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Gasoline Shortages, 2006.
A discussion and analysis of Armen Alchian's article "What Should Be the Price of a Gallon of Gasoline?"
1,717 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, summarizes and analyzes Armen Alchian's article on what we should do during gasoline shortages. The paper explains that the premise of Alchian's article is that rationing and governmental control of gasoline are not successful solutions. Rather, the paper explains, Archian argues that rationing and governmental control are counter-productive and that free market economics are all that is needed to regulate the price of gasoline in the best way. The paper goes on to further delineate Alchian's position on what should be done during gasoline shortages and concludes that the arguments Alchian presents in his article are based on logic, theory and solid economic reasoning.
From the Paper
"Both regulatory effects of the free market economy upon the price of fuel would be undermined by the imposition of rationing and price controls. First, in a system of rationing where the selling of part of the ration is prohibited and where everyone receives a set, equal amount of fuel, "needs [of the various people in a society] remain unequal" (Alchian 1). There will be some people for whom the full amount of rationed fuel is more than they need, and there will be people whose supply is not nearly adequate to their needs. The system is, therefore, ineffectual for both types of people, those who do not need the full ration and those who need more than the full ration. The second supposition of Alchian's regarding the regulation of gasoline prices in a free economy would also be rendered ineffectual by rationing. Namely, the fact that there is compensation in the free market economy for those people willing to give up their share of fuel. If a strict system of rationing were imposed which did not allow for the transfer or sale of rations, then people without need of their full ration of fuel could not derive benefit from that fact. In a free market, however, they could sell fuel they did not need."
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Gasoline Prices and Inflation, 2006.
A review of the impact inflation has had on the price of gasoline, and visa versa.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the core concern and primary factor related to the price of gasoline is the understanding of inflation adjustment and in compensating for inflation in determining the true cost of gasoline. While the general population prefers to recall or at least read about the relatively low cost of gasoline in the 1960s when the average cost of fuel was .30 cents a gallon, in inflation adjusted terms this would be equivalent to roughly $1.70 today (Gasoline). The paper explains that the price of gasoline, and certainly of gasoline related spikes in the average cost of goods, is a major contributor to inflation and yet, factoring for the effects of inflation across the economy, tends to reduce the real cost of fuel.
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Demand Elasticity of Gasoline, 2005.
This paper uses the theory of demand elasticity to analyze the effect of the increasing price of gasoline.
1,980 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, with gas prices across the country reaching record levels, understanding the theory of demand elasticity of gasoline has assumed new importance for policymakers and consumers. The author stresses that gasoline has no close substitutes; gasoline, in much of the United States, is a necessity and has only a moderate affect on the budgets of the non-poor. The paper demonstrates that, even though there are an enormous number of players in the gasoline market and confounding variables, economists are still able to gauge with a fair degree of accuracy just how much driving the average American consumer will be willing to forego: The typical American consumer may be willing to give up something of minor consequence involving gasoline; but, in general, Americans love to drive and they are going to buy gasoline.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Economic Theory of Demand Elasticity
Empirical Data Relating to Demand Elasticity
Analysis of the Data
Figure: Individual and Market Demand Curves
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Demand elasticity relates to how much consumers are willing to pay for something based on their individual needs and wants on an aggregated basis; economists measure this degree of elasticity along a price elasticity of the demand curve. According to Robert E. Kuenne (1968), "The degree of downward reaction of the amount demanded to a price rise or upward reaction to a price fall is measured by the economist at any given point on the demand curve with a concept called the price elasticity of the demand curve" (127). Therefore, the degree by which quantity changes as price changes is the percentage change in quantity to the percentage change in price (% Change in Quantity / % Change in Price).
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Gasoline Tax, 2007.
This paper discusses the implementation of a gasoline tax increase in the U.S. in order to help weaken Islamic extremist regimes.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer argues in favor of a gasoline tax increase in order to keep billions of dollars of U.S. oil money out of the pockets of tyrannical, Islamic extremist oil-exporting countries. The writer notes that that the world will soon be battling it out for the last reserves of cheap oil, not necessarily on the battlefield but more likely on the economic/political front. Further, the writer argues that the installation of a new gasoline tax would force US automakers to innovate toward renewable fuels and stop depending on cheap oil from less-than-friendly regimes and would provide the United States with the luxury to withdraw from the competition for cheap oil and thus begin the march toward true energy independence.
