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Gender as an American Co-Culture, 2006.
A look at gender roles and the confusing issues that surround this controversial topic.
3,077 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 145.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at how the cultural phenomenon of equality has led America to fall under a sublime spell of believing that despite obvious differences, men and women are the same. The paper discusses the cultural influences that seep into the everyday lives of the average American leave conflicting notions on the mind about gender and its roles.
Outline:
Gender Culture
Women are from Venus
Men are from Mars
Gender Roles
Independence vs. Connection
Competition vs. Cooperation
Internal vs. External
Larger vs. Smaller
Communication: Language of Gender
Speaking Masculine
Speaking Feminine
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Male culture tends to be removed from emotion and more reserved to reason. Pragmatism, function over form, is a big part of the co-culture in contrast to irrational emotions. Being overly emotional for a boy can lead to being called names like girly or sissy. To be compared to a woman demeans a man's masculinity and status. Emotion is in opposition to logic and reason, and directly associated with the female. To combat loosing status by being unmanly, men are more detached than women from their emotions. They react to larger passions like anger and love, which are considered appropriate to react to, and not the brief fleeting feelings of everyday aspects of life. Such emotions are considered trivial, and would distract from getting things done. Not only do emotions hamper progress, but they make a man look weak, demeaning his authority and status."
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Native-American Family Culture, 2007.
This paper explores Native-American culture, focusing on family life.
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer presents an examination of family life with a focus on the Native-American community. The writer explores child rearing, parenting, moral training, infant care and other aspects of the Native-American culture and presents it in a cohesive fashion. The writer notes that the Native-American population continues to blend its foundation with American life to create a situation in which they can live cohesively while not forgetting who they are and where they came from. The writer concludes that as Americans become more tolerant of equal genders and get further away from corporal punishment of children the American culture will become more similar to the Native-American culture, and perhaps learn from a people that has maintained their integrity through almost constant assault.
From the Paper
"The concept of family is important in almost every culture in the world. How one raises children, treats children and support children is instrumental in any culture. Native Americans have struggled for many years to maintain their individual culture and tradition in a world that has spent 200 years trying to strip it away. One of the more difficult elements of maintaining that culture has been in the area of family. Family traditions, and Native American culture have clashed with modern America and the result for many has been confusion, depression and anger as children and teenagers rebel against their parent's wishes. While this is common in almost all family cultures the Native American culture also wrestles with prejudice and bias against their ways. Today, many Native Americans are striving to raise their children with respect for modern ways while still maintaining the traditions of their heritage."
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Gender in Asian-American Literature, 2006.
A review of John Okada's 'No No Boy', Jhumpa Lahiri's 'The Namesake' and Nina Revoyr's 'Southland', focusing on the issue of gender portrayal.
1,340 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews three pieces of Asian-American literature, analyzing the portrayal of gender in these novels. The three works the paper reviews are John Okada's 'No No Boy', Jhumpa Lahiri's 'The Namesake' and Nina Revoyr's 'Southland'. The paper discusses how these books do much to provide information on the Asian-American ethnic identity but, as with any other fiction, they present the authors' subjective points of view and readers must be alert to their ethnic authenticity and transnational analytic limitations.
From the Paper
"On the one hand Ma rejects western culture for herself and her children, but Ichiro is still drawn by American culture and disregards most of Ma's nationalistic beliefs. She is unwilling to accept his rejection and pretends it is due to his illness: "We will talk later when you are feeling better... Think more deeply and your doubts will disappear. You are my son, Ichiro" (Okada 15). Ichiro sees that "Ma is the rock that's always hammering, pounding, pounding, pounding in her unobtrusive, determined, fanatical way until there's nothing left to call one's self. She's cursed me with her meanness and the hatred that you cannot see but which is always hating..."(Okada 12). Yet, on the other hand, Mr. and Mrs. Yamada came to the U.S. to give their sons the opportunity to have an American education "which would make them better men in Japan" (205). "
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Race, Gender, and Latin American Eugenics, 2008.
This essay discusses Nancy Leys Stepan's "The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America" and evaluates how theories of "racial improvement" aided modernization in Latin America.
1,185 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the conceptualization of 'science' as purely objective and entirely distanced from the influences of politics. Specifically, this paper looks at the science of eugenics as extremely popular in many nations from the turn of the century until the 1940's. Instead of being purely 'science', as many conceptualized, eugenics was used to justify racial segregation and oppression, in Europe, North America and also in Latin America. According to Nancy Leys Stepan, simply because Latin American eugenics was not used as a tool of state policy on the same level of brutality as in Nazi Germany, does not mean that it was not still deployed by scientists and state officials alike to control human behavior.
