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Gross Domestic Product and the Welfare of Society, 2002.
This paper analyzes the limitations of real GDP (Gross Domestic Product) as a good indicator of improvements in the welfare of a society.
1,510 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that there are some important limitations of the real GDP concept as an indicator of improvements in the welfare of a society. The paper shows that the limitations of real GDP can be explored in three ways: (1) non-market productive activities are left out; (2) real GDP is not a welfare measure; and (3) inequality exists in the distribution of income.
From the Paper
"Real GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is a measure of the value of all the goods and services newly produced in a country during some period of time, adjusted for inflation. Real GDP has been increasing in Australia since the 1990s. According to Taylor, Moosa & Cowling (100) in Macroeconomics, improvements in the welfare of individuals in any society cannot occur without such increases in real GDP. However, real GDP was never intended for this role. It is merely a gross tally of goods and services bought and sold, with no distinctions between transactions that add to welfare, and those that diminish it. Instead of separating costs from benefits, and productive activities from destructive ones, real GDP assumes that every monetary transaction adds to welfare. Real GDP is the most comprehensive measure of a nation?s economic activity."
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Gross Domestic Product, 2003.
A comparison between Brazilian and American Gross Domestic Product.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Brazil and the United States from 1993 to 2003. It discusses GDP growth levels. The author expands on the Brazilian and American economies. The paper includes schematic representation.
From the Paper
"Gross domestic product (GDP) is one way by which to measure the performance of an economy. Even more important than the actual value of the GDP is the growth that the GDP is able to sustain over a ..."
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Gross Domestic Product, 2005.
An overview of the definition and use of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) concept.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) concept and examines how it is used to determine the level of output of an economy within a given year. It looks at how there are three approaches to calculating GDP including the production, expenditure and income approach.
From the Paper
"Economics studies the behavior of the aggregate economy. It is broken down into two parts: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics analyzes market behavior of individual consumers and firms to understand the decision-making process of firms and households (Lieberman et al, 2000, p. 337). Macroeconomics is the study and measurement of an entire economy. Macroeconomics studies the movement and trends in the economy as a whole, while in microeconomics the focus is on factors that affect the decisions made by firms and individuals. "
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Gross Domestic Product, 2002.
The following paper examines the concept of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as well as how the original concept of GDP has changed throughout history.
2,095 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the 1990s unprecedented GDP growth shows increasing wages, but more likely labor inefficiencies due to the increased participation of older and less skilled workers. This paper also explores how several factors lead to an increase in the price per unit of GDP.
From the Paper
"The concept no longer had to do with production, now it had to with anything, good or service, to which a market price could be attached. The focus of GDP changed from production to consumption (Cobb, Halstead, Rowe). The increase in services provided by divorce lawyers, day care centers, and financial advisors caused a shift. In January 1962 the Personal Consumption Expenditures broke into 45.1% non-durables, 12.7% durables, and 42.2% services. In January 1972 the Personal Consumption Expenditures broke into 39.7% non-durables, 14.3% durables, and 46.1% services. The trend continued through January 2002, 29.0% non-durables, 11.9% durables, and 59.1% services (Bureau of Economic Analysis). In 40 years, non-durables dropped from 45.1% of personal consumption expenditures to 29.0%."
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Gross Domestic Product, 2002.
The importance of the GDP on determining economic growth.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This three-page undergraduate paper studies the importance of Gross Domestic Product and the recent tends in the its growth. The slow down in the economy indicates a decline in the annual growth rates of GDP. The recent tax cuts announced by the government aim at increasing rate of spending in the country, which might ultimately lead to faster growth rate of GDP.
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 2005.
A discussion on how good a measure is GDP of the quality of life.
1,968 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
GDP, or gross domestic product, measures the output of goods and services within an economy by factors of production, e.g. labour, within a twelve month period. This paper focuses on explaining what GDP is, methods of measuring GDP and its limitations as a measure for the quality of life of residents.
From the Paper
"There are other limitations of GDP's usefulness as an indicator of the quality of life that must also be evaluated. For example, GDP may not accurately reflect the total economic activity of a nation because items such as DIY and household labour (housewifery) are excluded as is the underground economy. Activities such as drugs and prostitution go unrecorded. Although such activities are illegal they are a highly lucrative business and the expenditure on these goods or services may amount to a sizeable sum that has therefore been withdrawn from the circular flow and disappeared into this underground sector from the national accounts. We cannot know for sure the exact amount that has been withdrawn but we can estimate this by analysing the demand for cash in the economy as illegal activity is usually conducted with cash."
