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Genetic Testing and the Application of Genetic Information, 2005.
A look at genetic testing in today's modern world and its applications and consequences in the business world, i.e. employment, health care and insurance.
8,130 words (approx. 32.5 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 188.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the full potential of genetic testing in today's world via its applications to the individual and the possible consequences of releasing genetic testing information to potential employers, health care entities and insurance companies. Outline Introduction The Technical Nature of Genetic Testing The Applications of Genetic Information Eugenics Genetic Determinism Genetic Discrimination Concluding Remarks Bibliography
From the Paper
"The positive and negative aspects of genetic testing/screening are numerous and as pointed out by the Mayo Clinic, one of the most technologically-advanced medical centers in the United States, genetic testing provides the opportunity to take a peek into an individual's potential health risks in the future which is especially important for families with a history of certain medical conditions, such as heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's disease and other life-threatening disorders. Also, genetic testing can greatly assist these families by allowing them to plan for the future and thus come to understand the overall health risks to themselves and to future generations" ("Genetic Testing: Weighing Its Benefits and Risks," Internet)."
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Genetically Modified Food, 2004.
This paper is an extensive discussion of genetic modification (GM) of food, also known as genetic engineering, genetic manipulation, gene technology, and recombinant DNA technology, which is the most recent application of biotechnology to food.
8,045 words (approx. 32.2 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 187.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, for many centuries, farmers fought pests using everything from usual plant-breeding techniques to chemicals, such as pesticides and herbicides; but, as new chemical treatments increased health and environmental concerns, gene modification became the agro-scientists' tool for advancing molecular biology. The author points out that over 40 plant varieties have completed all of the federal requirements for commercialization as per the FDA and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The paper explains that, although customers in the U. S. are accepting GM foods, customers in Japan are beginning to show a strong liking for unmodified fruits and vegetables in supermarkets offering both GM foods and unmodified foods.
Table of Contents
Do We Need Genetically Modified Food?
Does the Human Race Need GM Food?
Background Information on the Types of Plant Genetic Engineering
The Worldwide Issue of GM Food, Advantages and Disadvantages
How Prevalent are GM Foods?
What Plants Are Used?
Genetic Engineering Techniques
Other Issues
How GM foods are Regulated and the Government's Role
What Limits are Put on Farmers?
How they are Labeled for the General Public?
Ethical and Social Aspects Involved and Implications for the Third World
From the Paper
"Genetically modified foods (GM foods or GMF) provide opportunities to swiftly enhance crop nature such as yield, pest resistance, or herbicide tolerance, which is not successful with conventional methods. From the predecessor to plastics to consumable vaccines, GM crops can be molded to make completely artificial substances. The methods of modern genetics have made it probable for the direct action of the genetic makeup of organisms. Using genetic engineering, plants from wild relatives, other distantly related plants, or almost any other organism can be relocated with simple genetic qualities into the crop."
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Genetically Engineered & Modified Foods, 2006.
An analysis of foods that have been genetically engineered or genetically modified.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the newly discovered phenomenon of genetically engineered and genetically modified foods that are being produced, sold and consumed in the United States of America. First, the paper describes and explains this phenomenon by using media sources. Then, it discusses various media sources and the concerns and questions they have regarding genetically engineered or modified foods. Finally, the paper notes concerns that neighboring countries, in this case Mexico, have for their own people and environments.
From the Paper
"Throughout the history of the United States, science has played a large part in the foods and products that the nation's citizens consume. From new foods that are imported and incorporated into the national crop and diet, to older, standby foods that are improved or used in new or different ways, American eating and consumption has long been shaped by technology and scientific advancement. And, as such shifts and innovations have made their way into the country's fields and barns and supermarkets and onto its dinner tables, the American media has also had much to say, for good or for bad, about how science is helping or hurting the consumers that depend on and utilize such developments."
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Genetics in Pigeons, 2006.
This paper explores genetics and the importance of genetic screening.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the concept of genetics as it applies to Darwin's natural selection within pigeon varieties. The paper presents, for a basic understanding, the concept of genetics, chromosomes and traits. The topic then shifts to genetic testing in early screening for newborns, why it's important and what can be done if the child tests positive, such as genetic counseling for all family members.
From the Paper
"In order to understand how the multitude of pigeon varieties came to exist, a basic understanding of genetics is required. The University of Utah's basic genetic lessons tell us that within each cell, chromosomes carry the genetic material from their parental DNA. Each pigeon parent contributes one complete set of its DNA to the offspring. According to the University of Utah, within the double helix DNA strand, genes are encoded which tell each cell what to do and allow for individuation and cell specialization. The combination of chromosomal matching from a pigeon's parents and the resulting genes that carries the basic encoding for pigment building proteins account for the majority of pigeon varieties."
