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Gender and Technology Theory, 2008.
An essay arguing that modern technology is not contributing towards closing the gender gap between men and women and that it is the social constructs that encourage gender specific technology that must be changed.
985 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, rather than being gender neutral, modern technology is actually quite gender specific. The paper then sites several examples of technology that support this contention and suggests that the technology also seems to imply that women are less competent or less able to operate technology as well as men and need adapted technology. The paper concludes that technology has not 'liberated' women in that technology remains a gendered subject and that, if we want to advance the prospects of women, we must first create cultural change, as technological advances do not automatically promote gender inequality .
From the Paper
"The creation of gendered technology has continued at a strong pace, no longer a domain of household gadgets or curling irons but a realm that includes reproductive technologies serving women, as technology supporting child-bearing women. Women are unwittingly helping a new technology sector from which males profit in the growing numbers to have children later in life, to engage in sex selection, or to demand children through relatively to very high risk cases. This technological enterprise can perhaps be seen as post-industrial child-bearing as a new industry carrying on from the industrial era. In sum, technology has not 'liberated' women in that technology remains a gendered subject. Those who expected something different are advised to trace the much longer history of gender as a socially constructed phenomenon. Cultural change must be created to alter ideas of gender, as opposed to hoping that technological advances will progress the prospects of women."
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Gender and Technology, 2002.
Explores the affects of technology on the genders.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
The increasing prevalence and acceptance of new technologies in modern society has had myriad effects on both individuals and cultures. One of the more unique perspectives on the increasing acceptance of technology within society is that technology is a gendered concept, where specific forms of technology can be applied to either male or female users. This paper investigates the role of gendered technologies in respect to Western society, where the development of modern culture reflects the use of technologies that apply to men and women, respectively.
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Gender and Technology, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of gendered careers and the role of technology.
1,686 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that one of the greatest changes that has impacted working conditions and careers has been the advent and rapid growth of technology. This massive change has also impacted women workers. The writer discusses that one might have expected that technology would have had a primarily positive impact, given that technology reduces the importance of brute physical strength, and that this is the only variable in which most women have any intrinsic disadvantage, relative to most men. However, the writer maintains that in general, technology does not seem to have been to the advantage of women. The writer argues that technology has had a negative impact on women workers and their careers. This is due not to technology itself, but rather to persistent, sexist stereotypes about what is "natural" for men and women.
From the Paper
"Sim and Yong blame this gender-based polarization on gender-based socialization and stereotyping that negatively impacts women's education and skills training. While this is at last declining, it still functions to prevent most women from gaining the career benefits from technology that are available to so many men."
"When it comes to higher level jobs, and especially jobs that are in high-tech fields such as computerization, medicine, science, and engineering, there appears to be a widespread trend for sexist perceptions about women's abilities to function as a bar that prevents most women from benefiting from the career opportunities opened up by new technology. For example, Whitney notes that women in medicine are still subject to discrimination with regard to admission to medical school, residency selections, appointment of faculty, and advancement. Indeed, Adams argues that medicine has been characterized by active hostility towards the incursions of women physicians, as has dentistry."
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Gendered Technologies and Gendered Jobs, 2002.
A comparison between women studying and working with computer technology and the sciences in North America and women studying science and technology in Asia.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 186.95
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Abstract
Explores how the gendered development of technology in a research setting impacts the gendered use of technology in the industrial or commercial setting, as well as the cultural barriers to women's advancement in the high-tech economy.
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The Failure of Technology to Induce Gender Equality., 2008.
A discussion on how gender can be defined in terms of technology.
2,554 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, rather than than serving as a force of gender equalization, technology seems to feature gender distinctions, and can be applied too, to reinforcing further distinctions of the kind. The paper relates that, if the technology of a society helps to reveal some of its principal activities and shines light on social values, beliefs and activities, one comes to see much in post-industrial North American society that does point to differences in women's expected concerns, activities and abilities, what they need that men do not need so often, and how time is spent. The paper concludes that women still have not received gender equity by way of technology.
Outline:
Introduction
Observations of Gender & Technology in a 24-Hour Period
An 'Archaeological' Reflection
Discussion
Gender as a Social Construction
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"If technology is understood as a machine replacing or easing human An effort, as in different kinds of mechanization, one assumes gender neutrality, but in an urban North American environment, everyday technology can seem gender specific. The following examples were encountered in one day.
