| Papers [1-16] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "GOVERNMENTAL DISCRETION CONTROL DEVELOPMENT": |
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Governmental Discretion in the Control of Development, 2002.
This paper compares the amount of control the government has over the planning system in the United States as opposed to the United Kingdom.
1,525 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the highly centralized government planning system in the UK as compared to the control of development in the USA. It shows how the US has a stronger localized tradition, with more layers of government that understand local planning matters, while the UK reserves the right to become involved in conflicts where 'the national interest' is concerned. Ultimately, the author contends, the differences between the two countries' constitutions can be detected in their planning systems.
From the Paper
"The ownership of property, at first glance, appears to confer certain rights to the owner in respect of the development of that land. But in reality the situation is more complicated, especially within the British planning system. In this country the ownership of land rights does not bring with it the right to develop that land. The government at both a local and national level ultimately decide whether or not development can go ahead. However, the government itself is not constrained by specific regulations or constitutional considerations. The state in Britain has significant discretion in the control of development. Here I shall discuss the advantages and limitations of giving a central role to governmental discretion in the control of development. For comparative analysis, planing practice in the USA shall also be discussed".
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Media and Governmental Control, 2002.
A study of the control of the media by historical and despotic governments.
760 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the media along with the control of media forms by historical and despotic governments such as Stalin's regime and Nazi Germany. The paper also discusses how the media can be used to abuse public matters and provides a recommendation of stronger laws to possibly bring some media agencies into line.
From the Paper
"Until the governments actually lay out rigid guidelines for media agencies there will always be invasion of privacy issues, libellous acts and breaks in national security, until such time there will be more and more indirect control of the media by governments. However, it must be stressed that these rigid laws must not be all controlling and non sympathetic to the journalists need to report the facts and truth, the law should not deny this for once truth is denied we lose our ability of the freedom of the press completely."
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Non-Governmental Organizations and Inter-Governmental Organizations, 2003.
An analysis of the role of non-governmental organizations and inter-governmental organizations in post-conflict reconstruction of developing nations.
1,965 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 40 sources, APA, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of non-governmental and inter-governmental agencies, followed by an analysis of the different issues that can adversely affect the post-conflict reconstruction process. A summary of the research and relevant findings are provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Conflicts among people represent one of the main problems around the world today. People continue to become embroiled in violent confrontations practically everywhere because of religious, racial or political differences. Often the parties in conflict are unable to resolve these fundamental differences, and the governments involved are either unable or unwilling to assist in the process. It is vitally important, therefore, that appropriate nongovernmental organizations and intergovernmental organizations understand the processes involved and the effects of their activities on the people they are trying to help."
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Police Discretion, 2008.
A discussion on the mythical aspect of police discretion, its sources and suggestions for how it may be controlled.
1,666 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how discretion is a certificate of authority which gives police officers a vast amount of freedom and how it gives officers authorization to act freely and use that authority in carrying out the rights and responsibilities of policing. The paper further discusses how, in order for police officers to exercise good discretion, there must be guidelines and proper training to apply this discretion successfully. The paper concludes that, without using this unspoken practice, an officer's job would be burdened with another layer of complexity that they would have to overcome.
From the Paper
"There are a number of strategies that could be implemented for controlling discretion. First and most important is for law enforcement to hire officers who exhibit use of good police judgment and this comes from having good character. Law enforcement should take more time in hiring officers to be able to assess if they have common virtues of character as honesty, modesty, and empathy. After they determine these features, then the other police requirements for using discretion can be learned from on the job training. Another strategy for controlling discretion is for officers to be properly trained on how to use discretion. With the denial of this practice, discretion training is not part of the academy's program, but it should be incorporated into the procedures of when and where an officer can use discretion. "
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Discretion in Police Work, 2007.
An analysis of common situations where police employ discretion in applying the law.
1,678 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses whether the myth of the ability for police officers to use discretion when applying laws, does in fact exist or not. The paper begins by defining discretion. It then goes on to discusses certain situations when discretion is most commonly used by the police, such as domestic disturbances and dealing with juveniles or the mentally ill.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
What is Discretion?
The Myths Regarding Enforcing the Laws
Examples of Officer's Discretion
Discretion with Juveniles
Discretion with the Mentally Ill
Conclusion
From the Paper
"What is Discretion?
