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Fertilization Techniques, 2007.
The writer discusses the beginnings of fertilization techniques and looks at the various processes available.
2,326 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer notes that in the past few decades, several advanced current-day fertilization techniques for women that have difficulties conceiving children have emerged at the forefront of medical technology. The writer points out that medical professionals are now able to prescribe a few different treatment options for women that are unable to get pregnant naturally. If treatment has not resulted in pregnancy after four to six menstrual cycles, fertilization techniques may be considered. The writer concludes that it appears that different techniques have roots in in vitro fertilization, which is predicted to see improvements over the next few years. The writer maintains that the future of human fertilization appears bright.
Outline:
Introduction
In Vitro (test tube) Fertilization
Third Party Donor
Gametic Intra-fallopian Transfer
Intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Currently, in due to improvements in ultrasound imaging, surgery is no longer necessary for most in vitro fertilization patients. Technological progress has allowed for the use of a sonographically-guided needle to replace the surgical procedure which previously was used to recover eggs. This procedure, called Transvaginal Oocyte Retrieval, requires neither hospitalization nor general anesthesia. Instead, the woman undergoes about two weeks of intensive preparation, including hormonal therapy with fertility drugs. Blood tests and ultrasound scans of the ovaries are used to determine the optimal time to retrieve the eggs from the ovary, and at the proper time, an outpatient procedure under local anesthesia will allow the female's eggs to be visualized by ultrasound and retrieved from the ovary by placing a needle through the vaginal wall. The woman experiences pain similar to a pap smear and is able to return home and resume normal activities. The embryologist places the sperm with the eggs when they are ready for fertilization, maintaining them in a laboratory dish in a nutrient mixture which acts as a substitute for the environment that would otherwise have been provided by the fallopian tubes."
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Fertilization Techniques, 2007.
This paper examines the most common infertility techniques that are available today.
2,252 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 18 sources, MLA, AU$ 111.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that there are a number of methods that have been developed with varying degrees of success to help women who have difficulty becoming pregnant. The writer points out that these include some of the most contemporary technologies, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and various other procedures. In essence, the writer explains that assisted fertilization refers to technologies and techniques that can be used to enhance sperm-egg interaction. This paper outlines some of the most prevalent and contemporary of the infertility techniques in use today. The writer concludes that the suggestion is that reproductive cloning will advance, in a similar fashion to the acceptance of techniques like IVF, and that new techniques will be developed to improve upon existing methods of infertility assistance.
Outline:
Introduction
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
GIFT: Gametic Intra-fallopian Transfer
Other Techniques
New Techniques and Reproductive Cloning
From the Paper
"There are a number of advantages to this procedure, including the fact the embryo can be fertilized inside the oviduct in its natural environment. The process also takes only about an hour and can also be performed on an outpatient basis."
"There are a number of variations to both GIFT and in vitro fertilization that are important to note. These include blastocyst transfer, or the transfer of a more mature embryo; as well as the use of donor eggs from another woman and the use of a surrogate mother and the transfer of frozen embryos."
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In-Vitro Fertilization, 2006.
A defensive examination of in-vitro fertilization (IVF).
1,256 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the technique of in-vitro fertilization, discusses basic reproductive science and describes all of the alternatives for increasing the chances of conception. The paper also discusses the conditions which cause infertility, the various infertility tests and conventional fertility treatments.. The paper then takes a look at the pros and cons of IVF, along with its successes and failures.
Outline
I. Introduction:
A. Infertility Definition.
B. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART).
