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Harems in Egypt & Syria, 1999.
Examines portrayals of harems in Victorian era travel writing & English fiction. Analyzed in terms of history, culture, Arab patriarchy, polygamy, Western stereotypes, rationale for, secrecy and more.
1,552 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 35 sources, AU$ 215.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the harem in Egypt and Syria, reflected in Victorian travel writing in English literature. The plan of the research will be to set forth the historical and cultural context of the Victorian interest in the harem, and then to discuss, in turn, Victorian-era commentaries (chiefly, though not exclusively British) that formulated popular perceptions of the harem; Western women's interpretations of harem life vis-?-vis the position of women in Victorian culture; the response of Arab women to their English visitors as well as their own accounts of domestic life and marital arrangements; and social implications of the Victorian discourse of middle-class women compared to the Islamic perspective on the proper function and status of women."
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Harems in 19th Century British Empire, 1996.
Examines & compares perceptions of male & female Western/Victorian artists & travelers & cultural intentions of Arab/Oriental society in establishing harems.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 23 sources, AU$ 215.95
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From the Paper
"Scrutiny of nineteenth century harem life in the East and travellers' responses to what they observed there provides an instructive pair of contrasts. Life in the eastern harems was elaborately organized to provide a constant or stabilizing oasis in the midst of the ongoing chaos which often reigned outside its walls (Walther 10). Travel presents itself as a continual transgression against established boundaries relying upon a nearly constant sense of movement (Leed 3). If as Albert Camus quipped in 1963 "What gives value to travel is fear" (Leed 1), what the orientalist custom of the harem offered was a sense of permanency, even if it was mere illusion, derived from an intricate design of restriction. When Westerners visited the Far East, their eye was often tricked and failed to see this lavish..."
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Egypt, 2004.
A comprehensive discussion on civil society in Egypt.
10,844 words (approx. 43.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 342.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of civil society in Egypt. Firstly, a brief historical overview of civil society in Egypt is presented and an analytical overview of the political situation in Egypt is provided, illustrating the authoritarian nature of the regime and assessing the influence of the regime on the growth and nature of civil society. Next, an analytical overview of the economic situation in Egypt is presented, assessing the influence of the economic malaise on the growth of civil society. Next, a sectoral overview of civil society organizations in Egypt is presented, by dividing the civil organizations in to categories (service provision, charity and welfare, guilds and unions, development civil society organizations, political parties, human rights/citizenship rights, research organizations, cultural groups, and finally sports clubs) and within this section, several organizations within each category are discussed, in terms of their activities. This section includes information on the total number of CSOs in Egypt. This section also highlights the fact that a culturally specific approach is necessary when discussing CSOs in Egypt, as a large quantity of Islamic groups are spread throughout the sectors. Next, an in-depth analysis of three groups and their activities is presented: one Islamic, one political party (maybe the Muslim brotherhood) and one an International NGO.
From the Paper
"Researchers have identified that several elements have shaped the profile of Egypt's civic sector: government policies shifted over time from laissez faire to increased government control under different regimes, yet religion has always been an element of associational life in Egypt (Kandil, 1999). In a 1993 survey, it was found that about 31% of associations were Islamic and about 7% were Christian: most of these organizations provided health services, social assistance, and religious services (Kandil, 1999). Further influences on civil society have been identified (by Ibrahim et al., 1998) as the state, traditional forces (via the Communities of Virtue), and external Western forces: it is argued that the current status of civil society in Egypt has come about due to a complex historical - and current - relationship between these three factors (Ibrahim et al., 1998)."
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Economic Development in Egypt, 2001.
Examines effects of 1978 Camp David Accord (peace agreement betw. Egypt & Israel). Its impact on Egyptian economy. Policies of Sadat & Mubarak. Egypt's position in Mideast & its economic future. 10 Tables. 1 Chart.
1,035 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 15 sources, AU$ 215.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction:
Egypt has had a long, troubled road to economic development. From the first attempts at industrialization in the early 1800?s to the country?s present-day struggle, Egypt has faced social and political hurdles as well as troubles in the world economy throughout its attempt to become an industrialized nation. This paper will examine that struggle with special emphasis on the impact of the Camp David Peace Accord on economic development in Egypt.
The economic history of Egypt, beginning in the mid-1800?s, will first be explored in order to put post-Camp David development.."
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Free Trade Agreement in Egypt, 2005.
Discusses the impact of free trade and its potential benefits on the Egyptian economy.