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Gross Domestic Product, 1999.
Analyzed and defined in terms of measurement, interpretation, uses, relevant goods & services, expenditures and current & constant dollars.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 69.95
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From the Paper
" Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a primary means of measuring the economic activity of a nation. GDP is calculated using either an expenditure or an income approach. The former counts the monetary value of all domestic expenditures, within a single year, in four categories: consumption, investment, government, and net exports. The income method totals the various types of income earned by all the nation's households and firms in one year. The GDP is measured in order to provide a comparative tool with which to judge a national economy's annual rate of growth or its standing in comparison with the economies of other nations.
It is important to distinguish GDP from Gross National Product (GNP). GDP "represents the dollar value of all the goods and services produced"--but it counts only those produced within the nation's borders (Kacapyr 9). It includes these factors.."
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)., 2002.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
Summary: This is a 3-page article on GDP.
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Gross Domestic Product, 1999.
Examines concept of GNP, including its major components, effects of personal income tax policy on GDP, tax cuts and govt. spending. Includes a table.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 80.95
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From the Paper
"GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, ITS COMPONENTS, AND THE EFFECTS OF PERSONAL INCOME TAX POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES
This research examines the concept of gross domestic product (GDP), the components of GDP, and the effects of personal income tax policy on GDP in the United States. GDP is a measure of the total flow of goods and services produced by an economy over a specified time period, excluding intermediate products and depreciation (Byrns & Stone, 1995). The value of intermediate products is included in the prices of the final consumption goods. The omission of an adjustment for depreciation differentiates GDP from net domestic product (NDP). Lastly, GDP measures include no adjustment for indirect taxes or government subsidies. The absence of these adjustments means that the GDP is valued at market prices, as opposed to factor.."
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The Problem with the Gross Domestic Product, 2002.
Looks at the problems associated with present methods of calculating the GDP.
4,524 words (approx. 18.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 171.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the faulty methods used for determining the GDP. It points out that the GDP is the result of forecasts made by various public agencies at different times of the year. The paper also looks at the view held by many economists that the GDP is largely based on the purchase of imaginary items. Finally, this paper explores the problem of the faulty assumptions used to determine the value of goods and services.
From the Paper
"Another problem is also inherent in the GDP. When figuring the value of all the goods and services included in the GDP, assumptions are made about how long it takes people to create those goods and services. The thing is, polls have shown that the average workweek in 2000 was more than ten hours longer than in the early 1970s. And commentators point out that these days, so much work is done away from the work site because of laptop computers and so on, that even that estimate may be way out of whack. That seems that it could make for a skewed result, to say the least. "
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Impact of the Welfare Reforms on the Welfare System, 2002.
A paper exploring the relation between poverty and welfare reforms and the research potential of the same in the future.
2,130 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 96.95
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Abstract
The paper studies how society decided that the poor should do something about their situation, they did not need to live on welfare and they should get jobs. Thus, in 1996 a welfare reform was introduced in the U.S. that came under the name of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program, suggesting that the welfare provided to the poor in the nation would be temporary. The behavior of the individuals would be monitored until such a time when they changed their behavior and got jobs to support themselves. This paper studies the predictive impact of the welfare reform that took place on the poor of the urban areas and the associated factors.
From the Paper
"Most of the jobs into which welfare recipients are being pushed, while good enough for teenagers living at home with working parents, are not of much help to heads of households. Thus, not surprisingly, several studies have shown that inner-city residents cannot increase their households' incomes by taking suburban jobs.(6) Of course, a bad job is often better than no job. PRWORA, however, is not a jobs policy: it does not create new jobs. It simply assumes, in the absence of any evidence, that people will find work because they are being forced to do so. This presumption arose, in part, because of the modest success of many micro-level welfare-to-work programs that states have piloted during the past five years.(7)"
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Welfare vs. The Welfare State in Canada, 2002.
This paper covers the development and current state of the welfare system in Canada.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
Using Ben Carniol's "Case Critical: Challenging Social Services in Canada", as well as Larry Jonston's "Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State," this paper discusses the welfare state in Canada, the development of it and its shrinkage within the past one hundred year. The author shows evidence that the modern welfare state is shrinking in today's society because of the advancement of right wing politics and the decline of Keynesianism as a solution to the problems of the people of Canada.
