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Growing Agricultural Hemp, 2004.
This paper discusses the growing of industrial hemp, which is different from its distant cousin, marijuana, as a viable cash crop alternative.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 64 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Americans had been cultivating the hemp plant for hundreds of years, but, in 1937, the Marijuana Prohibitive Tax Act outlawed the growing of any kind of hemp. The author points out that there are as many as 25,000 industrial uses of hemp, including rope, clothing, diapers, car parts, and carpet; oil from the seeds is used in shampoo, beer, vitamins, and lip balm. The paper stresses that hemp production is a growth industry around the world, and American farmers are losing revenue to foreign nations that allow the growing of hemp, such as Great Britain, France, and Spain.
From the Paper
"Contrary to popular misconception, the hemp plant is not marijuana. Known by the botanical name "cannabis sativa," hemp does not contain the narcotic qualities of marijuana, and so its growth is not dangerous to the community. While many people believe growing hemp is just like growing marijuana, there are numerous differences. Hemp grows taller than marijuana, and they are spaced quite close together in the fields, unlike marijuana, which is spaced out for optimum leaf growth. In addition, hemp produces more flowers and seeds, while marijuana cultivation is mainly concerned with unfertilized female plants, which create more leaves."
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Agricultural Practices in Emerging Nations, 2005.
This paper identifies sustainable agricultural practices in emerging nations especially China.
3,040 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in their haste to introduce market reforms and efficiencies into their antiquated agricultural systems, many emerging nations have sacrificed their environment and citizens' health in exchange for some well-intentioned but misguided short-term gains in productivity. The author points out that past agricultural practices were based on tradition and spiritual concepts; however, many emerging nations have succeeded in overcoming these constraints through innovative policies and initiatives. The paper stresses that modern western agricultural practices rely heavily on heavy and expensive equipment as well as industrial pesticides and fertilizers to wrench continued high yields from the soil are not readily transferable to many emerging nations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Existing Agricultural Practices in China Today
Innovative and Sustainable Agricultural Practices
Current and Future Trends
What Can Be Done?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Within rural sociology, sustainable agriculture is frequently considered to be a mutually exclusive "competing paradigm" that challenges conventional agriculture on environmental, economic and ideological grounds. As a result, much of the research on identifying sustainable agricultural practices has been focused on understanding the characteristics which differentiate conventional and alternative farmers, as well as the conditions that serve to constrain or facilitate the development of alternative practices and ways of thinking among farmers and agriculture more generally. For example, researchers have examined a variety of farmer and farm attributes such as age, education, orientation to risk, perception of environmental problems, farm size, and profitability; the impact of agricultural markets and prices and state policies, programs and services have also been examined extensively."
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Divergent Patterns of Agricultural Productivity, 2008.
An analysis of the reasons behind the divergent path phenomena of agricultural productivity growth in France and England.
2,573 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 112.95
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Abstract
This paper explain the divergent patterns of agricultural productivity growth in France and England. The paper looks at different labor practices, preferences for rural over urban activity and the ability to engage in agriculture given what is provided by the country's geographical landscape. It uses these factors to explain the reasons behind the divergent path phenomena of agricultural productivity growth.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
1900 Agricultural Outlook: France versus England
Pre-1900s: An Early State of Equal Agricultural Activity
Agrarian Transformation and Industrialization
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Meanwhile, England embraced industrialization and urbanization. In the early 1700s, England was far from such industrialization, and there was "little economic growth in Britain in the second half of the eighteenth century" (Mokyr 81-2). When the Industrial Revolution eventually did arrive in England, it did not represent, contrary to popular thought, "a macroeconomic event that led to a sudden acceleration of the rate of growth, although growth eventually became an inevitable corollary" (ibid 82). On the other hand, it represented more of a "wave of gadgets" sweeping over Britain post-1760, which allowed goods to be produced more efficiently and at a higher quality (ibid). It also represented, depending on one's opinion, either the trigger for raised living standards or the signaling of lowered living standards for England (Nardinelli). Agricultural growth was certainly part of this revolution. Many scholars cite one of the main features of the Industrial Revolution as a movement from inorganic to organic materials (E.A. Wrigley, 1987 cited in Mokyr 83). Other important developments were increases in using machinery as labor power, something agricultural England embraced as France selected to retain its human labor pool as its primary agricultural power source. While the French farmers worked on the crops and fields with hand tools, machines in England became commonplace agricultural tools (ibid)."