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Genetic Engineering: Benefits Toward Society, 2001.
A persuasive paper describing the popular uneasiness revolving around genetic engineering. The paper provides counter examples to argue that genetic engineering causes more good than harm and that genetic engineering will lead society into the future.
1,845 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 15 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Genetically Modified Crops, 2007.
This paper discusses the risks vs. the benefits of genetically modified foods.
1,371 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the world-wide debate about genetically modified (GM) crops and explains the advantages and disadvantages of these products. The paper looks at the regulation of genetically modified foods in the United States and Europe and how GM food growth is drawing a political backlash. The paper discusses the powerful opposition of Greenpeace to genetic engineering. The paper concludes that as long as environmental organizations generate fear and doubt among politicians, retailers and the public, it will be almost impossible for the technology to break through, despite its benefits.
Outline:
Introduction
The Science of Genetic Engineering
Genetically Modified Foods and Hunger
Genetically Modified Foods and Biodiversity
Research for the Common Good
Growth of Genetic Engineering
Greenpeace
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The world wide debate about genetically modified crops has been a heated one, pitting biological progress against environmental conservation. The genetically modified foods issue involves complex factors including politics, international trade, and social and cultural norms. Advocates of GM foods say that the increased yields and decreased price of using genetically modified seeds can help to alleviate world hunger. However, progress is being hampered by over cautious environmentalists and consumers, mostly in Europe and Japan. These wealthy areas of the world can afford to take precautions that the starving people of the world cannot, but the preference of consumers in wealthy countries of whole, natural, organic foods is influencing impoverished countries."
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Genetic Engineering: Cloning, 2006.
A review of the controversial issue of genetic engineering and cloning.
2,950 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the genetic engineering process of cloning. The paper opens with a discussion about genetics and the author's assertion that cloning humans will happen in the near future. Next, the paper studies the process of cloning, which naturally occurs botanically. The paper then turns to cloning among animals and -- ultimately -- human beings. After an analysis of recombinant-DNA formation, the paper concludes with a review of the debate over the morality of cloning.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
A. Background
1. What genetics and genetic engineering are.
2. Why cloning is tantalized.
B. Thesis Statement
II. Body
A. Cloning in Nature
1. Primary and Supplementary
2. Other examples from Nature
B. Artificial Techniques
1. For Plants
2. In Horticulture
C. Types and Techniques of Cloning
1. Molecular
2. Myths
3. Recombinant-DNA Formation
D. History of Cloning
1. From Spemann to
2. Japan
E. Moral Issues: The Controversy
1. For and Against
III. Conclusion
A. Brief Summary
B. Cloning has been going on for a long time, while cloning humans may seem very futuristic, it will happen in the near future.
IV. Appendices: Graphs
V. Annotated Bibliography
VI. Works Cited
From the Paper
"Some examples of cloning from nature are the primary reproductive mode and supplementary reproductive mode. The primary reproductive mode occurs in species whose reproduction is strictly asexual; each population consists of one or more clones, depending on the number of individuals in the colony there was to start. Such species include all bacteria and blue-green bacteria, most protozoans, algae, some yeast, and even some higher plants and animals, such as dandelions and flatworms. Supplementary reproductive mode occurs in some algae, which reproduce sexually and asexually. Those individuals formed by asexual reproduction, called zoospores constitute a clone. In the club mosses and some higher plants, a runner, or stem, grows horizontally along the surface of the soil and at intervals produces roots and upright stalks. When the sections of stem between stalks disintegrate, the separated individuals constitute a clone."
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Genetics & Cloning, 1996.
Discusses the recent developments in the field of genetics. Examines the successful cloning of a sheep in Scotland & efforts to create genetically engineered super drugs.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 34.95
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From the Paper
"Genetics today is on the cutting edge of biological science. Geneticists have already accomplished much with new strains of grains, plants, and even certain farm animals. They are trying to cure diseases through the creation of new strains of bacteria by means of recombinant DNA technology. Cloning is one of the techniques being used in genetic research and offers the promise of the development of new strains of plants and animals with specific traits. Cloning and other genetic research is also applicable to human beings, and this raises a number of ethical issues which have to be addressed before such research proceeds--if it is to proceed at all.
Cloning higher animals has proven to be difficult, but scientists have persevered and have produced clones of livestock, including sheep. Researchers in Scotland recently succeeded in ..."
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Genetic Engineering: In Search of Perfection, 2002.
An overview of genetic engineering and its future prospects in creating the 'perfect baby'.
