The paper provides some FBI statistics on hate crimes, discusses some of the problems associated with combating the crimes, looks at legislation enacted in the United States designed to counter them, and talks about hate crime prevention groups and how they can be effective in deterring hate crimes.
From the Paper
"Legislation in the United States has established harsher penalties for hate crimes over the past decade, which has been welcomed by many people, but criticized by others. (Wikipedia) Some people argue that women and minorities, such as blacks and gays, are getting ?special treatment? by the establishment of strict hate crime penalties. This narrow-minded view is one obstacle in investigating and controlling hate crimes. It can also be difficult for investigators to distinguish hate crimes from other crimes, because it is necessary not only to prove what events happened, but what the intention of the perpetrator was. They are usually detected by a background investigation of the accused perpetrator or by eyewitness reports. Circumstantial evidence can sometimes show the intent, such as a diary or journal belonging to the accused that established a biased mindset. Getting a hate crime conviction can also be very difficult because there are very strict rules decided on by the FBI. (Wikipedia)"
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Hate Crime Laws, 2003.
An argument in support of hate crime legislation as a means of reducing racially motivated crime.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an argument in support of hate crime legislation as a means of reducing racial intolerance and providing better education about racial tolerance. It contends that such laws are necessary because of the nature of the crime itself, to protect victims of racial hatred and to enable rehabilitative penalties than may reduce hate crimes.
From the Paper
"According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI a hate crime is a criminal offense committed against a person or property that is motivated in whole or in part by the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic .."
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Hate Crimes.
This paper discusses hate crimes and the need for community-focused police.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while it cannot be said that every crime involving a perpetrator of one racial or ethnic group and a victim of another is a hate crime, there is this fact to consider: all crime is hate crime. The author points out that, while the merging and blending of ethnic groups has produced a rich culture in America, it also has brought with it many problems because when each ethnic group, struggling to get or retain its part of the American dream, runs into others it fears might hurt its chances of success, conflict can result. The paper relates that community policing efforts should involve citizens in helping to identify crime and quality of life issues and a specific set of theoretical guidelines to help maintain the mission of community policing.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Lynching
Graffiti
Causes of Hate Crimes
Competition for the American Dream
Lack of Understanding and Empathy
Where Police Can Begin
Absence of Harm Concept
Community Sensitivity
Tactics
Invite Community to Help
Restore Trust
Guidelines
Accountability
Respect and Reverence for Life
Conclusion: Community Policing as Healing
From the Paper
"Lack of trust is often an issue, also, as it was in the San Diego City Heights neighborhood. The police department conducted a survey that revealed a lack of trust between neighbors and with the police involved was fear of retaliation,which is certainly both a result and cause of hate crimes. Those fears had influenced the community not to report crimes and to accept the crime and decay as well."
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Punishing Hate Crimes, 1998.
A discussion of how the punishments for hate crimes are more severe than the underlying offense would normally prescribe.
6,475 words (approx. 25.9 pages), 34 sources, APA, AU$ 218.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that in recent years many states and the federal government have enacted penalty enhancement statutes to punish bias motivated crime, or hate crimes. These statutes punish the motive behind the crime, thereby punishing the offender's thoughts. Further, the paper argues that we should punish hate crimes through enforcement priorities and recording statutes which are responsive to the community and do not punish thought. The paper concludes that penalty enhancement statutes are wrong and provides several interesting alternatives that would possibly be more effective. The paper cites numerous cases as evidence for its assertions.
From the Paper
"Hate crimes: the definition varies from state to state and person to person. However, a standard definition is any ?offense[s] motivated by hatred against a victim based upon his or her race, religion, sexual orientation, handicap, ethnicity, or national origin.? It may seem that hate crimes are nothing new to American culture, and in most ways they are not. Hatred has been almost as much of a contributor to the development of the United States legal system as has tolerance. The two are in a constant battle for superiority. Hatred and bigotry is what allowed slavery?s survival, the Japanese internment camps of World War II, and the strength of the Ku Klux Klan and segregationists less than a century ago. But until recently, the government has been able to control the negative factors of our society without infringing on the rights guaranteed by the first Amendment."