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The Canadian Agricultural Industry, 2006.
A look at lobbying efforts on behalf of the Canadian agricultural industry.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
The Canadian agricultural industry has lobbied the Canadian federal and provincial governments for a number of years for greater attention upon the needs of this industry. However, while all industries and their stakeholders lobby governments for assistance in various respects, the agricultural industry is unique for both the highly public nature of its lobbying and the consistency of issues upon which this sector is focused. This paper explains that the agricultural industry is one of the most significant industries in Canada and then discusses the Canadian agricultural industry's lobbying efforts.
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Agricultural Produce in Inter-war Russia, India and Japan, 2007.
This paper looks at trends and changes relating to agricultural produce in Russia, India and Japan during the inter-war period.
1,452 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer outlines the main trends in agricultural produce in the three economies of Russia, India and Japan in the inter-war period. The writer discusses how far changes in output and prices affected the standard of living of the agricultural population and notes that, during the inter-war period (1914-39), Russia, Japan and India experienced similar but at times varied fluctuations in how much produce they cultivated agriculturally. Generally-speaking, Japan and India maintained outwardly stable, but far from spectacular levels of production, while Russia and later the Soviet Union witnessed greater disparities in what she produced for the commercial market. The writer concludes that what is clear from all three cases is the extent to which change in agricultural output and prices invariably failed to benefit the rural population - and, in the case of the Soviet Union, change in fact proved to be catastrophic.
From the Paper
"When one takes the example of rice production - the main staple - as the chief indicator of agricultural output, with reference to Japan and India, and that of wheat production for Russia, one can observe the following. By 1914, Japan quickly reached production levels of 8.5 millions tonnes, levels that remained pretty much constant during subsequent years. Some twenty years later, in 1933, she reached a peak of 10.6 million tonnes, ending with a modest 10.3 million tonnes of rice in 1939. During the post-war era, India similarly witnessed marked increases in production. By 1914 she saw 42 million tonnes of rice harvested nationwide. But production proved erratic thereafter. During six of the following fifteen years output did exceed the 50 million tonne threshold; but the trend nevertheless was downwards, so that, by 1932, production dipped below the 40 million mark, only struggling to transcend this figure in two of the remaining seven years. What heavily contrasts with the case of India and Japan is that of Russia which witnessed not a levelling-off but a massive reduction in her wheat production following the First World War. By contrast to 28 million tonnes, which was recorded in 1913, the amount for 1921 plummeted to a mere 5.6 million tonnes. By 1925, however, production kicked back quickly to normal levels, with the Soviet Union reporting that 20.8 million tonnes of wheat had been harvested."
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Agricultural Land Commission, 2005.
An overview of the government's Agricultural Land Commission in British Columbia.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the provincial government's Agricultural Land Commission and the policies it enforces on land use in British Columbia. It looks at how the scarcity of agricultural land and the importance of food self-sufficiency, combined with competing demands for farmland for non-farm uses, convinced the government that preserving farmland for agricultural purposes was a matter of provincial interest and importance.
From the Paper
"Due to increased competition and the increasing demands of the contemporary consumer, the need for establishing sustainable industries that enhance quality of life is crucial when creating a thriving local business environment. However, in recent years business development has taken a back seat to environmental protectionism in part due to the lack of suitable land for agricultural and farm use. "
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Agricultural Economics, 2004.
An analysis of the issues concerning agricultural economists for the future.
867 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
There are several areas of concern for agricultural economists, when they look towards the future. Some of these areas of interest are nutrition & health, the possibility of using food products for other uses than consumption and genetic adaptation of crops. However, three major interests of agricultural economists are the supply of food available, farm productivity and profits and agriculture production that will be friendly to the environment. This paper discusses these issues.