1,958 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
In recent years, medicine has been so greatly affected by technological advances that it has gone beyond therapy and towards the limits of our imagination. Unlike a few years ago, when conceiving a baby girl or a baby boy was a matter of chance, today's prospective parents can choose to alter the genetic make-up of their children in order to enhance their offspring's well-being in the future. This paper shows, however, that it is not clear if modern society is ready to face the consequences of genetic engineering. On one hand, scientists agree that, from a medical standpoint, genetic technologies do, in fact, hold promising potential. The paper shows that, on the other hand, genetic engineering focused on improvement of the human species involves profound ethical and political risks that are to be taken into serious consideration. The paper argues that not until we become fully aware of the issues surrounding genetic technologies should we pursue the illusion of creating a "perfect baby" and intrude upon our children's lives by intervening with their genes.
From the Paper
"What does modern germline engineering have to do with eugenics of the past? Obviously, contemporary genetic technologies are nowhere near encouraging or discouraging certain groups of people from reproduction. However, the science seems to be turning away from its primary purpose of bringing human beings to life free of diseases towards enhancing otherwise normal human beings. This trend looks like a resurrection of eugenics at a more advanced scientific level. Daniel Wikler confirms that people are clearly worried about genetic engineering moving "from 'medical' concern for the individual to 'eugenic' ambitions for improving the gene pool in general...(because) this move was accompanied, early this (last) century, by great wrongs, harms justified by the greater good..." (14). Is germline engineering simply a new name for eugenics? "
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Jean Paul Sartre, 2002.
A biographical account of the philosopher Jean Paul Sartre.
2,703 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper offers a biography of philosopher Jean Paul Sartre, known for his writings on existentialism and free will. The paper includes some comparisons to other philosophers with similar ideas, as well as a number of direct quotes and explanations of his work. The writer also shows how Sartre explored the concepts of freedom, the individual, genetics, and many others.
From the Paper
"Sartre, or some other theorist who know more about genetics might respond by arguing that genetics, while it might require a slightly larger limitation on the scope of our freedom than previously realized, wouldn't require us to reject the possibility of freedom. Indeed, we are aware that other factors come to play an intense role in the development of an organism. Indeed, the genetic component is what is responsible for the genotype, but we must also consider what is known as the phenotype."
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Genetic Screening, 2005.
A look at the science behind genetic screening and the controversy surrounding its use.
2,013 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the basic science that underlies genetic screening, describes the different applications of genetic screening, and investigates some of the common misconceptions and ethical questions about its use.
Outline
Scientific Basis of Genetic Screening
Application of Genetic Testing
Common Misconceptions
Social and Ethical Issues
From the Paper
"Genetic screening itself is simply "the systematic search within a population for persons possessing particular genotypes, which are either associated with disease, predisposing to disease, or leading to disease in descendants" (Miller). In simpler terms, genetic screening involves testing and determining whether "an individual's genetic material to predict present or future disability or disease either for oneself or one's offspring" (McCarrick). Essentially, genetic screening is conducted for several basic reasons, including the care of the ill and the prevention of disease, providing reproductive information, determining the incidence of disorders in the general population, and research (Miller)."
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Genetic Therapy, 2004.
An examination of the ethical and moral considerations related to genetic modification.
1,470 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
In today's society, the issue of genetic modification is a topic of interest for scientists, the medical profession, and the general public alike. The differences between germ-line genetic modification and somatic genetic modification are of particular interest to most, and within those differences lies a question which many find difficult to answer, that of the moral and ethical issues involved in each type of modification. This paper analyzes current literature on the topic and attempts to show that, while there are differences in the ethical and moral consideration between the two types of genetic modification, both are equally moral.
From the Paper
"Somatic genetic modification refers to the practice of introducing new genes into humans with the purpose of correcting genetic defects (Elias, Annas, 1992). From a morality standpoint, there are arguments both for and against this practice. First, opponents argue that the use of this form of gene modification may lead to the practice of inserting genes into humans that essentially change the characteristics of the person, reduce humans to technology, or alter the basic idea of being human, as opposed to correcting the defects of that human's genes (Elias, Annas, 1992). As both the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral research and the European Medical Research Council have determined, however, this argument is a fallible one. These two bodies have determined that the use of somatic genetic modification is, in reality, no different than our current practice of organ transplant or blood transfusions (Elias, Annas, 1992). Both are implemented with the distinct purpose of changing the existing human body to perform better."
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Genetically Modified Foods in Africa, 2004.
This paper discusses the debate surrounding the use of genetically modified (GM) foods as food aid to African countries.