Outline:
Audience
The Gasoline Tax: A New Beginning for America
Annotated Bibliography
From the Paper
"Another compelling reason to increase the gasoline tax has much to do with weaning the US from its oil addiction as soon as possible, due to the growing worldwide demand for gasoline and oil products. As reported in a press release by ConocoPhillips, the consumption of oil is growing around the world, especially in rapidly-developing countries like China and India. One example of this trend is that global demand grew by 3.2 % in 2004, i.e. some 100 million gallons a day, and was expected to climb in 2005. Furthermore, the US demand has decreased as compared to the demand in developing nations, yet gasoline consumption reached a record high in August of 2005. Thus, the United States still consumes more gasoline than any other country in the world."
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The Price of Gasoline, 2002.
An examination of the rising price of gasoline in an international context as well as the effect of these prices on the OPEC countries.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the price rise of gasoline in the United States as well as in other countries. The paper discusses the effect of the decision on the price of gasoline given by the OPEC countries.
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Nursing Shortages, 2005.
An overall look at the problem of nurse shortages and suggestions on how the problem can be overcome.
1,986 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the nursing shortage in the health care sector, although it also goes into issues of how technology changes in the nursing environment can mean a better future for more nurses. The report focuses on the nursing shortage in the light of the fact that there is additional work piling up for those nurses who are still practicing, as more and more nurses leave the field, and fewer enter into it. This report also looks at increasing technology from a management perspective as a possible solution to the nursing shortage problem. Spending more on technology often means less for nurses, howeve,r and this must also be addressed from a management perspective. Therefore, simply hiring more nurses is not a long-term solution to the problem.
From the Paper
"Nurses should have more educational benefits, thus attracting new talent to the nursing profession and ensuring that nurses would be able to get degrees. "In recent years, attendance at the New York State Nursing Association's multiday conferences has suffered because understaffed hospitals are reluctant to give nurses time off or the nurses are too busy to attend, said Mark Genovese, spokesperson for the NYSNA in Latham, N.Y. Money also is an issue. Nurses increasingly must rely on their own finances to attend meetings" (Myint, 2003). It would also be easier to cope with these issues if the nurse-patient ratio was decreased so that nurses do not have such a heavy workload.
Agency nurses should be cut back to allow more time for full-time nurses. Various nursing organizations across the country have implemented changes that address this very serious problem."
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Gasoline Prices, 2004.
This paper assesses the effects of gasoline prices on the demand for sports utility vehicles SUVs in the United States.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper tests hypothesis that higher gasoline prices lead to lower demand for SUVs
From the Paper
"Gasoline prices in the United States increased in the summer of before declining in the fall of the year to levels that prevailed in the spring of ... . Gasoline prices began another increasing trend in January, which lasted through May of that year, before beginning to moderate once again. The average per gallon price reached in May was percent higher than the May average and the ..."
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Gasoline Prices and the Economy, 2004.
An overview of the changing prices of gasoline over the years and the effect on the American economy.
12,955 words (approx. 51.8 pages), 26 sources, MLA, AU$ 396.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how crude oil has proved to be one of the most versatile forms of energy and how man has used this fundamental law of energy conversation to make life easier for himself and the community at large. It explores the topic of gasoline from its refining to its conservation and, in particular, the factors affecting its ever-changing price and the economy.
Outline
Introduction
Information About Crude Oil
Refining of Crude Oil in the United States and Worldwide
Workforce in the Petroleum Industry
The History of International Petroleum Pricing
The Achnacarry Agreement
The Rise of OPEC Power in the 70?s
Effect of Oil Price Increase on the U.S. Economy
Variables Affecting the Cost of Petroleum Products
Impact of Price Increase on the U.S. Economy
Impact of Petroleum Price Increase on the World Economy
Political Influence on Price Increase
Petroleum Product Transportation and Distribution
Petroleum and the Transportation Industry
Types of Fuel Used in the Transportation Industry
Fluctuating Fuel Prices in Recent Times
Impact of Prolonged Petroleum Use on the Economy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The high cost of oil production in the U.S. would also be impacted by the price decrease as a result of the additional capacity in Iraq. The U.S. producers would become uncompetitive and may eventually have to stop production of oil in current oil and gas-producing states of Alaska, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas and Wyoming. The U.S. government may have to impose tariffs and taxes on imported oil in order to keep the local U.S. producers competitive. (Bartis, 2003) Oil exploration and distribution channels can cost billions of dollars to develop. This includes the location and identifying of oil wells, the size and capacity of the well, the type of geography of the area and the long-term potential of the oil well are all-important factors in the cost of the oil production set up for any oil well site. It takes time and effort from the identification of the oil well to the actual production of crude oil."
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Gasoline Prices And The U.S. Economy, 2004.
Discusses the effects of rising gasoline prices on the American economy.