From the Paper
"It is important to remember that Canada did not invent the welfare state, it was merely adopted during the development of the country. It was the adoption of these welfare state ideals, that has lead Canada to develop things such as free public Health Care, Employment Insurance, public education and welfare itself. Ben Carniol (2000) explains the welfare states creation in the terms of industrial England where it first surfaced in the modern form. The creation of a welfare state began when the capitalistic owners of large factories in England were beginning to become disgruntled by the constant visitation of representatives from the numerous charitable organizations that had formed in the country to help the poor and underprivileged survive in the new society that saw the factory owners compete for profits at the expense of the men who worked for them under sometimes extremely harsh conditions. It was agreed upon that some sort of central organization for the collection of charity from the owners would be necessary to ensure that the money was going to charity and not people who had begun cheating the system in order to make money for themselves."
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Foreign Domestic Workers and the Domestic Sphere in Canada, 2002.
A review of an article by text by Arat-Koc on changes in Canadian society towards female participation in the workforce and the part foreign workers play.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This essay reviews a text by Arat-Koc that explains changes in Canadian society towards female participation in the workforce, (as well as inadequate arrangements for child care, and how this has produced reliance on foreign domestic employees in the homes of those who are able to afford them. Arat-Koc estimates that the demand for domestic workers, often from Third World countries, will increase, and without careful examination of the conditions under which these women work or scrutiny of the implications of the temporary work visas under which they are admitted to Canada. Foreign workers continue to fill the gaps in the Canadian domestic sphere although there is need for clarification of their safety, working in relative isolation as they do, within private homes, and the likelihood of exploitation.)
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Gross National Product, 2006.
A detailed discussion on the problems of comparing gross national product (GNP) index to other indexes.
2,198 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper explores, in-depth, the problems that arise from comparing the GNP index particularly of the United States to other world economies. The paper explores how one must evaluate the accuracy, reliability and most importantly the effects of GNP numbers upon comparison with other economies in various sectors of the productivity indices worldwide.
Thesis Statement
Determination of the GNP
Trends of U. S. vs. other Nations
Some Foreseeable Problems
Statistical Revisionism and Wizardry
Education Quality
Economic Statistical Wizardry
The Trusts and government surpluses
Bibliography
From the Paper
"This situation therefore sets up a Net National Income - the same as the Net National Product - and takes off an estimate for capital consumption or depreciation as machinery is acquired, replaced or removed along with the several hidden factors attendant to such international movement of capital in its myriad forms. For the United States GNP/GDP statistics one needs to be particularly careful. The U. S. has a great tendency to make these figures much more dramatic than in reality they are. For example, a quarterly rise of 1.4% in actual growth would be reported on an annualized basis and the talking heads of the networks would report glowing figures such as a 5.7% rise when quarter annualizing is calculated."
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Domestic Violence and the Child: The Effects of Exposure of Domestic Violence in Children., 2002.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 103.95
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This paper addresses the effects of domestic violence on children living in households where such events occur. It is known that being witness to domestic abuse or being abused has a negative impact on the child's psyche, but the extent of this is not known. This paper works to find the extent of damage that domestic violence has on children and adolescents. 8 pgs. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
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GDP and GPI, 2005.
A discussion regarding the Gross Domestic Product and the Genuine Progress Index.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between two methods of analyzing the economy, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is considered to be the most comprehensive measure of economic activity, and the Genuine Progress Index (GPI), an alternative approach offered by the group Redefining Progress as a way of linking the economy with social and environmental variables so as to create a more comprehensive and accurate measurement tool by accounting for the value of human, social, and natural capital, in addition to standard measures of produced capital.
From the Paper
"Economic indicators demonstrate the rate of progress in the economy in terms of growth, income, employment, government expenditures, imports, and similar factors. For the most recent quarter available, the second quarter of 2005, the Bureau of Economic Analysis reports that inflation-adjusted gross domestic product (GDP), which is considered to be the most comprehensive measure of economic activity, increased 3.4 percent after increasing 3.8 percent in the first quarter. Growth has thus slowed slightly and is far below the high in 2003 when the increase exceeded 7 percent. The current rate of growth was enhanced by consumer spending on goods and services, which increased 3.3 percent; by exports, which increased 12.6 percent; and by business fixed investment, which increased 9.0 percent."
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