2,633 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
Examines how free trade agreements may aid developing nations such as Egypt. The paper argues that Egypt is not ready to enter an era when it can apply a free trade agreement without being harmed. It discusses that, by applying Arab and African economic cooperation, eliminating the phenomenon of illegal economic activity, encouraging open investment in the economy, benefiting from the principle of comparative advantage, and permitting foreign investment in Egypt, Egypt will be able to improve its economic status and will be apply the free trade agreement without facing economic loss.
From the Paper
"Ever since the Free Officers' revolution of 1952, Egypt has had an unstable economy, moving from one economic system to another and hardly ever allowing serious reforms. Before 1952, Egypt was a capitalist country but following that, it became a socialist country while, under Sadat, it supposedly began to reform its economy and adopt liberalism. Under Mubarak, the liberal reforms continued but were not stable and did not bring in the results that the government had expected. Instead of decreasing debt and achieving economic growth and development, the economist, Paul Sullivan explains that debt increased and economic growth was not reached. Many economist have argued that the Egyptian economy has not achieved the growth rates that were expected following reforms because they came too late and were not correctly implemented. Over and above, economists additionally argue that Egypt can not realistically expect positive economic results any time soon because it has only recently taken economic reform seriously and had earlier ignored and missed numerous economic development opportunities. Although Egypt missed several opportunities for industrialization and development over the past ten years and currently fears that it will not be able to survive the effects of free trade and economic globalization, through economic reforms, Egypt can overcome the short term negative consequences of globalization and be in a position where it can benefit from globalization, through comparative advantage and foreign investment."
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Egypt: Corruption and Underdevelopment, 2005.
An analysis of the effect of globalization and political corruption on Egypt.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how understanding the extent of corruption, as it has been exposed by globalization, is important because it allows us to better understand consistent underdevelopment in Third World nations, such as Egypt. It shows how an analysis of financial corruption in Egypt and the country's resistance to change versus the efforts toward the political and economic reform of the country by external powers, underscores that the country's problem is not economic poverty, but corruption and misuse of foreign aid funds and national resources. After establishing the connection between globalization and corruption, the main argument is that the high level of corruption in a country like Egypt proves the necessity of enforcing international anti-corruption laws, thus, removing a significant obstacle to development.
From the Paper
"In "Politics of Corruption," Patrick Fitzsimons discusses corruption within the framework of globalization. He begins his article by referring to the characteristics and concerns of the new global economic and political system, from the concern with multiculturalism, to terrorism, to economic liberalism, and notes the meaning and importance of these new concepts and concerns. According to Fitzsimmons' argument, their importance lies in the fact that they effectively define the thoughts and ideologies of the current political and economic environment."
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Mesopotamia and Egypt, 2005.
This paper discusses the development of the great civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt.
905 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the major event marking the beginning of civilization was the development of agriculture, which was made possible by the presence of three important rivers--the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the "Cradle of Civilization", and the great Nile River in Egypt. The author points out that, only after the development of village/farming life, the civilized societies of the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Hittites and the Sumerians in Mesopotamia and the Egyptians in the Nile River valley originated or further developed concepts such as government, law, formal religions, writing, monumental architecture, measurement and calculation. The paper relates that, in the days of the Pharaohs, the land of Egypt was dotted with marshes and island ridges and what is now arid desert valley was grassy meadows well suited for grazing cattle and hunting --the fertility of Egypt was proverbial.
From the Paper
"In contrast to the civilizations that arose and perished in the "Cradle of Civilization," the Nile River defined the culture that lived by virtue of its presence--ancient Egypt. Originating deep in Africa, the Nile River descends through many cataracts to sea level at the delta in Egypt, where in its annual flooding, rich soil is deposited. Hemmed in by its narrow valleys, the Nile flows through regions that may not have a single drop of rainfall in a decade. Yet crops grow luxuriantly from the fertilized silt, just as they did in ancient times. Thus, the great Nile made life possible and allowed the peoples of Egypt to build one of the greatest civilizations of all time."
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Globalization, Gender and Islam: The Case of Egypt, 2002.
A focus on Egypt--historically and today and how globalization has affected its traditions and society.
3,300 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 20 sources, MLA, AU$ 150.95
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Abstract
An examination of the the new era of globalization, focusing on Egypt, and its many effects on a distinctive Islamic society. The paper looks at Egypt during the 19th century, the era of colonialism, the cold war, and nowadays -- the age of U.S. dominated globalization. A major theme of the paper is the effect of the interaction of 'East' and 'West' on the development of radical Islam, as well as on the growth of feminism in Egypt.