From the Paper
"Latin American eugenics was driven by the desire to purify the physical appearance and morality of the nation. Gender, and the presumed inferior place of women also fueled the structure of the health policy, as monitoring the female body and creating the perfect mother was the justification for the compulsory registration of pregnant women and enforced medical exams for the 'good' of the baby and future citizen. Within the bodies of mothers, the new nation would be born, thus (as in Nazi Germany, but with a different scientific justification and emphasis on propagation rather than annihilation) the state 'owned' the body of the woman."
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Gender and Culture, 2008.
This paper discusses and compares gender roles within American and African cultures.
1,291 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that culture plays an important part in defining gender and gender roles in society. In fact, even within the same culture there may be considerable differences that occur due to the cleavage between urban and rural settings. The writer discusses that generally speaking, a rural environment usually follows tradition rather than modernization which is equal to traditional gender roles. The traditional gender role in the case of women implies taking care of the household and offspring, which is eventually conducive to a certain degree of confinement and isolation primarily due to being unemployed. This paper looks at the situation as far as gender roles in two dramatically different cultures, i.e. American and African cultures, and consequently provides an assessment of the impact of these differences on society as a whole, and on the individual.
From the Paper
"An immensely culturally rich society as the American one offers a very interesting model of gender roles. Moreover, one must also consider the economic character and opportunities that have contributed to shaping this particular gender role pattern. The biggest influence on gender roles can be found in the 1960s when the wave of student protests, civil rights movement, and sexual revolution was very strong generating an incredible shift in values which ultimately led to a change in mentalities. The advent of birth control, along with economic recession led to a decrease in birthrates and a considerable increase in the rate of women entering the labor force. Another important factor was that more and more jobs that had been traditionally reserved for men became available to women. In fact, there was a higher degree of openness between genders in the sense that more women were getting access to previously male-dominated fields while more and more men turned to traditionally 'women's professions' such as nursing and teaching."
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The Cherokee and the Native American Gender Spectrum, 2005.
An overview of the concept of two-spirited individuals in Native American culture.
2,579 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept and historical social role of two-spirited individuals in Native American cultures and explores the relationship of the Cherokee social structure and gender roles with respect to the various dimensions of the two-spirit concept.
From the Paper
"Perhaps the most important practical aspect of traditional Cherokee gender roles is the division of labor, while the most important social aspect is that of matrilineage. Women produced all the major household necessities, such as pottery, baskets, and many other crafts, and supplied their household with firewood and water. They were generally responsible for planting, tending and harvesting crops as well as gathering wild edible plants, and of course, the bearing and nurturing of children. Men, on the other hand, produced hunting and fishing tools as well as weapons and canoes, all of which they used to perform their traditional gender-designated labor activities including the hunting game and warfare."
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Cross-Cultural Gender and Gender Relations in Horticultural Societies, 2002.
This paper examines the gender roles in horticultural societies.
1,990 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper shows the difference that agriculturists, sedentary lifestyles, and social differentiation made in gender relationships.
From the Paper
"The first evidence of agriculturists, sedentary lifestyles, and social differentiation that archaeologists and anthropologists have distinguished come from groups termed Horticulturists. Though the past record remains relatively scant in regards, anthropologists have used existing ones as a locus of study and interpretation. More numerous than surviving hunter-gatherer groups, horticultural societies also show an incredible range of gender diversity between groups, more numerous, in fact, than any other extent societal model. The quantity of studies that has come as a result of this are astounding. Those done in the area of New Guinea alone, home to at least two hundred different horticultural societies, provide ample evidence to add weight to the debate of nurture over nature, by sheer examples of the differences in living and understanding gender roles in such a relatively small and homogenous environmental area. "
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Gender and Pop Culture in Post-WWII America, 2004.
A paper discussing the changing perceptions and depictions of gender in popular culture in post-WWII America.
1,456 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the transformation of gender in American popular culture in the period since World War II. It includes examinations of film, music, and television, and how gender roles have shifted in these areas.
From the Paper
"Popular culture permeates virtually everything that we encounter in our daily lives, and the way that gender is presented has an undeniable impact on our society. Since World War II, some aspects of gender in popular culture have changed tremendously, while many others have continued to remain more or less the same. The gender gap in American pop culture has diminished considerably, but there is no question that it is still very much in existence."
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Western Culture and Gender Roles, 2002.
