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Governmental Wiretapping, 2006.
A discussion regarding the use of wiretapping by the US government, even though it has been deemed illegal.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the important questions of law that come into play when the topic of wiretapping is considered, even when it's the government doing the tapping. The paper further discusses how there are both federal and state statutes that govern the use of electronic recording equipment that make wiretapping of a conversation that the person is not a party to and without the consent of the parties involved, typically illegal. However, as a matter of national security, this is just what the United States government does each and every day. The paper reviews this issue and whether or not the government is justified in what, at first glance, appears to infringe on citizens' rights to privacy.
Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Wiretapping Overview
Wiretapping: A Historical Perspective
The NSA and Wiretapping
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Whether right or wrong, there is one thing for certain, wiretapping, by the government, has occurred for more than a century. Abraham Lincoln eavesdropped on telegraph conversations, during the American Civil War. Robert F. Kennedy used wiretapping to monitor the activity of Martin Luther King, Jr. Clinton's wiretapping led to the capture of Aldrich Ames, a former Soviet spy. And, most recently, in December 2005, George W. Bush was accused of violating the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act and the US Constitution with wiretapping activities that his administration has insisted is necessary to keep America safe from terrorism ("Telephone tapping", 2006).
In 1928, Olmstead v. United States was argued in the Supreme Court and examined the question of whether or not the use of wiretapped phone conversations, obtained by federal agents, without judicial approval, was a violation of the defendant's Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights. The court ruled, in a 5-4 vote, that the defendant's rights were not violated ("Olmstead", 2006). However, nearly forty years later, this decision would be overturned."
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Non-Governmental Organizations and Inter-Governmental Organizations, 2003.
An analysis of the role of non-governmental organizations and inter-governmental organizations in post-conflict reconstruction of developing nations.
1,965 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 40 sources, APA, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of non-governmental and inter-governmental agencies, followed by an analysis of the different issues that can adversely affect the post-conflict reconstruction process. A summary of the research and relevant findings are provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Conflicts among people represent one of the main problems around the world today. People continue to become embroiled in violent confrontations practically everywhere because of religious, racial or political differences. Often the parties in conflict are unable to resolve these fundamental differences, and the governments involved are either unable or unwilling to assist in the process. It is vitally important, therefore, that appropriate nongovernmental organizations and intergovernmental organizations understand the processes involved and the effects of their activities on the people they are trying to help."
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The World of Wiretapping, 2002.
This paper discusses in detail the topic of wiretapping: The technology, the methods, the uses, the law and the issue of Internet wiretapping.
3,110 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 32 sources, MLA, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
The author begins by explaining how the wiretap works and that it is easy to install. The paper continues to discuss in detail the legalities of wiretapping , the issues of personal privacy and the conflict between the needs of law enforcement and the individual?s rights.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What is Wiretapping?
History of Wiretapping?
Is Wiretapping An Invasion of Privacy?
Who Uses Wiretapping?
State Laws Concerning Wiretapping
Conclusion
Why Is There a Need for Wiretapping?
The Need for Change in Laws Concerning Wiretapping
From the Paper
"There are several types of bugs in the market today. First, there is the ?bug?. It is a device that is placed in an area that can intercept any communication and conducts it out of that area to a listening post. The eavesdropper doe not have to be very far away or miles away depending on the ?bug? they use. ?
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Wiretapping, 2004.
Makes the argument that wiretapping be allowed and supported under certain conditions as a measure for protecting the health and livelihood of the American people.
1,278 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the benefits obtained by permitting wiretaps in criminal investigations. The paper cites studies indicating that the use of wiretaps during certain types of criminal investigations was highly beneficial to authorities and argues that wiretapping can be utilized as an effective tool if appropriate legal procedures are followed. The paper looks at the different types of wiretapping available, legislation designed to control the use of wiretapping, and argues that the United States Constitution actually supports wiretapping.
From the Paper
"Many would argue that wiretapping violates the constitutional right to privacy guaranteed every citizen living in the United States. However, the issue of whether wiretapping is constitutional or not is not black and white, but in fact grey. Wiretapping should in fact, be allowed and supported under certain conditions as a measure of protecting the health and livelihood of the American people. Wiretapping poses the potential benefit of protecting the citizens of the United States from acts of terrorism and personal harm. They key to successful implementation of a wiretapping law or program however, will require distinct and clear definitions and legal protocol which define when and under what circumstances wiretapping may be justified and necessary for the protection of the well being of the American People."
