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Genetic Testing and the Application of Genetic Information, 2005.
A look at genetic testing in today's modern world and its applications and consequences in the business world, i.e. employment, health care and insurance.
8,130 words (approx. 32.5 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 226.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the full potential of genetic testing in today's world via its applications to the individual and the possible consequences of releasing genetic testing information to potential employers, health care entities and insurance companies. Outline Introduction The Technical Nature of Genetic Testing The Applications of Genetic Information Eugenics Genetic Determinism Genetic Discrimination Concluding Remarks Bibliography
From the Paper
"The positive and negative aspects of genetic testing/screening are numerous and as pointed out by the Mayo Clinic, one of the most technologically-advanced medical centers in the United States, genetic testing provides the opportunity to take a peek into an individual's potential health risks in the future which is especially important for families with a history of certain medical conditions, such as heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's disease and other life-threatening disorders. Also, genetic testing can greatly assist these families by allowing them to plan for the future and thus come to understand the overall health risks to themselves and to future generations" ("Genetic Testing: Weighing Its Benefits and Risks," Internet)."
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Genetically Modified Food, 2004.
This paper is an extensive discussion of genetic modification (GM) of food, also known as genetic engineering, genetic manipulation, gene technology, and recombinant DNA technology, which is the most recent application of biotechnology to food.
8,045 words (approx. 32.2 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 225.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, for many centuries, farmers fought pests using everything from usual plant-breeding techniques to chemicals, such as pesticides and herbicides; but, as new chemical treatments increased health and environmental concerns, gene modification became the agro-scientists? tool for advancing molecular biology. The author points out that over 40 plant varieties have completed all of the federal requirements for commercialization as per the FDA and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The paper explains that, although customers in the U. S. are accepting GM foods, customers in Japan are beginning to show a strong liking for unmodified fruits and vegetables in supermarkets offering both GM foods and unmodified foods.
Table of Contents
Do We Need Genetically Modified Food?
Does the Human Race Need GM Food?
Background Information on the Types of Plant Genetic Engineering
The Worldwide Issue of GM Food, Advantages and Disadvantages
How Prevalent are GM Foods?
What Plants Are Used?
Genetic Engineering Techniques
Other Issues
How GM foods are Regulated and the Government?s Role
What Limits are Put on Farmers?
How they are Labeled for the General Public?
Ethical and Social Aspects Involved and Implications for the Third World
From the Paper
"Genetically modified foods (GM foods or GMF) provide opportunities to swiftly enhance crop nature such as yield, pest resistance, or herbicide tolerance, which is not successful with conventional methods. From the predecessor to plastics to consumable vaccines, GM crops can be molded to make completely artificial substances. The methods of modern genetics have made it probable for the direct action of the genetic makeup of organisms. Using genetic engineering, plants from wild relatives, other distantly related plants, or almost any other organism can be relocated with simple genetic qualities into the crop."
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Genetically Engineered & Modified Foods, 2006.
An analysis of foods that have been genetically engineered or genetically modified.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the newly discovered phenomenon of genetically engineered and genetically modified foods that are being produced, sold and consumed in the United States of America. First, the paper describes and explains this phenomenon by using media sources. Then, it discusses various media sources and the concerns and questions they have regarding genetically engineered or modified foods. Finally, the paper notes concerns that neighboring countries, in this case Mexico, have for their own people and environments.
From the Paper
"Throughout the history of the United States, science has played a large part in the foods and products that the nation's citizens consume. From new foods that are imported and incorporated into the national crop and diet, to older, standby foods that are improved or used in new or different ways, American eating and consumption has long been shaped by technology and scientific advancement. And, as such shifts and innovations have made their way into the country's fields and barns and supermarkets and onto its dinner tables, the American media has also had much to say, for good or for bad, about how science is helping or hurting the consumers that depend on and utilize such developments."
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Genetics in Pigeons, 2006.
This paper explores genetics and the importance of genetic screening.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the concept of genetics as it applies to Darwin's natural selection within pigeon varieties. The paper presents, for a basic understanding, the concept of genetics, chromosomes and traits. The topic then shifts to genetic testing in early screening for newborns, why it's important and what can be done if the child tests positive, such as genetic counseling for all family members.
From the Paper
"In order to understand how the multitude of pigeon varieties came to exist, a basic understanding of genetics is required. The University of Utah's basic genetic lessons tell us that within each cell, chromosomes carry the genetic material from their parental DNA. Each pigeon parent contributes one complete set of its DNA to the offspring. According to the University of Utah, within the double helix DNA strand, genes are encoded which tell each cell what to do and allow for individuation and cell specialization. The combination of chromosomal matching from a pigeon's parents and the resulting genes that carries the basic encoding for pigment building proteins account for the majority of pigeon varieties."