"A supermarket revealed an entrance geared to persons in wheelchairs or 'mothers' with prams, the symbol of a sign indicating this wider entrance referring to a female with pram and children who would obviously use this convenience. In a hairdresser's supply shop, no fewer than twelve electric appliances were counted in a few minutes, all promoted in ways to show different curling irons, crimping irons, rollers and particular blow-dryers, as products used by women. A mechanic then noted that the car I drove had a standard transmission, commenting that many women preferred automatic transmissions. He seemed to believe that the latter had been invented for women. At a computer supply shop, a salesman took time to understand that I wished to know about software for architectural drawings. The packaging of two products happened to feature male models as though architectural drawing was not a female interest. An apartment building's power-assisted entrance was used by disabled persons and women, though there might just as easily have been two entrances featuring power-assisted doors. Similarly, a business that sold vacuum cleaners stressed light-weight canister vacuum cleaners on sale that were said to appeal to many woman customers. Lastly, two people with whom I spoke complained that female members of their households spent "hours yacking on the Internet" in reference to Email or MSN communication."
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"Technologies of Gender", 2002.
Analyzes Teresa de Lauretis' book "Technologies of Gender: Essays of Theory, Film, and Fiction" which discusses the role film plays in the forming of gender identity.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the book "Technologies of Gender: Essays of Theory, Film, and Fiction" by Teresa de Lauretis (1987). De Lauretis analyses the ways that film produces gender identities. For de Lauretis, this is achieved through the technologies of cinema, so that identity is produced in the contexts of visual tools.
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A Gendered Career - Women and Technology, 2008.
A look at the argument that modern technology has had an effect on gender roles.
2,602 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the appropriation of new technologies has had a great impact on the changing face of the female gender role. The paper uses the arguments presented by Ruth Schwartz Cowan in her article, "More Work For Mother" as a starting point to discuss domestic technologies from the early twentieth century to those of today. The paper also refers to an article and book written by Christine Frederick (1883-1970), one of the earliest women to merge the public sphere of business and the private sphere of the home as well as other scholarly articles dealing with the domestic sphere. The paper concludes that the literature demonstrates that, in the beginning bearing children was practically the main occupation of women, but as time progressed and medical advancements were made, this duty, instead of being an addition to a woman's resume, remains a headliner. Living in the 21st century most Americans no longer fully support the idea that we should divide labor by gender but the belief that women, not men, are primarily responsible for the care of the home is still not uncommon.
From the Paper
"In today's society being a homemaker has in many ways returned to what it originally was. Housewives of the 21st century are often of the middle to upper-middle class, enjoying nannies and maids. Those who aren't in this economic division but are sill homemakers also may rely on much of what Christine Frederick so strongly preached about, scientific home management. With busy schedules and constant activities housewives of today have a lot on their "to-do" lists. What I am finding as I begin to enter the career world is that there is a great divide between women who choose to stay at home and women who choose to pursue careers. It has now become a statement of self worth as if women who remain in domestic arenas have let down the grand progressive movements of feminist. "
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Cross-Cultural Gender and Gender Relations in Horticultural Societies, 2002.
This paper examines the gender roles in horticultural societies.
1,990 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper shows the difference that agriculturists, sedentary lifestyles, and social differentiation made in gender relationships.
From the Paper
"The first evidence of agriculturists, sedentary lifestyles, and social differentiation that archaeologists and anthropologists have distinguished come from groups termed Horticulturists. Though the past record remains relatively scant in regards, anthropologists have used existing ones as a locus of study and interpretation. More numerous than surviving hunter-gatherer groups, horticultural societies also show an incredible range of gender diversity between groups, more numerous, in fact, than any other extent societal model. The quantity of studies that has come as a result of this are astounding. Those done in the area of New Guinea alone, home to at least two hundred different horticultural societies, provide ample evidence to add weight to the debate of nurture over nature, by sheer examples of the differences in living and understanding gender roles in such a relatively small and homogenous environmental area. "
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Gender Issues and Third Gender Problems, 2002.
