| Papers [1-16] of 53 :: [Page 1 of 4] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 —> | Search results on "GASIFICATION COAL": |
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Analysis on the Gasification of Coal, 2002.
History of coal and up-to-date coal gasification techniques.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 137.95
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Abstract
The following paper gives the reader a brief history of coal and its uses. It also analyzes the refining technique known as the Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle or IGCC as well as some history and new technologies associated with this fossil fuel.
From the Paper
"Coal is a sedimentary organic rock that contains a lot of carbon, typically between 40 and 90 percent carbon by weight. Ancient plants and animals accumulating in moist peat bogs form coal. As plants die off in a wet area, they pile up into peat. It takes between 4,000 and 100,000 years for one meter of peat to accumulate. This process happens best in river deltas or coastal plains. Over time, further deposits compress these peat seams and the carbon content of the coal is concentrated. The older the coal gets, generally, the harder and blacker it gets. There are four "ranks" of coal. Listed from lowest to highest rank, they are: lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, and anthracite. Rank is determined by energy content and chemical composition. Lignite is the youngest form of coal and is soft and brown, not much different than dried peat. Lignite has a low energy content, typically about 13 million Btu per ton. The carbon content is low also, around 40 percent. Lignite is typically used only when higher grades of coal are not available or affordable. Subbituminous coal is common in the US. It has an energy content of about 18 million Btu per ton, and is used mostly in coal-fired power plants. Bituminous coal is the most widespread form in the US and is high in energy content, averaging 24 million Btu per ton. Bituminous and subbituminous account for most coal use in America. The hardest coal, anthracite, is found mostly in Pennsylvania, but most supplies of anthracite there have been exhausted. The energy content is high, around 23 million Btu per ton, but it tends to have a high sulfur content. It is more than 90 percent carbon. "
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The Sustainability of Coal, 2007.
This paper examines the potential of coal as an environmentally responsible means of energy production.
1,053 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper explores whether or not coal power can ever become a sustainable technology. The paper defines sustainability and explains that although coal power plants pollute the atmosphere, new technologies have made the idea of environmentally responsible coal power plants a possibility. The paper concludes that the use of coal in hyper-efficient gasification plants seems to be a viable, sustainable option.
From the Paper
"First we must articulate a conception of sustainability, a definition if you will. Conclusions about coal's sustainability will be largely arbitrary unless we establish from the outset a clear sense of what it means to be sustainable. This will provide the framework with which coal's potential to be a sustainable option can be evaluated. It is naive to think that sustainability is defined as an either-or proposition. Too often, definitions of sustainability imagine that a process, technology, or ideology is either sustainable or it is not."
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The Power of Coal, 2005.
An overview of the use of coal as an energy source.
2,296 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a description of the appearance and composition of coal and then takes a look at the history of coal as an energy source. The paper also discusses the negative effects of using coal as an energy source, explains how coal is mined, looks at the use and mining of coal from an economic perspective and looks at the advantages of using coal as an energy source.
From the Paper
"Man has always aimed to acquire a fuel source that would be beneficial for the community. One such fuel that man stumbled upon was coal. "Coal has been used for heating since the cave man" (A Brief History of Coal Use). There are two types of mining that take place in order to acquire coal. One is an underground mining and the other being an open-pit mining. Coal is a sedimentary rock that is black or brownish black in color. Primarily it is composed of carbon and has many other elements in it including sulfur. The formation of coal is also a highly interesting procedure and it is formed from the remains of the plants that have been chemically altered, hardened, compacted as well as metamorphosed by pressure and heat over geologic time. There are four types of coal depending on the length of time they have been exposed to the geological processes. The lowest quality of coal is 'Lignite' which is also at times referred to as brown coal. Its use is exclusively reserved as fuel for steam-electric power. A compact form of lignite which is polished is known as 'Jet' and its use since the Iron Age has been as an ornament. The next level up is the 'Sub-bituminous' coal and its properties range from lignite to bituminous coal. Its primary purpose is the same as that of lignite. 'Bituminous' is normally black in color and is a dense coal. Apart from being used as fuel in steam-electric power generation, it is also used for heat and power applications in order to make coke. The highest quality coal is 'Anthracite' and it is used primarily for space heating in residential as well as commercial uses."