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Hate Crimes, 2004.
An analysis of the phenomenon of hate crimes, including statistical evidence.
2,046 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the widespread occurrence of hate crimes in the United States, with a focus on the state of Pennsylvania. The paper contends that most offenders are young and act more out of personal sentiment than organizational strategy. The paper also states that, on a national level, hate crimes occur across the board and affect all races and most demographics.
From the Paper
"Within the last decades, criminal law has delineated a new subset of crime: the hate crime. Hate crimes are defined as any crime ?committed against individuals or groups or property based on the real or perceived race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, national origin, or ethnicity of the victims? (Partners Against Hate, 2003) It is the bigoted motivation behind such crimes that separates them from more traditional criminal acts. Hate crimes can be as severe as murder, such as the infamous Matthew Shepherd killing. They may also be as innocuous as racially biased graffiti or intimidation. Hate crime has been a relatively consistent phenomena since it was first tracked, though there have been occasional changes in the populations targeted."
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Hate Crimes, 2007.
This paper discusses informed consent, deception and research into controversial subjects, focusing on hate crimes.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper refers to an important topic of social science ethics in how research projects are presented to subjects regarding controversial subjects, in this case, attitudes towards the victims of hate crimes, as members of racial minorities, or as gay or lesbian victims. The writer notes that in C.J. Lyons' study of 2006, "Stigma or Sympathy? - Attribution of Fault to Hate Crime Victims and Offenders" one finds reference to other studies on similar questions indicating that racist attacks were more condemned than those affecting gays or lesbians. The writer points out that if Lyons' research is accurate, educated attitudes towards gays and lesbians are not as accepting as might be assumed. The writer maintains that, as this paper ventures, much depends on how questions are presented to study participants or what they understand a study's purpose or hypotheses to be.
Outline:
Introduction
Method, Observations and 'Findings'
Implications
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Lyons is a young scholar of crime and deviance, inter-group conflict, stratification and urban sociology whose work tends to be claimed by Social Psychology. His doctoral research centered on inter-racial hate crimes in Chicago. Of importance is how non-involved parties respond to incidents of hate crime and matters of contrast in reactions that brought into view lesser concern for hate crimes affecting homosexuals. It is implied that American attitudes have come to denounce racially motivated hate crimes, in direct sympathy for victims, while gay and lesbian victims may face indifference and further stigma. Perpetrators of crimes against persons of a different race were denounced but Lyons perceived that this was not as true when victims were gays or lesbians with far more questions regarding events, initial responses to insults, or how gay or lesbian victims engaged in disputes with persons to utter anti-gay remarks or threats."
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The Necessity of Hate-Crime Laws, 2002.
A presentation of arguments for and against hate-crime laws.
916 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses hate-crimes and looks at the arguments from both opponents and advocates of hate-crime legislation. Among the cons listed by the writer is the argument that some form of hate motivates all crimes, and that hate-crime laws are therefore redundant and unnecessary. The counterargument is that the greatest value in such laws is the message that they convey to society that crimes against a particular group of people will not be tolerated. The writer concludes that hate-crime laws should be kept in effect since it has been shown that these laws do prevent occurrences of smaller hate-crimes.
From the Paper
"All Americans have a right to feel safe, and hate-crimes violate that right not just for individuals, but for entire groups of people. Therefore, advocates say, hate-crimes must be identified and, where possible, punished more severely than other crimes. They admit that sentence-enhancing has little impact on murder cases, but they say that hate-crime laws can effectively raise penalties for most other crimes, such as beatings or vandalism. Hate-crime laws will act as a deterrence for committing hate-crimes. The stricter punishment for the law being broken will make criminals less likely to commit them."
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