In order to understand how police officers use discretion, an individual first must know what it is. Discretion is defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary as, "the ability to make responsible decisions, individual choice or judgment, power of free decision or latitude of choice within certain legal bounds." (Merriam-Webster Online, unknown). An officer's ability to use discretion and have the ability to make good judgment calls sometimes in a split second is crucial. Otherwise, an officer most likely will not have an extensive career in law enforcement."
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Discretion in Police Work, 2006.
Examines how discretion is used in the police force.
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper is a discussion of the use of discretion in police work. It Includes its "mythical" aspects, considers its sources, and suggests how it might be controlled. The paper creates a list of ten police actions during which an officer might use discretion and why. It determines whether the use in each action is reasonable or an abuse of power.
From the Paper
"Peak has pointed to the fact that the law is simply unable to cover every situation a police officer faces and that given this fact there are numerous times when police must make choices about the ..."
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Police Discretion Position, 2008.
A discussion of the appropriate use of discretion in police work.
1,692 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the controversy that has arisen over the use of police discretion and discusses several of the myths that have come to be connected with it. The paper also explains that, since full enforcement of all the laws is not possible, and since not every scenario is covered by the law, police discretion continues to be a necessity. The author concludes that a more open agency policy will foster a trustworthy relationship with the public which will enable police officers to use discretion without fear of reprisal, civil liability or corruption.
From the Paper
"Police work encompasses what other professions do not, in that there are few uncontroversial areas within its realm. Professionalism, thus, comes at a cost to police officers because the public seems unwilling to trust them informally; instead, the public seems to want strict, formal accountability mechanisms in place. Simply put, society at times, desires loose enforcement, at other times, strict enforcement. "
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Administrative Discretion and Active Representation, 2004.
An analysis of an article by J.E.Sowa and S.C. Selden, called "Administrative Discretion and Active Representation: An Expansion of the Theory of Representative Bureaucracy."
1,638 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines this article whose purpose is to look at the theory of representative bureaucracy in a slightly different way. Most studies dealing with representative bureaucracy have focused on active representation, but have not looked into the administrative discretion that is often tied to it. It explains how this study seeks not only to discuss the theory of representative bureaucracy, but then move on to administrative discretion and how it is often tied into the active representation of what one does. The main research question is whether administrative discretion and active representation are actually tied together and whether it affects how individuals who are making decisions based on minority status tend to make decisions in favor of those who are of the same race or ethnic background as they are.
From the Paper
"The research model that is used is an empirical analysis and is conducted based on a housing loans program and whether individuals who are of minority descent will have a better chance of getting a home loan if the individual who is helping them with the loan is also of their same background. There are several variables in this particular study, with the first one being administrative discretion (Sowa & Selden, 2003). The variables that were chosen were utilized because they were believed that they would affect the behavior of various administrators and this in turn would determine whether decisions that had to do with minority interest would be made by these individuals. The administrative discretion is used in this particular study to see what impact it has on the various policy outcomes that work in favor of minority interest (Sowa & Selden, 2003)."
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Role of Inter-Governmental Relations and Federalism in America, 2002.
The inter-governmental relationship between the various levels of government and the Federal system in America and its need for improvement.
1,815 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper discuss the role of inter-governmental relations between the Federal, State and Local governments and various issues that impact this working relationship. Among the areas that are discussed are: How inter-governmental programs should be implemented and the economics of scale and shared services. It further analyzes different theories and models of federalism, how these structures can be established and the role that each level of government should play during this process. While the goal is to give each level of government its own power, the objective here is to develop a system so that services can be best delivered to the citizens.
From the Paper
"The state of intergovernmental relations can be identified in many ways. Historically, dual federalism is the theory that best defines the American system of government. The writers of the Constitution wanted a system of government with shared powers between the states and the federal government. Each level has their own independent authority. While this theory best identifies our system of government, overtime other theories have developed, responding to the economic and social problems that have developed (Knudson, 2003).
Today the federal, state and local levels find themselves in dispute as to who should be paying for and implementing certain programs. The states and local levels believe that they can do a better job of implementing domestic programs because they are closer to the problem then the federal government. A standard national program may not be able to meet the needs of every state. This model called the State- Centered Federalism whereby the states make the decisions, with the federal government there on a minimal basis, to provide the resources. The state government is more responsive, because they can best understand their own needs (Mc Guire, 2001).
This model can be seen in the new Welfare Reform Plan. Whereas under the old welfare system the national government established the welfare policy and the states had little discretion to tailor it towards their individual needs. These objectives and rules sent to the states from Washington DC may not have helped because money was being spent in areas that did not need it. At the same time other, urgent aspects of a states welfare needs were being overlooked by Washington (New, 2002)."