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Coal-Fired Power Plants, 2004.
An analysis of coal-fired power plants with a focus on the Great Lakes region.
956 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the environmental problems that occur due to emissions from coal-fired power plants. The paper focuses on the older power plants in the Great Lakes region. The paper discusses the problem and explores solutions to rectify the situation. The paper contends that, despite pollution issues, there are many reasons to support coal-fired power plants, and therefore, the most promising solution involves tighter regulation of coal-fired power plants, particularly reducing the pollution caused by older plants, such as those in the Great Lakes area.
From the Paper
"Out of the entire electric industry, coal-fired power plants contribute 96% of sulfur dioxide emissions, 93% of nitrogen oxide emissions, 88% of carbon dioxide emissions, and 99% of mercury emissions (Dirty coal power). Today, there are fish consumption advisories for mercury contamination in 45 states and 20% of American women of childbearing age have levels of mercury that exceed what is considered safe for a fetus (Mercury from coal-fired power plants). Coal-fired power plants is responsible for over 90% of mercury contamination in the Great Lakes (Gluckman, 2004) Further, EPA studies reveal that air pollution from coal-fired power plants triggers asthma attacks, bronchitis, and heart disease, and contributes to about 30,000 premature deaths a year (New source review/ coal-fired power plants)."
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The Power of Coal, 2006.
An in-depth discussion regarding the properties and uses of the different types of coal.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the use of coal as a fuel. The paper reviews the properties of coal and the different mining methods. The paper also discusses the impact the use of coal has on the environment.
From the Paper
"One way to lower down the carbon dioxide production of an energy plant is by making it more efficient, that is generating more energy with less fuel. A process called gasification converts coal to gas. This process is about 40 percent efficient as opposed to a steam driven coal plant with an efficiency of about 36 percent. However for the short run and maybe the long run as well, the most important new source of energy from the Rocky Mountain West will be coal. Earlier in the century small amounts of western coal were used to power steam locomotives. With the introduction of diesels after World War II, however, western coal production dropped off to very minimal levels. Then, in the early 1970s transportation of low-sulfur western coal to new coal-burning power plants in parts of the Midwest became economic. Because of environmental regulations, it had become cheaper to import western coal than to install the expensive scrubbers needed to clean high-sulfur eastern and mid-western coal. "
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Coal Mining In Hunter Valley, 2007.
This paper examines the issue of coal mining in Hunter Valley, Australia.
1,470 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that within the global environment there are nearly always situations and circumstances of special interest within the environmental sciences, as changes in industry occur all over the world and have varying impacts on the environment, both locally and globally. The writer points out that one issue of just such importance and of particular personal importance is the issue of Coal Mining in Hunter Valley New South Wales, Australia. The writer discusses the proposed development of an open pit coal mine in one of the few remaining tracks of naturally preserved land in the region, in fact the largest containing nearly 600 living elements of flora and fauna many of which are threatened, and the global nature of the debate that has ensued. The writer notes that conclusion of the matter is likely to end with approval for the Centennial Mining Co., as they, as well as most others, are assured that their extensive work to develop the plans and impact reports for the Anvil mine location will result in success since the state government is clearly projected to approve the development of the mine in Anvil Hill.