A look at how transsexuals fit into society.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
This six-page undergraduate paper discusses gender from anthropological perspective and finds out how transsexuals are treated in different societies of the world. While males and female may fight each other over who is stronger, they are the fortunate ones for they belong to two accepted genders but for transsexuals adjusting to the norms of restrictive societies may not be easy as they are not considered a part of the social fabric in many cultures of the world.
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Technology and Women, 2002.
A critical analysis of the article ?Technology and Gender in Aldous Huxley?s Alternative Worlds? by June Deery.
715 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews an article by June Deery, which focuses on how Aldous Huxley presents technology, especially how it impacts on the social body as a whole and women in particular. The paper discusses the author's opinion that what is NOT said in the article about the position of women, speaks volumes on Huxley's view of women.
From the Paper
"The focus of Brave New World, as Deery states, is how changes in technology will impact on society. Huxley presents his views by describing a society that is based exclusively on technology. Birth, sex, raising children, and every other component of society is reduced to a technological focus. In presenting the society, all these technological innovations are commented on with the fault in the system being seen. This is achieved because Huxley takes the technology to the extreme. The fault in presenting women that Deery argues is based on comparing Huxley?s treatment of technology to the treatment of women. As the author argues, while the technology-based society is commented upon by Huxley, the role of women in the society is not. By not commenting or questioning the role of women, Huxley is in fact saying that the treatment of women is acceptable. The problem in this thinking is related back to the purpose of the work. Huxley intended to focus on technology as part of society. To achieve this he took current society as it was and applied technology to it. Thus, maintaining women in their role may not be a comment on the future of women, but simply a reflection of their current place. The purpose of Huxley?s work was not to focus on gender issues and this explains why they have not been commented upon."
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Gendered Criminology Theory, 2008.
An examination of the theories of crime and gender put forward in the article, "Gender and Crime: Toward a Gendered
Theory of Female Offending," written by Emilie Steffensmeier.
1,151 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper examines gendered criminology theory. It specifically analyzes the article, "Gender and Crime: Toward a Gendered
Theory of Female Offending," written by Emilie Steffensmeier. The paper discusses the content of the article and looks at the author's views and arguments related to theories of crime that take into account female and gender difference.
From the Paper
"Possibly the most significant of the key components is the focus on contextually. This aspect has been largely ignored by other theoretical approaches. The study is also significant in the incorporation into its theoretical framework of gender roles and stereotypes in the explanation of crime. For example, the significance and utility of the gendered perspective as advocated by this theory can be seen it its ability to explain why the reportage of female crime is highest in the category of minor offences, such as shoplifting ands passing bad checks. This aspect is seen against the tendency for women to focus on relationship aspects and protection of their families, whereas these crimes in a male context are largely the result of status protection. It is felt that this gendered theory holds a great degree of promise for future exploratory understanding of this complex issue"
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Gender Roles in Two Plays, 2002.
This paper examines the way in which two plays - "Tea" by Velina Hasu Houston, and "S.A.M. I Am" by Garrett Omata - treat the issue of gender and gender roles.
1,062 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how the issue of gender and gender roles have been a major theme in Western literature for some time and how it takes on a somewhat different tinge in Asian-American theater, no doubt because of the gender differences that exist in the East as opposed to the West. It shows how in Asian-American theater, gender differences are often depicted in generational terms, with a sharp contrast developed between those who have immigrated here from the East and those who were born here, or between those who can adapt and those who cannot. This paper contrasts "Tea" by Velina Hasu Houston, a drama, with "S.A.M. I Am" by Garrett Omata, a comedy, and shows how the plays treat the same issues in different ways.
From the Paper
"Houston develops her story with four women, Japanese wives of American military personnel. They are living on a base near Junction City, Kansas, far from their Japanese roots. Their lives are difficult because of long periods of separation from their husbands and harsh living conditions, and in addition, they experience a degree of social alienation and homesickness as well as cultural shock. Some develop feelings of anger at their situation and resentment at having had to give up their own culture and adapt to another. Himiko is the central character and the woman who is not able to make the transition successfully, leading to the murder of her husband and her own suicide. This takes place before the play begins so that she is talked about even as her spirit appears to comment on the proceedings:.."