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Role of Inter-Governmental Relations and Federalism in America, 2002.
The inter-governmental relationship between the various levels of government and the Federal system in America and its need for improvement.
1,815 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper discuss the role of inter-governmental relations between the Federal, State and Local governments and various issues that impact this working relationship. Among the areas that are discussed are: How inter-governmental programs should be implemented and the economics of scale and shared services. It further analyzes different theories and models of federalism, how these structures can be established and the role that each level of government should play during this process. While the goal is to give each level of government its own power, the objective here is to develop a system so that services can be best delivered to the citizens.
From the Paper
"The state of intergovernmental relations can be identified in many ways. Historically, dual federalism is the theory that best defines the American system of government. The writers of the Constitution wanted a system of government with shared powers between the states and the federal government. Each level has their own independent authority. While this theory best identifies our system of government, overtime other theories have developed, responding to the economic and social problems that have developed (Knudson, 2003).
Today the federal, state and local levels find themselves in dispute as to who should be paying for and implementing certain programs. The states and local levels believe that they can do a better job of implementing domestic programs because they are closer to the problem then the federal government. A standard national program may not be able to meet the needs of every state. This model called the State- Centered Federalism whereby the states make the decisions, with the federal government there on a minimal basis, to provide the resources. The state government is more responsive, because they can best understand their own needs (Mc Guire, 2001).
This model can be seen in the new Welfare Reform Plan. Whereas under the old welfare system the national government established the welfare policy and the states had little discretion to tailor it towards their individual needs. These objectives and rules sent to the states from Washington DC may not have helped because money was being spent in areas that did not need it. At the same time other, urgent aspects of a states welfare needs were being overlooked by Washington (New, 2002)."
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Is Governmental Transparency Vital to a Democracy?, 2008.
This paper summarizes and critiques the New York Times editorial called the "White House Shell Game," while also speaking generally on the topic of governmental transparency.
821 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at a New York Times editorial called the "White House Shell Game," which stresses the importance of transparent government. Specifically, the paper discusses why governmental transparency is important to any democracy and whether or not the editorial presents a persuasive argument for a more open style of governance from the Bush Administration. The paper also briefly summarizes the thesis of the editorial, its analysis of the problem, and its aim. In the end, the author asserts that governmental transparency is important - but the editorial's argument would have been more compelling if it was not so clearly motivated by political calculations.
From the Paper
"Consequently, the New York Times is right to chastise the Bush Administration for trying to avoid the (potential) censure of the public by trying to limit, to the fullest extent possible, the scope of the Freedom of Information Act. The problem with the Times editorial, unfortunately, is that there is a disagreeable amount of political partisanship involved: after all, the Clinton White House was notoriously secretive as well - that Administration was wracked by fund-raising scandals, the specters of Whitewater and Travelgate and other problems that were kept tightly under wraps - and no one can recall the New York Times aggressively challenging the commitment of President Clinton's team to open and transparent government."
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Non-Governmental Agencies (NGOs), 2007.
This paper discusses the relationship of the U.S. with non-governmental agencies.
4,640 words (approx. 18.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 174.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a non-governmental organization or a NGO is a non-profit group or association, synonymous with a voluntary or non-profit organization, which functions outside of standard institutionalized political structures and which attempts to realize certain relevant social objectives, such as environmental protection or community service. The author points out that, even though NGOs emerged in importance a mere two decades ago on the international scene, they are acknowledged as major players in most countries. The paper stresses that the government of the United States of America has started to recognize the valuable and important role that non-governmental organizations play in its policy making and implementation processes.
From the Paper
"According to the US Secretary General's remarks during the closing session of a DPI/ NGO Conference in New York, one must indeed be grateful and thank the founders of the United Nations, who had the basic wisdom and forethought to make a provision in the United Nations' Article 71, for consultations and discussions with the non-governmental organizations of the country. Perhaps, he went on to say, at that time, about sixty years ago, the fact that non-governmental organizations had a close contact with civil society, even in those days, made it a vital point in favor of the health of the Organization, and also for the basic well being of the people."