Outline:
Introduction
Background
Proposal For Change
From the Paper
"One of the most challenging issues at work today in the environmental sciences is of coarse sustainable development. We stand at the precipice of a period of global transition, where challenges to the old, including but not limited to challenges to the global dependence on fossil fuels and a demand to transition to sustainable resources are in conflict. The transition will surely prove to be a difficult one, even though it would not seem that it should be given the seriousness of the environmental issues at hand. It is proposed by many environmental scientists that environmental devastation caused in part by the emissions of greenhouse gasses that deplete the earths protection from the sun and will eventually lead to mass climate change that could create a situation of extinction not only for the environment but for humans, much like the one theoretical extinction of historical proportions that are currently being studied, that of the dinosaurs. The transition is a challenge in a broad sense because the foundation of energy resources if squarely placed upon the use of fossil fuels and many individuals and organizations stand to lose a great deal in the short run for a long term goal that will likely never gain for them at all."
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Coal as an Energy Source, 2007.
A research proposal exploring the environmental viability of coal as an energy source.
956 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the use of fossil fuels is a threat to sustainability if current usage patterns continue to harm the environment and rely on an uncertain long-term supply. The paper looks at the use of coal and relates that there is an increased potential to exploit this abundant resource in a manner that is sustainable, produces minimal harm to the environment and meets growing energy demands until non fossil fuel energy resources can be developed. The paper discusses potential source material for this research.
Outline:
The Potential of Coal for Meeting Future Energy Needs
Research Guide: Probing the Issue
Potential Biases: Navigating Personal Values and Issues
Potential Source Material for This Research
From the Paper
"One of the most significant environmental issues affecting long-term sustainability is the world's extensive energy use. Despite claims that the world is dependent on oil, the situation is much more pervasive than that. In fact, modern societies are entirely dependent on energy. Fossil fuels are one of the most effective energy resources that civilization currently exploits. Technology and infrastructure for utilizing these resources are far more extensive than for any other kind of energy resource, currently making fossil fuels the preferred choice."
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Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902, 2004.
An analysis of the two main characters or leaders in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902.
2,587 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the two main characters in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902: John Mitchell, President of the United Mine Workers and Teddy Roosevelt, President of the United States. The paper explores how the strike they settled had implications for labor relations and the growth of unions forever after.
From the Paper
"The union president, Mitchell, was only 28 when he became president of the United Mine Workers of America. Born in Braidwood, Illinois, in 1870, he was an orphan by age seven and, six years later, was working in the Illinois coal mines. The age of 13 was not, at the time, particularly young for a mineworker. At age 15, he joined the Knights of Labor, and in 1896, at age 16, was elected secretary-treasurer of the northern Illinois district. In 1897, he was elected a member of the Illinois district executive board, and later that year, was appointed national organizer. (Lynch and McDonald, 49)"
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Pittston Coal Strike, 2005.
This paper discusses the Pittston Coal Strike of 1989-90.
678 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an account of the Pittston Coal Strike of 1989-90. The writer demonstrates how the groups involved organized themselves in order to demand changes. The writer also offers a Marxist analysis of the case.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the Pittston coal strike of 1989-90 with a view toward showing how the groups organized to demand changes in working conditions. The origin of the strike was the Pittston Coal Company's withdrawal from the industry wide contract between the United Mine Workers of America (U.M.W.) and the Bituminous Coal Operators Association (B.C.O.A.) and demands for significant union concessions at its Virginia and West Virginia mines. Union employees continued to work without a contract for about a year over the course of ... "
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The Black Mesa Coal Mine, 2008.
This paper examines the conflict regarding the Black Mesa Coal Mine in Northern Arizona.
1,794 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Black Mesa coal mine site and the battle over the rights of the Hopi and Navajo native peoples to protect their sacred lands and the Peabody power company's wish to expand operations. The paper explains this issue as the struggle for a balance between the needs of the more developed areas and the needs of the Native Americans. The paper further explains that this is an issue of protecting the environment's resources as well as dealing with the issue of how the Peabody company receives water for virtually nothing and therefore wastes this resource.