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Genetic Engineering: Benefits Toward Society, 2001.
A persuasive paper describing the popular uneasiness revolving around genetic engineering. The paper provides counter examples to argue that genetic engineering causes more good than harm and that genetic engineering will lead society into the future.
1,845 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 15 sources, AU$ 77.95
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Genetically Modified Crops, 2007.
This paper discusses the risks vs. the benefits of genetically modified foods.
1,371 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the world-wide debate about genetically modified (GM) crops and explains the advantages and disadvantages of these products. The paper looks at the regulation of genetically modified foods in the United States and Europe and how GM food growth is drawing a political backlash. The paper discusses the powerful opposition of Greenpeace to genetic engineering. The paper concludes that as long as environmental organizations generate fear and doubt among politicians, retailers and the public, it will be almost impossible for the technology to break through, despite its benefits.
Outline:
Introduction
The Science of Genetic Engineering
Genetically Modified Foods and Hunger
Genetically Modified Foods and Biodiversity
Research for the Common Good
Growth of Genetic Engineering
Greenpeace
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The world wide debate about genetically modified crops has been a heated one, pitting biological progress against environmental conservation. The genetically modified foods issue involves complex factors including politics, international trade, and social and cultural norms. Advocates of GM foods say that the increased yields and decreased price of using genetically modified seeds can help to alleviate world hunger. However, progress is being hampered by over cautious environmentalists and consumers, mostly in Europe and Japan. These wealthy areas of the world can afford to take precautions that the starving people of the world cannot, but the preference of consumers in wealthy countries of whole, natural, organic foods is influencing impoverished countries."
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The Genetic Research Debate, 2008.
A presentation of the genetic research debate with a focus on the positive aspects of genetic research.
962 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of genetic research in the United States. It discusses the debate over the morality and ethics involved in genetic research and presents both sides of the argument. The paper specifically focuses on the benefits of genetic research and concludes that science should be free to pursue genetic research, which could have enormous benefits to humanity.
From the Paper
"Genetic research shows promise in other areas, as well. Genetic testing is a new form of medicine that uses genetics to look for defects and propensity for certain diseases even before a baby is born. If the baby is found to suffer from some kind of terminal illness or disease, the baby can be aborted before it is born, alleviating needless suffering in both child and parent. In addition, these genetic tests can tell if a person shares harmful genes that could lead to diseases such as cancer, and in some cases, early diagnoses of these diseases can lead to early treatment and a much better chance of recovery. There are also tests available that a person can send to a lab for analysis, but most doctors do not believe these tests are in the patient's best interest, because they could get the results, jump to the wrong conclusions, and make poor or even harmful decisions. A doctor notes, "[M]edical geneticists and genetic counselors must be available both to advise patients and to educate other health professionals about the value and interpretation of genetic tests" (Kahn). Genetic testing can make a difference in the lives of many people, and it can help diagnose diseases today that may be treatable tomorrow. Genetic testing is just another example of why genetic research is vital to this country and the world, and why science should be free to perform genetic research at all levels of scientific discovery."
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Genetic Testing: Forensic, Predictive and Carrier, 2008.
An examination of the goals and potential benefits of genetic testing in the areas of forensic testing, predictive testing and carrier testing.
1,147 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This work seeks to examine genetic testing in the light of the potential contribution of genetic testing specifically in the area of forensic testing, predictive testing and carrier testing. The paper first defines genetic testing and then discusses its goals. The paper then looks at the potential benefits that can be gained from using genetic testing.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Genetic Testing Defined
Use Of Genetic Screening
Guidelines For Genetic Testing
Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing
Forensics Genetic Testing
Summary And Conclusion
From the Paper
"Genetic testing applications offer great potential in today's society from early detection of disease, to exonerating the wrongfully accused, to identifying criminals that otherwise would have gone on to other commission of crimes, to paternity testing and the new possibility of correction of genetic abnormalities and this is only to list a few. Genetic testing has opened doors for scientific, medical health and prevention, and social advances in quality of life as well as water and food quality measures. Genetic testing is greatly beneficial in today's society."
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Genetic Counseling, 2008.
A discussion on genetic counseling with an emphasis on grief and bereavement counseling in relation to interpreting and making decisions about a genetic screening.