1,955 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the debate over African nations refusing U.S. GM food aid encompasses a much larger scope than the Western debate over GM foods. The author points out that, not only must African nations consider the same human health and environmental implications of GM food as their Western counterparts, but also African countries must negotiate a minefield of political and economic concerns unique to the region. The paper states that the debate surrounding GM foods in Africa must take into consideration some uniquely African problems, including Africa's desperate need to feed its large population and the relative poverty of the African nations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background to Genetically Modified Foods and Food Aid
Arguments Supporting Genetically Modified Foods
Arguments against Genetically Modified Foods
The Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Food Aid
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Later reports noted that Zambia's decision was influenced strongly by the UK-based BMA's fears about the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in FM foods to bacteria, and the potential for GM foods to cause allergies. Supporters of GM foods argue that the Zambia's decision was based on bad advice from the BMA. For example, the South African head of AfricaBio notes, "The American Medical Association backs GM food, as does the Royal Society in Britain, the Third World Academy of Sciences and the Food and Agriculture Organization". "
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Genetic Engineering, 2003.
A discussion of the potential of genetic engineering in the cure of many diseases and the debate surrounding its use.
1,567 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper provides insight into genetic engineering and gene therapy, the changing of an organism's genes in order to remove unwanted characteristics within an organism or to add other characteristics. In particular, it examines how genetic engineering techniques can be used to identify and treat certain diseases as well as aid doctors in creating custom-made drugs for specific patients. It shows that while the current application of genetic engineering on humans is limited, the hope is that genetic engineering will be able to treat many common diseases. It also describes the controversial issues surrounding its use with doctors, ethicists, religious groups and politicians and examines why science should be careful when applying this technology.
From the Paper
"The use of gene therapy began on September 14, 1990 and was use to treat a four-year old girl who was suffering from adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. This is a fatal disease that attacks the immune system. The problem was that her cells were not creating the ADA enzyme necessary for the immune functions of the cells. Doctors at the National Institute of Health in Bethesda Maryland removed blood cells from the patent and modified them with a viral vector from normal ADA genes. When the blood was infused back into the girl's blood stream, the ADA gene programmed the cells to produce the missing enzyme. This helped the girl to develop a resistance to infection, albeit temporarily (Isasi, 2002)."
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Genetically Modified Agriculture, 2005.
This paper argues that genetically modified agriculture leads to poverty in the Third World and other problems.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although supporters of genetically modified agriculture claim that it increases crop yield, increases the nutritional content in the food and decreases the use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers; there are several concerns about the negative effects of this practice, especially for the Third World. The author points out that a major problem of genetically modified crops being used in the Third World is its cost for the seeds, which means that small farmers need to indenture to big firms, and, once genetically modified framing is used, soil nutrients are exhausted drastically and it becomes difficult to return to traditional farming with limited fertilizing. The paper urges that, while agricultural biotechnology is still young, the benefits and the risks of genetically modified agriculture should be considered more thoroughly especially its effect on the Third World even though this area suffers from lack of highly nutritional food.
From the Paper
"Some people, especially children, are highly allergic to certain types of foods like peanuts. According to Wesley Burks, the Chief of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, allergic reactions to genetically modified food are usually limited to the skin and respiratory tract. Symptoms include urticaria, angioedema, pharyngeal edema, wheezing, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Genetically modified foods may accidentally introduce a new allergen because modern technology makes genes possibly be introduced to totally dissimilar species, for example a cow gene can be put into a plant. Dr. Martha R. Herbert, a pediatric neurologist said that "with genetic engineering, familiar foods could become metabolically dangerous or even toxic." It is true that if the crop itself is not toxic or dangerous, it could still upset the complex biochemical networks and create new bioactive compounds or change the concentrations of those normally present."
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Blue Jeans and Society, 2006.
A look at the history of denim jeans and the impact denim has had on society.
2,325 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the intertwined, complicated history of denim jean fabric and how the name came about. This paper also takes a look at how the denim jean fabric has had an impact on society, fashion and culture.
Contents:
Introduction
The Origin of Jeans
Technical Aspects: What is Denim?
The History of Blue Jeans
Impact on Society
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are several sources which ascribe various meanings to the word denim. Many of the source books on the subject state that denim is derived from the English translation of the South of France French phrase 'serge de Nimes'. Denim fashion history has therefore become associated with Serge de Nimes. (Denim Jeans - Fashion History). The Serge de Nimes was originally a wool silk mix, twill weave. There was also fabric which was known as "nim" in France and both these fabrics were composed partly of wool. (A history of Denim)
The word "Jeans" is considered by most source to come from 'Genoese'. This was the name give to Italian sailors in Genoa who "...when at sea dressed in blue fustian fabric composed of a cotton and wool or linen blend." (The Blue Jeans Story) Another European fabric made from a cotton, linen and wool blend "... was known as 'jean' after the sailors of Genoa, Italy, who wore it." (Denim Jeans - Fashion History)"
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