An analysis of the concepts of gender roles in Western culture through a review of Greek literature and Christian heritage.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper will focus on the historical roots of these gender roles. Specifically a selection of texts from classical Greece and the Christian heritage of western culture will be examined. Initially, the creation myth as it is presented in "Genesis" will be analyzed. Subsequently, a selection from the writings of the classical Greek philosopher Aristotle will be considered. Analysis of both of these texts will serve to establish the roots of patriarchy in the two streams of thought at the basis of western culture. Finally, the work of Plutarch will be considered.
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Culture: A Powerful Gender Guide, 2001.
A discussion on how the culture play a role in women's development
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
This essay presents a detailed examination of the way culture affects a woman?s image. The writer uses several readings to illustrate how culture impacts a woman?s image and determines their place in their culture. In addition, the writer compares and contrasts the three readings to discuss the impact of culture on each woman in the readings. Culture in this instance includes factors such as the way the women have been raised, where they live, social issues, political stances and contemporary issues.
From the Paper
"Throughout the world, various cultures play important roles in gender development, expectations and lives. Each culture has its own personality, which drives the acceptance of certain standards, and trends when it comes to the way women are impacted and affected. Cultural influence is more than religion or race traditions. It also takes into consideration the way women are raised, political stances of the cultural society that the women live in as well as other underlying elements. While the cultures differ world wide, there is one common denominator. Women are indeed affected through their cultures.
Many times authors use their work to reflect a norm, whether or not they agree with the norm. In three separate arenas, authors have taken to task the portrayal of cultural influence on the women of that culture. Maxine Hong Kingston, Bessie Head, and Slavenka Drakulics are from different lives, cultures and traditions however their writing share the common thread of uncovering the culture?s impact on women."
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Culture and Gender Relations, 2000.
This paper is an anthropological study of gendered sex roles in several cultures.
1,790 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the roles of males and females in several cultures. The author focuses primarily on the interaction between the genders in terms of sex, marriage, and reproduction. The paper also looks at the sexes with respect to finances, familial decision-making, and overall power and influence.
From the Paper
"Gender relations are most easily characterized through an interpretive analysis of reproduction, production, power, and gender ideologies. These four components of the affinity between men and women in various cultures effectively illustrate the societies? perceptions and understandings of each of the sexes. Subsequently, how each sex demonstrates their core of beliefs and or knowledge is dependent upon these perceptions of their role and contribution to society. Through the application of one or more of these dimensions, each culture defines gender relation. Although one society may rely more heavily on a certain component to provide definition of distinction between gender, anthropologists and sociologists have found numerous similarities between the uses of these dimensions as a tool of definition in dissimilar cultures."
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Effects of Culture on Gender Relations, 2002.
An analysis of the roots of gender bias and how they are portrayed in two plays: "Trifles"by Susan Glaspell and "M. Butterfly" by David Hwang.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at gender bias and brings the two plays as examples of how gender politics are guided by the inherited behaviors that are more felt than taught. "Trifles" and "M. Butterfly", are perfect examples of how culture dictates the worst behavior in men against women and how women are belittled by culture.
From the Paper
"Subjective truth forms our perception of reality when regarding people, cultures, religion, or any other differentiating factor, and this is true of the male gender-perception of women. Plausibility structures, which govern our perspective and control how we perceive the Other, are part and parcel of every culture, gender, religion, and community. In fact, they are directly responsible for our ability to believe the seemingly unbelievable about others. For example, for a very long time, members of hate groups (which they would call patriotic organizations) have created a culture in which its members are convinced of the reality that all people who are not white are so different from them as to be rendered unimportant. Men have, for millennia, subjected women to a 'reality' that tells them they are inferior of mind and body, are unable to engage in the kinds of activities that men can , and that their contributions to the world can only be in motherhood and as a wife. This, of course, is a subjective truth turned reality for the males of the culture. Only relatively recently have women had enough of a voice to be able to start changing that subjective reality to demonstrate that such is not the case. For the purpose of this discussion, we will examine the works of two dramatists: Susan Glaspell's Trifles, and David Hwang's M. Butterfly. Trifles uses the voices of men in a Greek-chorus-like manner, acting as the conscience or the voice reflected by the plausibility structures of the community, to reinforce Minnie's guilt, the triviality of hers and women's occupations, interests, and preoccupations. M. Butterfly, also depicts the kind of influence that the archetypal structures of community perception (i.e. gender perception of women through men) has over a woman's life. Both of these plays will be discussed further in this vein."
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Culture and Gender in Drama, 2002.