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Gender and Sociology, 2006.
This paper explores gender identification and roles through a variety of angles.
960 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explores how man defines himself in terms of gender. Several theories of gender identification are presented, each within its own particular field. The author gives examples of the biological basis of gender, the psychological basis, cultural perspectives, and socially constructed theories. Additionally, the main character from "Six Degrees of Separation" is used as an example of gender identity through social constructs. The paper concludes that gender is continuously defined through a lifetime of experiences.
Outline
Biological Arguments Gender
Psychological Theories of Gender
Cross Cultural Perspective and Gender Identity
Socially Constructed Gender Theories and Gender as a Social Institution
Six Degrees of Separation
From the Paper
"Kimmel suggests that gender is not something that someone is born with but rather is a social institution that people create as a result of interaction, beliefs and values. Gender is an institution that people either widely accept as one way or another. Within any given society there are cultural norms that people identify with and that help shape their behaviors, values and beliefs. Gender differences thus can be easily created as an institution and can be representative of inequality when that inequality is supported or constructed by society at large (Kimmel, 2000). Kimmel suggests that inequalities are created as norms and arise within relationships, within families and even in the workplace or any other environment in which people work intimately (Kimmel, 2000). "
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Gender Discrimination in the Canadian Workplace, 2005.
An examination of gender discrimination in the Canadian workplace and a person's right to chooses their gender.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how, when people discuss gender relations, specifically gender discrimination in the Canadian workplace, they usually conduct their discussion on the presumption that there are only two genders - male and female. The writer proposes that gender relations have become much more complex than this, and the paradigm of just two, opposite genders is increasingly being challenged. The paper analyses some of the repercussions of this aspect of gender relations in the Canadian workplace. There is a rising tide of gender activists who are questioning the binary paradigms that pervade our thinking about gender relations, e.g. man OR woman, gay OR straight, etc.
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Gender as Performance, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis of Judith Butler's perspective on gender as performance while reviewing her article "Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire".
1,968 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer notes that explaining and critiquing Judith Butler's notion of gender as performance requires examining her article, "Subjects of Sex/Gender/Desire" and comparing Butler's views to those of other feminists and sociologists. The writer points out that Butler's notion of gender as performance is primarily based on her interpretations of Foucault and Nietzsche and can best be described as calling upon women to challenge the language of internalization by physically signifying their very essence, style, and necessity. The writer concludes that Butler's approach to formulating a feminist language involves overcoming cultural constructs of gender by redefining gender as performance and rejecting outmoded forms of expressing gender identity and sexuality.
From the Paper
"In practical terms, this means that acts, gestures, and expressions of desires create the illusion of a socially conformist gender identity, which reflects society's determination to regulate sexuality in accordance with traditional standards of acceptable conduct and behavior."
"Through insights such as this, sociologists like Butler have contributed to a broader understanding of gender issues, for they have studied unexamined aspects of gender such as the sexuality of women who have desires considered to be on the margins of society, and have examined manifestations of gender behavior that lie outside the traditional areas of social interaction. Some of their conclusions have stirred controversy, but this is to be expected in a prevailing social and cultural environment which discourages frank discussions about sexuality."
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Gender Socialization, 2002.
A paper which examines the role of gender-specific toys on gender roles in society.
1,543 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that gender roles are perpetuated and learned through gender socialization and that toys are considered a type of gender socializing agent. The paper argues that social formation of gender by the means of toys is detrimental to the whole equity of society, because it reinforces gender differentiation and sexism. The paper gives several examples of toys which promote gender-specific messages such as baby dolls and play make-up for little girls. Finally, the paper looks at ways to reverse gender stereotyping in our society and shows how several toy manufactures are shedding the gender stereotypes on their products.
From the Paper
"Thus, gender distinctions imposed by societal culture and framework define the behaviors of male and female individuals, which are arranged in a pattern. Women cannot do the things prescribed for men, and vice versa. Hence, we observe that toys are a form of gender socialization, which in turn, transmits the gender roles. In turn, gender roles contribute to cultural and social framework, which are imposed upon newborns through the socializing agents, such as toys. This forms a cycle that explains how gender role socialization reflects and constitutes the framework of the American society."
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