2,290 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that as genetic screening becomes more common so will the need to deal with persons who are displeased with its results and revelations. The paper then discusses how clinicians must acquire grief and bereavement counseling skills if they are to provide advice and information about interpreting and making decisions about a genetic screening. The paper emphasizes the importance of having such skills and presents examples of situations that illustrate why grief and bereavement counseling skills are so important in genetic screening. The paper concludes that, if the counseling experience is to be satisfactory, the counselor must help parents meet the immediate and long-term social needs of affected individuals in addition to their medical needs.
From the Paper
"However imperfectly it is disseminated, via phone, or arranging for another appointment at a later date, follow-up counseling is just as essential as follow-up physical care. Many counselors believe "the couple should be advised not to have another child until the grieving process has been completed. Counseling should be directed at helping the couple overcome feelings of guilt, feelings of decreased self-worth and feelings of defectiveness. Referral to support groups may be helpful or the use of non-judgmental counseling and support structures that are accessible within the couple's own community (Rosenfeld 1992:1). Providing advice about creating such groups within communities without access to the more extensive array of options in urban locations should be a long-term goal pursued by the health care community."
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Genetically Modified Foods, 2008.
A look at the argument for and against genetically modified (GM) or genetically engineered (GE) foods.
2,377 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ongoing debate over genetically modified (GM) or genetically engineered (GE) foods, which includes such issues as labeling, GM free stores and federal regulations. The paper first explains that GM or GE foods are defined as crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. The paper then relates that, despite FDA approval, opponents of GM foods can be found worldwide and their opposition concerns issues such as environmental violation, contamination of non-GM crops, harm to wildlife, and health hazards. Next, the paper looks and how those in favor of GM and GE foods point out the benefits of these foods, such as an increase in crop yield, an improvement in nutritional quality, economic growth, environmental protection, food for world poor, and health enhancement. The paper contends that it is important to educate consumers about these foods since it appears that their production will continue.
From the Paper
"From the beginning of discussions on regulations regarding GM foods, this topic has led to serious debates in government, organizations and consumers. Albert Gore, Jr. (D-Tenn.) held the first congressional hearing on the implications of genetic engineering in 1983. He used the example of the European gypsy moth and its destruction of the environment, stressing that the organisms being created today are completely new genotypes and their potential for environmental damage could be significant. He stated, it is essential that "we understand all the potential environmental ramifications of an organism before it is released into the ecosystem--instead of waiting and finding out about them after damage has occurred" (Gore, 1985, p. 12). Most American citizens who knew of this new field did not show support to alter plants and animals. They were insisting that biotechnology experiments be performed in sealed facilities and that any genetically modified products be strictly monitored."
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Genetic Testing, 2008.
This paper discusses genetic testing in forensic, predictive and carrier testing.
1,147 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper defines genetic testing, looks at the screening and testing techniques and examines guidelines for genetic testing. The paper discusses mitochondrial DNA sequencing and describes what is involved in forensic identification via genetic testing.
Outline:
Introduction
Genetic Testing Defined
Use of Genetic Screening
Guidelines for Genetic Testing
Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing
Forensics Genetic testing
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Genetic testing is also referred to as 'gene testing' and 'DNA tests' and is a process by which the individual's DNA is examined. DNA is the material which genes are composed of which serve to determine the specific characteristics of living things. DNA determines the individual's features and as well, genetic testing has the capacity to detect particular genes in terms of whether they are present, absent, or altered and specifically in detection of chromosome abnormalities through laboratory testing."
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Genetic Engineering: Cloning, 2006.
A review of the controversial issue of genetic engineering and cloning.
2,950 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the genetic engineering process of cloning. The paper opens with a discussion about genetics and the author's assertion that cloning humans will happen in the near future. Next, the paper studies the process of cloning, which naturally occurs botanically. The paper then turns to cloning among animals and -- ultimately -- human beings. After an analysis of recombinant-DNA formation, the paper concludes with a review of the debate over the morality of cloning.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
A. Background
1. What genetics and genetic engineering are.
2. Why cloning is tantalized.
B. Thesis Statement
II. Body
A. Cloning in Nature
1. Primary and Supplementary
2. Other examples from Nature
B. Artificial Techniques
1. For Plants
2. In Horticulture
C. Types and Techniques of Cloning
1. Molecular
2. Myths
3. Recombinant-DNA Formation
D. History of Cloning
1. From Spemann to
2. Japan
E. Moral Issues: The Controversy
1. For and Against
III. Conclusion
A. Brief Summary
B. Cloning has been going on for a long time, while cloning humans may seem very futuristic, it will happen in the near future.