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Judicial Discretion in Cases of Sexual Abuse, 2008.
A discussion on limiting judicial discretion to admit evidence in cases of sexual abuse of youngsters.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the subject of judicial discretion, specifically as it was applied by the United States Supreme Court in "Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150 (1995)". In that case, a majority of the court ruled that reports of prior consistent statements made by the victim of sexual assault were inadmissible unless they occurred prior to any incident drawing the victim's credibility into question. The paper contends that the dissent in Tome presented a more reasonable position, giving the trial judge more discretion in admitting evidence of this sort. To conclude, the paper notes that the states have not invariably followed Tome.
From the Paper
"In Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150 (1995), the Supreme Court considered a case which turned on an issue of judicial discretion. Matthew Tome was charged and convicted of felony sexual abuse of a child, his daughter who was four years old when the abuse occurred. Tome had primary custody of the child, A.T., during the 1989-90 school year; Tome's wife had custody during the summer of 1990. In August, the mother contacted police, alleging that A.T. had been sexually abused. The prosecution alleged that A.T. had been abused during the school year; the defense contended that the story was concocted to prevent Tome from retaining custody. (The matter was tried in federal rather than state court because the abuse allegedly occurred on a Navajo reservation.) (513 U.S. at 152)."
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Is Governmental Transparency Vital to a Democracy?, 2008.
This paper summarizes and critiques the New York Times editorial called the "White House Shell Game," while also speaking generally on the topic of governmental transparency.
821 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at a New York Times editorial called the "White House Shell Game," which stresses the importance of transparent government. Specifically, the paper discusses why governmental transparency is important to any democracy and whether or not the editorial presents a persuasive argument for a more open style of governance from the Bush Administration. The paper also briefly summarizes the thesis of the editorial, its analysis of the problem, and its aim. In the end, the author asserts that governmental transparency is important - but the editorial's argument would have been more compelling if it was not so clearly motivated by political calculations.
From the Paper
"Consequently, the New York Times is right to chastise the Bush Administration for trying to avoid the (potential) censure of the public by trying to limit, to the fullest extent possible, the scope of the Freedom of Information Act. The problem with the Times editorial, unfortunately, is that there is a disagreeable amount of political partisanship involved: after all, the Clinton White House was notoriously secretive as well - that Administration was wracked by fund-raising scandals, the specters of Whitewater and Travelgate and other problems that were kept tightly under wraps - and no one can recall the New York Times aggressively challenging the commitment of President Clinton's team to open and transparent government."
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Non-Governmental Agencies (NGOs), 2007.
This paper discusses the relationship of the U.S. with non-governmental agencies.
4,640 words (approx. 18.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 174.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a non-governmental organization or a NGO is a non-profit group or association, synonymous with a voluntary or non-profit organization, which functions outside of standard institutionalized political structures and which attempts to realize certain relevant social objectives, such as environmental protection or community service. The author points out that, even though NGOs emerged in importance a mere two decades ago on the international scene, they are acknowledged as major players in most countries. The paper stresses that the government of the United States of America has started to recognize the valuable and important role that non-governmental organizations play in its policy making and implementation processes.
From the Paper
"According to the US Secretary General's remarks during the closing session of a DPI/ NGO Conference in New York, one must indeed be grateful and thank the founders of the United Nations, who had the basic wisdom and forethought to make a provision in the United Nations' Article 71, for consultations and discussions with the non-governmental organizations of the country. Perhaps, he went on to say, at that time, about sixty years ago, the fact that non-governmental organizations had a close contact with civil society, even in those days, made it a vital point in favor of the health of the Organization, and also for the basic well being of the people."
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Non-Governmental Organizations, 2004.
Research and analytical paper on a non-governmental organization's aid to Pakistan.
3,020 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
This is a research paper designed to determine the possible prospects of a non-governmental organization's ability to utilize its funds in Pakistan to help the country ameliorate its literacy rate. As part of the research, this paper also looks at potential problems and threats an NGO might encounter and their respective solutions. The paper concludes with an evaluation and opinion regarding the feasibility of establishing an NGO devoted to increasing literacy in Pakistan.