2,712 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 153.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effects of rising gasoline prices on the American economy. It looks at consumer confidence, the assumptions underlying the economics of energy, crude petroleum prices and the power of the OPEC cartel.
From the Paper
"This analyst argued that when energy prices decline the U S economy booms. Cheap energy said Ciscel helped get the economy out of the stock market crash through the continuing savings and loan crisis and kept minor downturns in construction real estate and manufacturing from threatening the economic boom. Given this general background the purpose of ..."
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Gasoline, 2002.
Describes the process of making gasoline from crude oil.
1,224 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the process whereby crude oil is turned into gasoline in a refinery. The paper gives a breakdown on all the components used in the process. It then looks in detail at the four steps used in the process: separation, upgrading, conversion and blending.
From the Paper
"The various constituents of crude oil have one big difference in their physical properties that can be used to separate them, i.e., their boiling point. Distillation is a process wherein a liquid is boiled to a point that it vaporizes and then it is collected and cooled down again to get it in liquid form again. However, if the original mixture that was being boiled consisted of two of more liquids with boiling points that are sufficiently far away, it would be possible to boil and vaporize one of them and then collect only that liquid at the other end. This is the process called fractional distillation. In the separation stage, this is the principle that is fundamentally at work."
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What is Wrong with Gasoline Prices?, 2006.
An in-depth research proposal regarding the price of gas prices and foreign policy.
6,041 words (approx. 24.2 pages), 21 sources, APA, AU$ 231.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the price of gasoline and how we need to increase gasoline prices to prevent all our national policies from being determined by our thirst for oil. According to the paper, US foreign policy has become a hostage to ensuring adequate supplies of imported oil.
Outline:
Context of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research and Review of the Problem
Crude Oil Prices and its Impact on Gasoline Prices
Political Impact of Higher Energy Prices
Objective of Study: To Advocate Higher Gasoline Prices Potential Benefits of Higher Energy Prices
Environmental Impact
Global Warming
Significance of the Study
Research Design & Methodology
Discussion
From the Paper
"The carbon dioxide produced by motor gasoline in 2003 was equivalent to 311 million metric tons of carbon [Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 2005]. If we could achieve even 10% improvement in energy efficiency through use of lighter cars, it would save million of tons of oil and also reduce the carbon emission by 30 million tons. The 10% target is not just possible it is very realistic and even now a family car is about 25% more fuel efficient than a light truck (a term also applied to SUVs). The federal corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards set the fuel economy goals for new passenger cars at 27.5 miles per gallon (mpg). The regulations do not classify SUVs as cars but as light trucks. The light trucks only have to achieve 20.7 mpg. Even this is taken as an average of all light trucks and some SUVs operate at 12 mpg and can remain on the road legally. Some SUVs like Ford Excursions don't even qualify as light trucks and are not subject to CAFE standard."
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Nursing Shortages, 2007.
A discussion on nursing shortages and how new nurses make their journey from novice to expert.
2,465 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 121.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the transition from graduate to professional nurse is difficult and stressful. The paper analyzes how new graduate nurses are at a high risk for leaving the profession. The paper examines how the hospital or organization that employs nurses must support learning programs with funding, expertise, and encouragement. The writer proposes that orientation programs need to be longer and specially geared to the problems of new nurses. The writer further argues that when hospitals show that they value nurses, by doing everything within their power to help novices grow into expert nurses, increased retention will be the result.
From the Paper
"The transition from nursing school to professional nursing is extremely stressful. The demands and challenges of the workplace can be overwhelming. New graduates may start out excited and joyful but soon are hit with the reality of the workplace. Expectations for caregiving have changed significantly too. Length of stays, for example, have decreased dramatically so that only very sick people are in the hospital (Ellerton, 2003). Many new nurses feel under-prepared and experience great anxiety about making mistakes and possibly harming their patients. Many feel that they lack knowledge to communicate effectively with doctors and with family members and feel inadequate for the job. The reality of the workplace is a shock. In school they were imbued with high ideals, but the workplace requires them to carry a larger caseload of patients with serious medical problems."
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Nursing Shortages, 2006.
A review of the global issue of nursing shortages.
2,335 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how for the first time in the history of nursing, nurses have been retiring at a faster rate than new nurses could move in and replace them. This paper takes a look at the reasons for this problem and discusses various responses to this issue.