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Governmental Acquisition, 2005.
This paper discusses the methods by which governmental acquisitions are made, especially Air Force's ABC method.
2,345 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that it is important for organizations, which deal with governmental acquisitions, to understand why the government does various things and what the organization must do; this will help them not only to comply with many of the financial management and regulations laws but also helps manage costs. The author points out the need to define outputs, to develop systems, to identify customers and to trace and to collect the costs of the various resources. The paper relates that the Air Force's ABC method looks at the various costs such as supplies, labor, travel funds and many other issues and calculates the costs of each of the outputs, the services and products that are created.
From the Paper
"Taking a governmental acquisition organization and utilizing an activity based management system is not something to be taken lightly. There is a great deal of effort involved in creating a system that will provide cost data that is reliable and even then the system does not have much value for the work that was put into it if it is not utilized to manage the resources that an organization has. Even after many processes have been improved and all of the serious difficulties have been addressed and worked out, management must utilize the system. If they choose to stop using it both performance and cost will likely suffer because systems such as this activity based management system need to continually be utilized by management in order to keep them working at the most efficient level."
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Non-Governmental Organizations, 2004.
Research and analytical paper on a non-governmental organization's aid to Pakistan.
3,020 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
This is a research paper designed to determine the possible prospects of a non-governmental organization's ability to utilize its funds in Pakistan to help the country ameliorate its literacy rate. As part of the research, this paper also looks at potential problems and threats an NGO might encounter and their respective solutions. The paper concludes with an evaluation and opinion regarding the feasibility of establishing an NGO devoted to increasing literacy in Pakistan.
From the Paper
"The prospects for running a non-governmental organization are many. This is evident from the current status of education in Pakistan as explained and reviewed by some of the most credible international research agencies. As Oxfam International study reveals the appalling state of education in Pakistan in the following words, ?while the proportion of children not attending school in South Asia to the global total will fall by half by the year 2005, Pakistan will account for an increasingly larger share of children that are not attending school. In fact, the study warns that by 2005 Pakistan will account for 40 percent of the region's children out of school, compared to 27 percent in 1995? (State of Education in Pakistan, CARE). Reasons for extremely slow rate of literacy in Pakistan is attributed to innumerable factors."
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Non Governmental Organizations, 2007.
This paper explores the role of Non Governmental Organizations in the global war on poverty.
3,599 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 145.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and discusses the need for a reevaluation of their political, economic and social abilities. The paper explains that as a result of the NGOs being closer to the poor and therefore more capable of serving them, they are also potentially farther from the resources that fund them and the government agencies that create policies to help with such causes. The paper maintains that the need to bridge this gap is paramount to their future abilities.
Outline:
Introduction
NGO Strengths and Weaknesses
Government Support of NGOs
The Future of the NGO
From the Paper
"Non Governmental Organizations have been an important part in the global war on poverty since before the movement to eradicate poverty was called a war on poverty. Though government organizations, beginning with Roosevelt have played a crucial role in assistance and aide to individuals, groups and nations in an attempt to assist those in need, they are frequently not the agencies that do the very personal groundwork that is often required to elicit progress in development. (Kamat 2003: 65) NGOs, sometimes called civil society organizations or CSOs or community based organizations, CBOs depending on structure and focus, tend to be those agencies that actually provide resources and individuals directly to the people who need them, be it education and medical personnel and equipment, employment training, infrastructure development or even clean water and sustainable agricultural training procedures and equipment."
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Governmental Philosophy, 2002.
A comparison of the governmental philosophy of John Stuart Mill to that of Ayn Rand.
1,328 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper asserts that the govenmental ideal of capitalism from the philosophy of John Stuart Mill upon which the United States is based closely parallels the modern controversial assertions of Objectivist ethics and Ayn Rand. The paper Uses evidence from "On Liberty" and "Virtue of Selfishness" to suggest that the ideals of Objectivism were evident in Mill's philosophy a century before Objectivism was a complete thought.
From the Paper
"The two texts also parallel on their references to the exchange of ideas and interpersonal relationships between individuals. In Selfishness, Rand asserts that ?The principle of trade is the only rational ethical principle for all human relationships, personal and social, private and public, spiritual and material (Rand, 29),? meaning that one cannot, first of all, give of oneself unselfishly, expecting nothing in return, and second, only take what we can from others, not giving anything in return. The ideal man she describes is a trader; one who exchanges his expertise for things that he lacks, and vice versa."