IV. Appendices: Graphs
V. Annotated Bibliography
VI. Works Cited
From the Paper
"Some examples of cloning from nature are the primary reproductive mode and supplementary reproductive mode. The primary reproductive mode occurs in species whose reproduction is strictly asexual; each population consists of one or more clones, depending on the number of individuals in the colony there was to start. Such species include all bacteria and blue-green bacteria, most protozoans, algae, some yeast, and even some higher plants and animals, such as dandelions and flatworms. Supplementary reproductive mode occurs in some algae, which reproduce sexually and asexually. Those individuals formed by asexual reproduction, called zoospores constitute a clone. In the club mosses and some higher plants, a runner, or stem, grows horizontally along the surface of the soil and at intervals produces roots and upright stalks. When the sections of stem between stalks disintegrate, the separated individuals constitute a clone."
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Genetics & Cloning, 1996.
Discusses the recent developments in the field of genetics. Examines the successful cloning of a sheep in Scotland & efforts to create genetically engineered super drugs.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 40.95
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From the Paper
"Genetics today is on the cutting edge of biological science. Geneticists have already accomplished much with new strains of grains, plants, and even certain farm animals. They are trying to cure diseases through the creation of new strains of bacteria by means of recombinant DNA technology. Cloning is one of the techniques being used in genetic research and offers the promise of the development of new strains of plants and animals with specific traits. Cloning and other genetic research is also applicable to human beings, and this raises a number of ethical issues which have to be addressed before such research proceeds--if it is to proceed at all.
Cloning higher animals has proven to be difficult, but scientists have persevered and have produced clones of livestock, including sheep. Researchers in Scotland recently succeeded in ..."
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Genetic Engineering: In Search of Perfection, 2002.
An overview of genetic engineering and its future prospects in creating the 'perfect baby'.
1,958 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
In recent years, medicine has been so greatly affected by technological advances that it has gone beyond therapy and towards the limits of our imagination. Unlike a few years ago, when conceiving a baby girl or a baby boy was a matter of chance, today?s prospective parents can choose to alter the genetic make-up of their children in order to enhance their offspring's well-being in the future. This paper shows, however, that it is not clear if modern society is ready to face the consequences of genetic engineering. On one hand, scientists agree that, from a medical standpoint, genetic technologies do, in fact, hold promising potential. The paper shows that, on the other hand, genetic engineering focused on improvement of the human species involves profound ethical and political risks that are to be taken into serious consideration. The paper argues that not until we become fully aware of the issues surrounding genetic technologies should we pursue the illusion of creating a ?perfect baby? and intrude upon our children?s lives by intervening with their genes.
From the Paper
"What does modern germline engineering have to do with eugenics of the past? Obviously, contemporary genetic technologies are nowhere near encouraging or discouraging certain groups of people from reproduction. However, the science seems to be turning away from its primary purpose of bringing human beings to life free of diseases towards enhancing otherwise normal human beings. This trend looks like a resurrection of eugenics at a more advanced scientific level. Daniel Wikler confirms that people are clearly worried about genetic engineering moving ?from ?medical? concern for the individual to ?eugenic? ambitions for improving the gene pool in general?(because) this move was accompanied, early this (last) century, by great wrongs, harms justified by the greater good?? (14). Is germline engineering simply a new name for eugenics? "
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Virus Resistance and Genetic Engineering in Plants, 2009.
An examination of a wide variety of strategies for creating plants with built-in genetic defenses against devastating diseases.
3,207 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 23 sources, MLA, AU$ 120.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how genetic engineering (GE) has made it possible to alleviate food shortages by inducing viral resistance in plants. Since the discovery and development of genetic engineering methods, many strategies for introducing viral resistance into crop plants have been researched and implemented, and several are described. The author explains how both pathogen-derived resistance (PDR) and non-PDR methods show great promise for the future; crop yields of many different plants throughout the world can potentially benefit from GE technology. Papaya and potato are only two of a large number of food-producing plants that have already been engineered successfully, and more successes will certainly follow in future years.
Outline:
Introduction
Background of Genetic Engineering in Plants
Pathogen-Derived Resistance
Non-Pathogen-Derived Resistance
Using Genetic Engineering to Confer Viral Resistance
Genetically Engineered Resistance Strategies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Previous to the rise of genetic engineering, plant breeders had to rely on traditional methods of selecting for viral resistance in plants. This was a time-consuming and imprecise process; the development of transgene technology has allowed this to become a much more exact and effective science. While methods of introducing resistance into plants are advancing almost daily, there are a few solid methods that have been used consistently since their discovery, including coat-protein mediated resistance (CPMR), post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), ribosomal inactivating proteins, and resistance (R) genes. These differing methods can confer different types of resistance (e.g. against broad or narrow ranges of viruses) and are often chosen depending on which type of virus is being targeted (Dasgupta et al. 2003)."
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