From the Paper
"The Black Mesa Coal Mine is in Northern Arizona and is owned by the Peabody Coal Mining Company, which leases the land from the Hopi and Navajo tribes under an agreement from 1964. There are actually two mines in the ore, both owned by the same power company under the same agreement, one at Black Mesa and the other at Kayenta, with each mine providing coal for a different power plant. The site today is the focus of a battle over the right to protect sacred lands and to maintain the way of life associated with that land and the desire on the part of the power company to expand operations and to make the lease permanent for the life of the mine."
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Coal in Electricity Production, 2008.
An analysis of the benefits and concerns regarding the use of fossil fuel for massive energy generation.
2,444 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 120.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the use of fossil fuel for massive energy generation. It describes the debate over the use of fossil fuels - citing the arguments both for and against their use. It focuses on the reasons why fossil fuel production is important and necessary and describes the benefits of its use. The paper then looks at the environmental concerns regarding the use of coal for electricity production.
From the Paper
"Obviously, using any fossil fuel for massive energy generation will be a mixed bag. Developers will always be fighting a battle against environmental destruction, as fossil fuel technologies tend to be highly polluting and contribute to global warming through the production of carbon dioxide. Nonetheless, fossil fuels will be a significant component of the world's energy supply for at least the next few decades as no alternative energy source is currently mature enough to supplant fossil fuel technology. In the end, coal power--if properly utilized in technically advanced gasification plants--has the potential to provide cheap, plentiful power to the world with fewer environmental issues than would have been the case even a few decades ago. New technology makes sustainable coal power a possibility, if not a certainty."
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British Columbian Coal, 2005.
A look at the battle between BC miners and the management in nineteenth and early twentieth century British Columbia.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly reviews the simmering feud between BC miners and management in the lucrative British Columbian coal industry of the late nineteenth to early twentieth century. The paper argues that the miners' frequent uprisings against Dunsmuir and his ilk were not only acts of rebellion against the prevailing status quo but illustrations of the underlying social tensions bedeviling BC society during this period.
From the Paper
"Any analysis of British Columbian history must also take into account the grim struggle for control between the workers and owners of BC's notorious nineteenth and early twentieth century mines. This paper will do precisely that, while suggesting that while the miners frequently fell short in their avowed goals, their courageous determined struggle against injustice illustrated the economic and workplace disparities and incongruities that typified nineteenth and early twentieth century British Columbian life. With that foremost in mind, it is to a discussion of British Columbia's most memorable and angst-ridden workplace relationship that this paper now turns. In her 1991 book, The West Beyond the West, Jean Barman does not fail to discuss the hard-scrabble existence of many BC miners under the rough hand of the Dunsmuir clan and others of their ilk. "
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Coal Mining in the U.S. and Australia, 1993.
A look at the types, hazards, unions, management, effects of culture, work ethic and automation.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 63.95
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From the Paper
"Coal is one of the most commonly used fuels both commercially and by the consumer market. A combustible sedimentary rock, coal formed over many millions of years from the accumulation of plant material kept under pressure by the earth's surface. In addition to its direct use, coal by-products include ammonia, light oils and tar; these, in turn, yield benzene, drugs, fertilizer and insecticides.
Approximately one-half of the world's total coal output is consumed by power stations to generate electricity; an additional 25 percent is used in iron and steel manufacturing (Galuszka, 1986, p. 47). During 1986, Australia produced more than 170 million tons of coal, making it the world's ninth-largest producer of black coal. More than half of this amount was exported, primarily to Asia and specifically to Japan. New South..."
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Coal Miner Safety, 2005.
This paper is a case study of discrimination meted out to miners for complaining about lack of safety conditions prevailing at an underground mine.