Examines gender issues in "A Doll's House" and "'Tis Pity She's A Whore"
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper compares "A Doll's House" (1879) and "'Tis Pity She's A Whore" in terms of gender relations. Both plays demonstrate inflexible patriarchal responses to perceived criminality or impropriety. However, in both cases the response is manifestly more unjust that the original act.
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Culture, Society and Gender in 17th Century England, 2008.
An analysis of the letters between Henry More and Anne Conway and what they reveal about the characteristics of seventeenth century English society.
2,280 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at what the personal correspondence between noblewoman Anne Conway and intellectual Henry More - as well as at least one letter from her brother - reveal about the characteristics of seventeenth century English society. More specifically, the paper looks at the social ramifications of the age, the religious predilections of the period, the preferred consumption patterns of upper-class women, and the proximity of death to those alive during the period as all of these items are touched upon by the private letters exchanged between friends and family. Ultimately, the paper argues that Anne Conway was saddled with a variety of social conventions and burdens that even her social status could not help her evade.
From the Paper
"Moving onward, the correspondence between Henry More and Anne Conway is marked (in many, but not all, instances) by an abiding interest in religion - one very good example of this occurring in one of the early letters sent by More to Conway shortly after she had been married (More, "21: Henry More to Anne Conway," 53-55). In any case, it should be borne in mind that the seventeenth century was an age of high religiosity - not unlike the century before it which produced the Reformation and then Counter-Reformation - and More's religious sentiments are extraordinary manifestations not only of his own interest in, and believe in, the Christian faith, but of the extent to which the thought of the age among even the most lettered persons was informed by Christian sensibilities. "
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"Culture as Given, Culture as Choice", 2001.
This paper analyzes the book "Culture as Given, Culture as Choice" by Elst which studies culture and multiculturalism.
1,285 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth discussion of multiculturalism, it defines it and states that an entirely different view of culture is needed in the intellectual discourse of society. Elst analyzes culture using the example of analyzing sex. Elst makes it clear in his analysis that pluralities of identity are the norm, that everyone is multi-ethnic and multi-racial in some fashion. Finally, the paper concludes that each individual should study and redefine his own culture.
From the Paper
"Even in the current, mainstream political debate over what constitutes ?multiculturalism,? it is common cultural parlance to view culture as a static entity. Multiculturalism is defined as the manner in which more cultures are integrated into the fabric of the dominant discourse, rather than as a way of deconstructing notions of how culture itself is perceived and misperceived. As the title of Dirk Van Der Elst?s book Culture as Given, Culture as Choice, suggests, however, framing the debate in such a fashion is not necessarily the most radical choice. Elst suggests that nothing really exists as ?culture,? rather culture itself is a constructed, socially produced norm."
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Gender and Cultural Issues in Abnormal Psychology, 2004.
An examination of the issues of gender and culture in abnormal psychology.
1,320 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that gender and culture play a significant role in the defining of abnormal behavior. Socially-defined gender roles and characteristics frequently place unreal expectations and pressures on individuals, women in particular. It looks at how the desire on the part of Western women to conform to male ideals of womanhood can cause them to view their own bodies and personalities in a negative context.
From the Paper
"Such discoveries lead naturally into discussions of cross-cultural as well as intra-cultural differences as they relate to attitudes toward the role of women, and toward what is considered ?abnormal? vs. normal. The fact that different societies possess different ideas of masculine and feminine norms speaks eloquently to the notion that these are not biologically-determined characteristics. ?Cultures set a range of opportunities for development; they define the limits of what is desirable, ?normal,? individual variation, and what is ?abnormal? in that culture (although there is some cultural consensus that some forms of deviance and psychopathology are abnormal).? (Reese & Franzen, 1997, pp. 4-5) Recent studies of non-Western peoples have resulted in the discovery that many linkages between emotional and mental states on the one hand, and psychoses or neuroses on the other, are quite different from those connections observed in the West. Even in so seemingly simple a case as the expression of anger (and thus whatever problems its inappropriate expression might entail), there are significant differences from culture to culture: Whereas Eskimos seldom display anger, others employ elaborate and complex means of expressing anger. Likewise, other cultures encourage (i.e., Iranians) or discourage (i.e., Navajos) displays of extreme sadness and sorrow. (Manson, Bechtold, Novins & Beals, 1997, p. 139) By the same token, ?Within-group differences also are evident along these lines, most notably in terms of social class and gender, especially for dysphoria and excessive worry. This appears to be true among mainstream Americans as well as such ethnic minorities as Indians and Natives.? (Manson, Bechtold, Novins & Beals, 1997, p. 139)"
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