From the Paper
"The processes of globalization can viewed as a process, in which "the world is rapidly being moulded into a shared social space by economic and technological forces…" (Held, McGrew, Goldblatt & Perraton) As the economies and cultures of the world become integrated into the whole of the global information age, the concept and reality of globalization becomes more complex and far-reaching. The consequences of this increased sense of interconnectedness is that events in one community will inevitably affect all societies. And due to imbalance of power, the most forceful, dynamic and potent culture is likely to dominate others, thereby inducing much resentment in many indigenous cultures. Thus many argue that globalization, in this sense, is similar to colonialism. Encapsulating this sentiment about interaction with the dominant Western culture, indigenous leaders recently held a convention in which they argued that tension is created since "people have to defend themselves against that kind of attack". (Lucas) Globalization is therefore challenging existing social identities across the planet in many important ways. Many have forgotten the positive aspects of globalization because they are more concerned about preservation of their own distinctive identity. Ever-increasing cultural interactions, it is said, "break down human-scale structures, destroy bonds of reciprocity and mutual dependence, and pressure the young to substitute their own culture and values with the artificial values of advertising and the media." Like many others, Helena Norberg-Hodge goes on to argue that much of the discontents and conflicts that exist in various parts of the world is a result of increasing exposure to foreign cultures. Both domestic and international conflicts nowadays, it is therefore argued, are to a large extent a result of this interaction of cultures."
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Bahrain and Egypt, 2002.
A review of the countries Bahrain and Egypt.
2,366 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the two nations of Egypt and Bahrain. The paper looks at both countries in terms of history, politics in general and political developments since World War Two, religion, geography and international relations. While there are some similarities between the two, such as their close proximity to each other, their connection to Islam, the paper points out the differences as well.
Contents:
History and Politics
Political Development and Modernization
Bahrain and Egypt in the Latter 20th Century
Foreign Policy for Bahrain and Egypt
References
From the Paper
"Geographical position played a critical role in the political development of both nations. In ancient times, Bahrain lay across the main ocean trading routes between the Romans and Greeks to the West, the Indian subcontinent, and sea trade among nations along the Persian or Arabic Gulf. Nakhleh said that for centuries Bahrain has prided itself "on the urbanity and middle-class pragmatism of its people," the result of its long history as a trading entrepot (96). Like Egypt, Bahrain encountered many alien rulers, but most of them came before the 15th century A.D. from the Middle East, Babylonians, Persians, and in 940 A.D."
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Economic Development of Egypt, 2002.
An analysis of the 1978 Egyptian-Israeli Peace agreement on Egypt's economic development.
10,125 words (approx. 40.5 pages), 15 sources, AU$ 215.95
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Abstract
Analysis of the 1978 Egyptian-Israeli Peace Agreement on Egypt's economic development. History of Egypt's social, political and economic struggles under different leaders in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Government control of the economy. The Camp David Peace Accord and economic progress in Egypt since its signing. High military spending. 11 Tables.
From the Paper
"The Effects of the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Agreement on the Economic Development of Egypt
Introduction:
Egypt has had a long, troubled road to economic development. From the first attempts at industrialization in the early 1800's to the country's present-day struggle, Egypt has faced social and political hurdles as well as troubles in the world economy throughout its attempt to become an industrialized nation. This paper will examine that struggle with special emphasis on the impact of the Camp David Peace Accord on economic development in Egypt.
The economic history of Egypt, beginning in the mid-1800's, will first be explored in order to put post-Camp David..."
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Syria, 2003.
A discussion on Syria's interventions in Lebanon.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 19 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the reasons behind Syria's interventions in Lebanon since 1976, its justifications therefore and the consequences of the Syrian presence there. It expands on Syria's interventions in Lebanon's civil wars and the subsequent role played by Syria. The paper offers background of the intervention.
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The Golan Heights, Syria and the Middle East Peace Process, 2002.
A discussion of the relationship between Israel and Syria over the Golan Heights and its effect on the Middle East peace process.
2,688 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 128.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of the conflict between Israel and Syria over the Golan Heights. Syria remains the one Arab neighbor that has never entered into formal negotiations with Israel. It looks at how Gaza and the West Bank have become subjects not only of negotiation but also of active peacemaking and how the Golan Heights alone has never been brought to the peace table, much less placed on it. It provides a brief description of the history and the geography of the Heights and the current situation and analyzes the prospects of any form of local peace in the near future.
From the Paper
"Yet for all these similarities, there is one profound difference: Assad has always been a "player" in Middle Eastern politics, while Saddam Hussein has never been. To some degree this can be explained by geography: Syria has a border with Israel and therefore must be integral to any overall Arab-Israeli settlement, whereas Iraq does not. However, that cannot be the only explanation; Iraq is an important regional power, and the Arab-Israeli issue is not the only game in the Middle East; there is also (among others) the Persian Gulf. The more fundamental reason is the nature and skills of the two men themselves. Both have a gift for staying in power, but Assad also has shown great talent at making himself an indispensable man: without his support no general Arab-Israeli peace can be established, but also without him no anti-Israeli front was viable."