From the Paper
"The first consideration in food security is the rising temperatures of the world. According to Lester Brown, the "16 warmest years since record-keeping began in 1880 have occurred since 1980. With the three warmest years on record-1998, 2001 and 2003-coming in the last five years, crops are facing unprecedented heat stress" (Brown 1). The heat stress on plants globally impacts evaporation and impedes fertilization, leading to production of fewer crops. Fewer crops will lead to increased prices in food, particularly for countries that import much of their food, principally grain."
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The Agricultural Industry in British Columbia, 2006.
A discussion of how climate and soil affect the agricultural industry in three British Columbian regions.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 116.95
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Abstract
Perhaps no other industry is as dependent upon variables over which it has no control as the agricultural industry is. This paper produces a cross sectional comparison and contrast of three regions in British Columbia: Cariboo region, Peace River, and Kootenay. The paper highlights how climatic factors and soil composition factors impact upon the respective agricultural sectors of the aforementioned areas. In addition to illuminating how areas that are fairly close to one another geographically can still produce astonishing climatic and geological diversity the paper also reveals how primary industries like agriculture take on new shapes in different regions because of the physical feature of the land.
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Agricultural Economics, 2004.
An analysis of agricultural economics, with a focus on the world's food supplies.
867 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines several areas of concern for agricultural economists when they look towards the future. Some of these areas of interest are nutrition and health, the possibility of using food products for uses other than consumption, and genetic adaptation of crops. However, the paper highlights three major interests of agricultural economists, the supply of food available, farm productivity and profits, and agriculture production that will be friendly to the environment.
From the Paper
"The availability of food supplies in the world is a primary interest and concern for agricultural economists. In an article by Lester Brown, he compares our use of the natural resources to the use of an endowment, which we have now started to utilize in addition to the interest and this leads to bankruptcy. He states, ?By satisfying our excessive demands through overconsumption of the Earth?s natural assets, we are in effect creating a global bubble economy? (Brown 1). Several issues impact the concern of the world?s food supply."
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Agricultural Subsidies, 2005.
A discussion on the role of agricultural subsidization in developed countries.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the role of agricultural subsidization in developed countries through the examination of the consumer price index (CPI), per capita income levels, and the per capita expenditures on food within the CPI weighted averages. The paper hypothesizes that agricultural subsidies actually inflate the price of food commodities, which has an exacerbating effect on the economy and the lower income demographic.
From the Paper
"The primary issue is the supposition that government agricultural subsidies disrupt the natural market forces that dictate the free-market premise that prices seek their own level. This principle of price disruption caused by agricultural subsidies is, perforce, most apparent in the price of food and food products. The result, and the proposed hypothesis, is that consumers actually pay higher prices for food items that would otherwise be the case sans agricultural subsidization by government entities. Purpose of Study The purpose of this study is to illustrate the reality of the hypothesis in order to establish and build a case to end agricultural subsidization by developed countries around the globe."
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Agricultural and Industrial Capitalism, 2002.
A look at the fundamental differences between agricultural and industrial capitalism.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This essay will explore how agricultural capitalism is fundamentally different from industrial capitalism. At the same time, it is important to understand the dominance of industrial capitalism on forming many of the economic models in the 19th and 20th century, which brought agricultural capitalism much closer to the mass production/commodity based operation of industrial capitalism.
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Common Agricultural Policy, 2008.
An analysis of the initial rationale, practice, policies, outcomes and recommendations of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).
2,644 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the European Union's recent reiteration of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). It discusses the reforms that are currently underway to help reframe the CAP model and promote equitable trade within European agricultural partnerships. The paper also looks at the criticism of these initiative by policymakers and economists and describes the rationale that makes the initiatives necessary.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Initial Rationale
Practices
Policies
Outcomes
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Efficient and equitable functioning under the CAP was not possible under the conditions that existed prior to the reform processes that took place in 2004 and 2005. The outlay of expenses was simply not compensated for in positive economic developments; moreover, social justice, which was a mainstay of the CAP as a means of improving the quality of life for rural and agrarian communities, does not appear to have been met. Salvatici's (2001) "liberalization" model also indicates failure to improve quality of life for the majority of persons, suggesting that abandonment of the CAP is equally as unfeasible as allowing it to maintain its current course of action."
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Agricultural Innovations, 2004.