From the Paper
"Working conditions and environment were another factor. Nurses complained of mandatory overtime, inadequate staffing, questions and issues of morale, weak leadership and poorly trained assistant personnel (Watson 2002). The acute shortage of RNs was noted especially in the emergency room, intensive care and the operating room. Other factors, which contributed to the shortage, included the rise of many home health care agencies, new and more convenient community settings and health care services, which brought higher salaries and greater benefits than those offered by hospitals (Brown 2003). Research showed that the decrease in interest in the general hospital since the early 1990s was not linked with the nurses' educational level, experience or performance but with their work shift. Dr. Georges Benjamin, secretary of the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, reported to the US Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Subcommittee on Aging in February 2001 that the shortage was due to insufficient nurses entering the profession, not staying in it and not happy in their jobs (Romig 2001). The report of the Congressional Research Service suggested that it was due to a mal-distribution of labor rather than a shortage of RNs, such as poor personnel decisions. "
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Teacher Shortages, 2004.
A study into the increasing shortage of teachers, especially in special education areas.
8,140 words (approx. 32.6 pages), 58 sources, MLA, AU$ 280.95
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Abstract
A research paper on the impending crisis in the education system in America, with teacher shortages, particularly in the area of special education. The survey questions were distributed to a subset of special education teachers located in Muskogee County, Georgia. The research provides insight into the current state of high school special education in the region and in the country and can be duplicated among other schools and counties throughout the nation.
Contents
Abstract
Statement of Problem
Introduction
Literature Review
Composition of Special Education Teachers
Special Education Vacancies
Recruitment, Hiring, and Retention
Barriers to Hiring
Barriers to retaining special education personnel
Incentives used to improve retention
Recommendations to Improve Recruitment and Retention
Adequate Supply of Special Education Professionals
Methodology
Data Collection
Subject Population
Instrumentation
Analysis
Results
Discussion
Recommendations
Resources
From the Paper
"Teachers today are subject to more stress than ever. Increasing certification requirements, re-certification, assessments, federal standards, demanding children, apathetic parents and an unsupportive administration are just the tip of the iceberg. Special education teachers have special circumstances. While other schoolteachers have some teachers who don?t want to learn, special ed teachers are charged with the task of teaching to students who have difficulty learning, whose behavior problems are associated with an illness or handicap, whose needs for special attention are great. Teacher burnout is on the rise, and it?s no wonder. This study will examine existing sources as well as conducting a survey of a sample population to assess the primary causes of occupational stress for special education teachers, and to develop recommendations that work towards a viable solution."
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Geriatric Nursing Shortages, 2005.
Examines why there is such a shortage of nursing staff in the field of geriatrics.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
One of the most serious problems in the field of health care is the shortage of geriatrics-qualified nurses. The elderly represent a small portion of the population, but account for most of the patients seen by nurses. This paper shows that the shortage of nurses has several causes, ranging from job dissatisfaction to lack of faculty available for training, but it is necessary to find a way to improve on the current situation and correct this problem, as the elderly population continues to grow.
Table of Contents
Title page
Abstract
Table of Contents
Situation
Justification and Problem Definition
Alternative Courses of Action
Evaluate Alternatives
Choice of Action
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Furthermore, studies have shown that living longer increases the chances and severity of health problems. Chronic health conditions especially are more common among the elderly. 82% of all the elderly have at least one chronic health condition. In many cases they have multiple conditions. According to Mion, ?after age 50, the likelihood of an individual being disabled by disease doubles every five to seven years? (pg. 3 2003).
Blakeney?s article states that, ?According to a report by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, U.S. nursing schools turned away nearly 16,000 qualified applicants to entry-level baccalaureate nursing programs in 2003, due to insufficient faculty, clinical sites, classroom space and other constraints? (2004). According to Mion, faculty shortages are the number one reason cited by nursing schools for not accepting applicants."
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Providers Shortages in the Health Care Industry, 2005.
A discussion on the shortage of health care providers - especially physicians - in the United States.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the baby boomer generation is preparing for retirement and how, as a result, in that retirement there will be a significant shortage in American physicians. This paper further discusses international medical graduates, as well as minority physicians and the complications that arise for these populations.
From the Paper
"In the decades of the 1960s and 1970s the United States believed that there was an abundance of physicians. According to USA Today, and author, Dennis Cauchon, this was a true assertion (2005, p. 1A). However, what the United States apparently failed to realize was that many of the doctors who practiced medicine during that period were part of the "baby boomer" generation, and that one day they would all retire. Current research indicates that by the year 2016 thousands of physicians will begin to retire in the United States, and that medical school training statistics indicate there will not be enough doctors trained to cover the shortage that will occur (Cauchon, 2005, p. 1A). Yet, many states contend that there is a current physician shortage in the United States, that affects hospitals, rural areas, and specialty areas (Cauchon, 2005, p. 1A). "
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