2,135 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper relates the case of Misty Mountain Inc., a mining company, which is facing multiple discrimination charges by the U.S. Department of Labor for having illegally discriminated and dismissed two local miners who complained about hazards, thus infringing the federal Mine Safety and Health Act. The author points out that this charge is based on the federal Mine Safety and Health Act, 1977, which bars companies from dismissing or harassing miners who deny work in hazardous circumstances and report matters regarding threat of safety at workplaces. The paper contends that the MSHA is juggling with the statistics of miners' deaths, which is a problem, because precise reporting of injuries related to mining activities is important to the persistent enhancement in the occupational safety in the mines of the country.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Case Study
Mine Act
The Real Face
From the Paper
"In yet another case Castle, Mystic Energy Inc, mine employee, lost his life on July 26 in the mine premises when his vehicle dashed with a coal truck on a company haul road. MSHA has failed to take cognizance of the accident and has not termed it as 'chargeable'. Even though the policy of MSHA is unequivocal as regards workers/miners who lose their lives on the premises of the mines, the death of that worker is chargeable. Within the ambit of the definition of worker is included not just mine employees, but even salesmen, delivery people or others with business interests at the mine site."
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Environmentally Friendly Power Options, 2005.
This paper discuss environmentally friendly power options that are renewable rather than non-renewable such as oil and coal.
1,340 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the problems with existing use of fossil fuels like coal and oil are (1) eventually they will be depleted and (2) fossil fuels are dirty thus causing acid rain, global warming and poor air quality. The author points out that environmentally friendly, renewable power solutions include wind, solar, geothermal, wave and tidal energy, hydrogen fuel cells and modern biomass developments. However, these are still in limited use, thus the world remains depends on fossil fuels. The paper relates that another problem is the power of the big oil companies, who stand to lose a lot of money if alternative power really does catch-on; instead, they should be using their resources to develop these alternative power sources thus making the planet healthier, too.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Problem
Solutions
Summary
From the Paper
"None of these solutions are being used enough to remedy the problem, and there are many reasons why they are not being more heavily used. Many of the long-term projects are very expensive to build and operate, and so utilities are hesitant to invest in them. Around the world, many countries are investing in alternative power, such as wind power. Another writer notes, "India, China, and a dozen European nations have installed thousands of wind turbines that generate electricity at a cost comparable to new coal-fired power plants." Here in the U.S. wind power has caught on in some areas, but the vast areas needed to create these "wind farms" is limited, and many people here find them unsightly, so they are not as popular as they are in other parts of the world. They have to be in an area that gets a lot of wind, too, which limits where they can be installed and used."
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Gerald Stern's "The Buffalo Creek Disaster".
This paper discusses the events of this story and the details of the landmark lawsuit are retold in Gerald Stern's "The Buffalo Creek Disaster".
925 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in February of 1972, a dam built of coal waste refuse collapsed, unleashing a torrent of water and waste, sludge derived from coal-mining and coal-washing operations, killing 25 people and leaving the four thousand survivors homeless, their lives devastated, and their personal properties destroyed. The author recounts that Washington DC-based Arnold and Porter, for which Gerald Stern worked, took on the case; Stern's work as an advocate for disenfranchised minority citizens of the American Deep South made him an ideal and idealistic lawyer representing the survivors of the Buffalo Creek disaster. The paper relates the two main aspects to the Buffalo Creek Disaster lawsuit, which Stern won,: (1) The plaintiffs had to prove that Pittston was not simply careless or negligent, but was actually recklessly responsible for the disaster; and (2) Stern had to come up with monetary figures for his plaintiffs, assessing the damages due to them should the lawsuit be successful.
From the Paper
"Following the disaster, which occurred in a section of rural Logan County, West Virginia, the coal company blamed nature, calling the dam failure an "act of God." This vague term was meant to assuage the survivors of the disaster and ease the pain of losing their loved ones and friends. However, the collapse of a waste water dam was obviously no "act of God" and it became apparent that the only way to prevent the coal company from getting away with their gross negligence was to sue and sue big. Stern had hoped to file criminal as well as civil charges against Pittston, the New York corporation that owned the Buffalo Mining Company. Although the Buffalo Mining Company was itself the owner of the dam, Stern reasoned that it would be far simpler and more effective to directly sue Pittston. Part of this decision was based on what Pittston describes as "piercing the corporate veil.""
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