This paper discusses the societal effects of the diffusion of agricultural innovations.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, of all the innovations discovered during the Middle Ages, the plow is considered the greatest transformer of social and cultural change. The author points out that the initial effect of the shift from horticulture to agriculture was an increase in food production because societies that adopted the plow were able to produce more food in a given territory than those that relied on the hoe and digging stick, thus leading to the development of permanent settlements. The paper relates that one of the most profound changes associated with the plow was the development of a system of writing because the trade of agricultural and other goods had to be tracked.
From the Paper
"So deep were the diffusions of the agricultural techniques that before the First World War, farmers composed the largest single group in every country. They no longer made up the population everywhere, as they had from the dawn of history to the end of the Napoleonic Wars, a hundred years earlier. But farmers still made up a near-majority in every developed country except England and Belgium--in Germany, France, Japan, the United States--and, of course, in all underdeveloped countries, too. And with the current transformation, these agricultural producers are not "farmers" in most senses of the word; they are "agribusiness," which is arguably the most capital-intensive, most technology-intensive and most information-intensive industry."
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WTO Agricultural Negotiation, 2004.
This paper discusses the agricultural negotiations of the World Trade Organization (WTO), an independent international organization, which establishes and maintains rules governing global trade.
2,440 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Doha Round held in 2001 was a once-in-a-generation chance to change the rules that govern international agricultural trade so that both consumers and producers in both developed and developing countries would benefit. The author points out that the WTO agriculture negotiation has been viewed by many as an imbalanced instrument because it gives special and differential treatment to developed countries by strongly protecting them, while putting pressure on developing countries to liberalize more. The paper includes the '12 steps' program that is recommended for global human rights and food security.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The issues slated for discussion in Cancun centered on agriculture?s three pillars previously mentioned. The Ministerial also had to discuss services; market access for industrial goods; the implementation of the Uruguay Round and special and differential treatment; geographical indications; investment, competition, government procurement and trade facilitation; environment; trade rules; and dispute settlement. The overall objective was defined as the narrowing down the gap between rich and poor countries."
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Agricultural Subsidies, 2005.
Pros and cons of subsidies for and tariffs on, agricultural products by first world countries.
2,024 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the issue of free trade in agricultural products versus protectionism that is one of the fiercest international economic debates. It discusses the arguments of the proponents of free trade who believe in opening the global market with as few restrictions on trade as possible and those of the proponents of protectionism who believe in concentrating on the welfare of the domestic farming community. The stage at which the talks over subsidies take place is the World Trade Organization ("WTO").
Paper Outline:
Introduction
The Economics of Agriculture
Some Numbers
A Comparative Advantage of the Poor
The Reasons for Protectionism
The WTO and the Prisoner's Dilemma
From the Paper
"However, why do the rich countries like those of the European Union as well as the US today still subsidize their farmers to the tune of billions of dollars a year? Beginning in the 1930s most industrialized countries developed agricultural price-support policies to reduce the volatility of prices for farm products and to increase, or at least stabilize, farm income. Subsequently, in food-exporting countries, such as the United States and France, agricultural subsidies have been designed primarily to increase farm income, either by raising the long-term level of prices above free-market levels or by providing direct payments to farmers."
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The Impact of Agricultural Subsidies, 2005.
An analysis of fiscal policy relating to agricultural subsidies and their affect on the economy and the environment.
2,822 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 25 sources, MLA, AU$ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper illustrates the harm that agricultural subsidies have done to the economy, to the environment, and to people's livelihoods. It illustrates various case studies of certain crops that have received perverse subsidies and gives several case studies of attempts to reduce these subsidies. It also offers solutions to this problem, namely, to cut off all subsidies in case of emergency.
From the Paper
"One of the basic tenets of economics is the old adage "there is no such thing as a free lunch." Even when you go to a presentation with a "free lunch" afterward, the cost of procuring that food was somehow externalized. If we apply this to public policy, one can see that certain economic sectors have received a so-called "free lunch" from the government, even though there are many costs. Agricultural subsidies are often portrayed to be an essential part of the well-being of a nation, but they can have damaging effects on the environment, cause stagnation in the economy, and can be detrimental to the livelihoods of people around the world."
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