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Governmental Involvement in German and Italian Business, 2002.
This paper looks at the history of and recent changes in governmental involvement in the businesses of Germany and Italy.
1,182 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how companies in Germany and Italy, when evaluating an appropriate location for a prospective business in Europe, must weigh many factors, including the nature and extent of government intervention and influence on the economy and businesses. It outlines the factors a company must consider before attempting to open a business in one of these two countries.
From the Paper
"The crisis of the European Monetary System in 1992 put Italian economic stability at risk and caused the Lira to depreciate 22%. Three priorities were set by the government to control the exploding national debt; low inflation, decreasing interest rates, and budget deficit reduction. Labor and industry came to agreements on contracts and wage increases in mid-1992, making them predictable but high under highly protective legislation creating a situation in which it?s difficult to terminate an employee."
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Wiretapping, Electronic Surveillance and Electronic Eavesdropping, 2002.
This paper analyzes the US Supreme Courts decision on wiretapping, electronic surveillance and electronic eavesdropping.
4,400 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 231.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the history and past case law and what led up to the current laws. The author evaluates the state of the law today and discusses if it should be changed or if it has recently changed taking into account the events of September 11th.
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America's Understanding of the Governmental Process, 2004.
Discussion of the influence that the media has on voters and how they think about issues and candidates.
2,618 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the impact that the media has on America's understanding of the governmental process. It addresses the questions of how the media should cover political issues and candidates and how media coverage can influence voter opinion.
From the Paper
"Virtually everyone agrees that the media have a profound effect on the electorate's thinking. Given their enormous influence, however, it is remarkable how little has been said about what the media should cover in a properly functioning democracy. There are pundits of various types who bemoan both the lack of focus on the issues and the excessive attention paid to the "horse race," but no one has developed a rationale to explain why this state of affairs is wrong. Because of the media's enormous influence, it is worth asking how issue and candidate coverage should be balanced."
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Wiretapping, 2007.
This paper questions justifications used by the Bush administration for secret surveillance programs.
837 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the argument that Bush's actions authorizing the surveillance of citizens are constitutional as they provide for common defense and ensure domestic tranquility. The writer explains that this is the argument put forth by proponents of Bush's orders authorizing secret wiretaps of private citizens and circumventing the established legal process for spying on individuals by the government. The writer discusses that some argue that the executive power vested in Bush allows him to circumvent the very document from which he gains that power, the Constitution itself. The writer claims that this logic is inherently flawed and examines three arguments as to why justifying the constitutionality of Bush's actions in this way is incorrect.
From the Paper
"The second rationale used by supporters of the surveillance program has been a defense of previous instances of constitutional violations in the name of security. The suspension of constitutionally-guaranteed rights during wartime, however, has been used only rarely during the history of our nation, most memorably when Abraham Lincoln ordered the suspension of habeas corpus, or the right to be presented with proof of why one is being incarcerated, during the Civil War. The rights of Japanese Americans were significantly violated during the internments during World War II, with executive blessing, but the government has issued an official apology for this action and deemed it a mistake, offering millions in reparations to the affected citizens and their families. The suspension of any civil liberties requires the most stringent of oversight to ensure that no freedom is unnecessarily violated, and cannot possibly be expected to be conducted fairly through the veil of secrecy under which the wiretapping programs were administered."
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Governmental Lying, 2003.
Examines the question, ?Should governments be under the same moral limits as individuals?", as presented by Glenn Tinder in a chapter in his book, "Political Thinking".
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This is a contemporary political paper dealing with one of Glenn Tinder's perennial questions. It questions whether the government has the duty to act as morally as it expects its citizens to act, and if not, where the limitations are.
From the Paper
"Tinder describes moral relativism as ?the theory that morality is determined by and is in that sense relative to some variable circumstance, such as the desires of the individual or the needs of the society.? If morality is determined by circumstance then governing body may react to situations differently than a private individual. This is a permissible premise for a society to build on for many reasons. These reasons include but are not limited to possibilities such as ending war, helping underprivileged groups, successful operation of the government, and general preservation of the state."
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