From the Paper
"The prospects for running a non-governmental organization are many. This is evident from the current status of education in Pakistan as explained and reviewed by some of the most credible international research agencies. As Oxfam International study reveals the appalling state of education in Pakistan in the following words, ?while the proportion of children not attending school in South Asia to the global total will fall by half by the year 2005, Pakistan will account for an increasingly larger share of children that are not attending school. In fact, the study warns that by 2005 Pakistan will account for 40 percent of the region's children out of school, compared to 27 percent in 1995? (State of Education in Pakistan, CARE). Reasons for extremely slow rate of literacy in Pakistan is attributed to innumerable factors."
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Governmental Acquisition, 2005.
This paper discusses the methods by which governmental acquisitions are made, especially Air Force's ABC method.
2,345 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that it is important for organizations, which deal with governmental acquisitions, to understand why the government does various things and what the organization must do; this will help them not only to comply with many of the financial management and regulations laws but also helps manage costs. The author points out the need to define outputs, to develop systems, to identify customers and to trace and to collect the costs of the various resources. The paper relates that the Air Force's ABC method looks at the various costs such as supplies, labor, travel funds and many other issues and calculates the costs of each of the outputs, the services and products that are created.
From the Paper
"Taking a governmental acquisition organization and utilizing an activity based management system is not something to be taken lightly. There is a great deal of effort involved in creating a system that will provide cost data that is reliable and even then the system does not have much value for the work that was put into it if it is not utilized to manage the resources that an organization has. Even after many processes have been improved and all of the serious difficulties have been addressed and worked out, management must utilize the system. If they choose to stop using it both performance and cost will likely suffer because systems such as this activity based management system need to continually be utilized by management in order to keep them working at the most efficient level."
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Non Governmental Organizations, 2007.
This paper explores the role of Non Governmental Organizations in the global war on poverty.
3,599 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 145.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and discusses the need for a reevaluation of their political, economic and social abilities. The paper explains that as a result of the NGOs being closer to the poor and therefore more capable of serving them, they are also potentially farther from the resources that fund them and the government agencies that create policies to help with such causes. The paper maintains that the need to bridge this gap is paramount to their future abilities.
Outline:
Introduction
NGO Strengths and Weaknesses
Government Support of NGOs
The Future of the NGO
From the Paper
"Non Governmental Organizations have been an important part in the global war on poverty since before the movement to eradicate poverty was called a war on poverty. Though government organizations, beginning with Roosevelt have played a crucial role in assistance and aide to individuals, groups and nations in an attempt to assist those in need, they are frequently not the agencies that do the very personal groundwork that is often required to elicit progress in development. (Kamat 2003: 65) NGOs, sometimes called civil society organizations or CSOs or community based organizations, CBOs depending on structure and focus, tend to be those agencies that actually provide resources and individuals directly to the people who need them, be it education and medical personnel and equipment, employment training, infrastructure development or even clean water and sustainable agricultural training procedures and equipment."
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Police Discretion, 2004.
This paper discusses the execution of discretion in judgment among police officers in specific situations.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the problem of discretionary police judgment, in some cases, clearly leads to abuses of police power, even among police who are academically educated and have attended structured training in discretionary decision-making. The author points out that any time a police department uses racial profiling as part of a process to decide whom to stop, that practice requires judgment and discretion on the part of the officers. The paper reveals that police officers routinely choose whom to stop for traffic violations and how to deal with them once they have been stopped because they do not have time to stop everyone who commits a traffic violation; but the departments should have clear priorities about traffic violations, so that officers can be free to deal with more serious issues, such as reckless driving and incidents of road rage.
Table of Contents
Public Substance Abuse
Different Neighborhoods Handled Differently
Racial Profiling
Traffic Violations
Public Soliciting
Public Drunkenness
Domestic Abuse
Public Disturbances
Police Chases
From the Paper
"When William Bratton, former New York City Police Commissioner, was interviewed, he argued that different neighborhoods might want laws enforced differently. He argued that this was the basis for ?community policing.? He said that different communities want different kinds of crime made a priority. He used Harlem as an example, and said that in 1994 and 1995 they had to deal with drug dealing, prostitution, gaming, and other public crimes. He also said that after public street problems were under control the police were under pressure to make more arrests, which to Bratton didn?t make sense (Newfield & Jacobson, 2000). However, it?s hard to imagine any neighborhood that would be willing to have those crimes, when taking place in full view of the public, ignored. If the police target drug dealing say, in Harlem, more than, say, the Upper East Side, charges of racism would inevitably follow. While there may be a place for police discretion, it should not be up to the police officer on the street to decide which public crimes get ignored and which get dealt with."
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