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Overpopulation vs. Economic Development in Egypt, 2005.
A look at the need for Egypt to follow a more aggressive path to control its population growth.
2,339 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
One of the more profound obstacles facing Egypt in its path towards development is its overpopulation problem. This is something that the majority of Egyptians and those who have read or researched the development problems facing the country know. However, few of us really appreciate the true significance and dimensions of the population problem. Through an in-depth analysis of the problem and a discussion of its effects on economic growth, this paper argues the importance of adopting aggressive population control and family planning strategies in consideration of the fact that the country, with its available resources, cannot sustain the current population growth figures.
Outline
Population and Demographics in Egypt
Population Growth versus Economic Resources
Solutions
From the Paper
"Economic development scholars and third world analysts have effectively argued, through the use of economic data and statistics that high rates of population growth are economically unsustainable. The problem lies in a very simple calculation. The resources of a country, whether the land area and the infrastructural services, such as water and electricity, not even to mention nutrition and health care requirements, are established at a certain level and raising that level, as in expanding services and raising food production, are long term. In other words, not only are resources in Third World countries limited and barely able to keep up with a stable population figure but they can only be increased and expanded at a gradual rate. Consequently, when population figures expand and grow beyond the ability of the resources themselves to expand, the end result is increased poverty and larger numbers of people demanding access to welfare service, from healthcare to education to subsidized basic goods. The point here is that accelerated population growth cannot be match with accelerated expansion of services and food production, eventually leading, on the individual levels, to greater poverty and unemployment and on the national level, to a reduced capacity to attain economic development and growth. It is thus that "population growth is a major impediment to sustainable development," and high rates of population growth are an obstacles to development in general."
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Biotechnology in Egypt, 2005.
The paper examines how biotechnology can aid developing countries, with a focus on Egypt. Paper has a 5.5 page outline not included in word count.
3,377 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 153.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, due to Egypt's need for export earnings, its ever-increasing population, and its expertise in agriculture, the country should further invest in research and development, with an emphasis on R&D that leads to producing genetically modified crops. It explains that, despite Egypt's having limited financial resources, increased investment in biotechnological research and development will not be a waste of these resources, as the return on that investment will be substantial.
From the Paper
"Innovation is the ability to manage knowledge, as embodied in technology, in a creative way" ("United Nations"). The terms technology, knowledge and innovation are interrelated. Technological discoveries are derived from knowledge and result in innovation which then exploited to increase productivity and enhance competitiveness in the global market. Among the more significant innovations derived from knowledge, produced by research and technology, is the field of biotechnology. David R. Walwyn, a BSc chemical engineering, who has participated in several biotechnology policies and strategy initiatives, defines biotechnology in his book Biotechnologies, as "a body of techniques that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use." Biotechnology contributes to several life sectors, including health, food, water treatment and agriculture. Agricultural biotechnology, nowadays, is adopted in the majority of countries, particularly developing ones, due to its ability to produce transgenic seeds with modified traits that are resistant to viruses, insects, drought and salinity. Edgar J. DaSilva, Elias Baydon, a professor of Biology in American University in Beirut, and Adnan Badran, president of Philadelphia University in Jordan, stress the significance of biotechnology to developing countries in the Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. As they write, "biotechnology has become a source of economic development and social progress."
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The Mummification Process in Egypt, 2002.
An analysis of the mummification process in ancient Egypt
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This six-page undergraduate paper is an analysis of the mummification process in ancient Egypt. The thesis is that comprehension of mummification is essential to our understanding of Ancient Egypt as a whole, since The afterlife of the dead was a prominent part of the findings of the Ancient Egyptian culture.
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Egypt and Monumental Architecture, 2007.
An analysis of the centrality of Egyptian monuments and architecture to the religion of ancient Egypt.
819 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the monumental architecture in Egypt that was associated with worship of the gods and with funeral customs. The paper discusses the building and development of the pyramids and the purposes that they served. It then shows how the cycle of birth and rebirth is expressed in much Egyptian art and is central to the religion of ancient Egypt.
From the Paper
"The pyramids, of course, are massive tombs for high-born rulers, while smaller tombs or burial sites have been found for people of lesser rank, including massive underground structures housing hundreds of mummies in some cases. The huge statues in the Valley of the Kings were also dedicated to rulers who had died and were carved in stone so they would be remembered. The polytheistic religion of the Egyptians supported their ideas about the after-life and about how their rulers would join the gods after death, just as they represented the gods in this world."
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