C. Ethical Bombshells and Pertinent Statistics on IVF.
II. The Process of In-Vitro Fertilization:
A. Suppression and Developing Eggs.
B. Retrieving Eggs.
C. Developing Embryos.
D. Transferring Embryos.
E. Preparing the Uterus.
F. Pregnancy Tests.
III. Fertility Options:
A. Fertility Drugs.
B. Intrauterine Insemination.
C. Microsurgery.
IV. Two Case Studies:
A. The Case of Charlie Whitaker--the decision to create human life to save another human life.
B. Aaron Zitner and questions on this case.
C. The Case of Joshua--using IVF to obtain bone marrow.
D. Questions on this case.
V. Conclusion:
A. The Present and Future State of IVF.
B. A Final Defense of IVF.
From the Paper
"Generally speaking, there exists four specific options which an individual/couple may use instead of in-vitro fertilization. First of all, some may opt for fertility drugs which affect the ovulation cycle and bring it up to par with normal processes. These drugs are usually superovulatory, such as Gonal F or Follistim which are given by injection and often require close monitoring. As a supportive note, this approach has succeeded in getting millions of women pregnant who otherwise never would have conceived in a natural way. Second, intrauterine insemination has been used for many years and is usually done by injecting semen directly into the uterus prior to ovulation. This is often done in tandem with superovulatory drugs in order to increase the rate of success.Third, for women with endometriosis or blocked fallopian tubes, microsurgery can often clear up the problem for a healthy pregnancy. However, the success rate is around fifty percent and even when successful, the fallopian tubes can at times become re-blocked which would require more surgery. Fourth, men who are found to be infertile due to blockages can receive microsurgery on the transport tube found in the penis. The effectiveness with this technique is also around fifty percent (Elder, 215).
Obviously, after all of this discussion, it is abundantly clear that in-vitro fertilization deserves to be considered by those individuals/couples who have experienced much difficulty in conceiving a child. "
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In Defense of in-vitro Fertilization, 2006.
A look at the process, pros and cons of in-vitro fertilization.
3,257 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 150.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the issue of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) - a practice of assisted reproductive technology that is now practiced all over the world. The author describes the process of IVF, the ethical issues that surround it as well as the pros and cons of the treatment. There are also two case studies included in this paper that defend the use of the IVF procedure.
Outline:
Introduction
The Process of In-Vitro Fertilization
Fertility Options
Two Case Studies -- Defending IVF
From the Paper
"Since the mid 1980's, this problem (at least according to some people) has become part of what is now known as assisted reproductive technology (ART), "a family of medical procedures that rely on advanced technology to achieve fertilization and pregnancy without intercourse." And within this "family," one procedure, now practiced all over the world, has generated great controversy and debate, namely, in-vitro fertilization (IVF), "a multi-step process in which a woman's eggs are grown with the aid of superovulatory drugs, retrieved from the ovaries at their peak, fertilized with sperm in lab dishes, and then transferred to the uterus in order to achieve pregnancy" (Elder, 79).
"Not surprisingly, in-vitro fertilization has generated quite a few ethical bombshells, one being a prominent fertility doctor who used his own sperm for insemination which resulted in seventy-five pregnancies (Flynn, 97). Thus, the scope of the problem related to unethical behavior is large since in-vitro fertilization is a huge,
worldwide industry which continues to expand every single year. The Office of Technology Assessment has estimated more than one billion dollars was spent in 1987 on infertility treatments by an estimated 2.5 million American couples."
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Advantages and Disadvantages of ?In Vitro? Fertilization, 2002.
An examination on the positive and negative effects of ?In Vitro? fertilization.
1,115 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issues surrounding 'In Vitro' fertilization. It describes what it is medically, who is eligible for this treatment, and the legal ramification of conceiving a child outside the biological uterus. The author writes that IVF often causes birth defects in children.
Table of Contents
Introduction to Infertility and In Vitro Fertilization
Causes of Infertility
Indicators for IVF (in vitro fertilization)
Steps in the IVF Treatment
Positive and Negative Effects of IVF Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In vitro treatment is often used as an infertility treatment because ?IVF offers couples who cannot have children naturally? a chance of having a baby? and even though fertilization takes place outside the woman?s body, the couple will still experience the process of natural pregnancy and conception, as well as the opportunity to conceive their own child. In vitro fertilization also prevents the problem of custody over a child that usually happens when couples adopt or subsist to surrogacy, wherein the child was conceived in another woman?s womb (fertility Confidential 2001). These problems are not only legally demanding, but also emotionally straining to couples that have used these measures to have their own child."
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In Vitro Fertilization, 2002.
A review of the issues involved with In Vitro Fertilization.
3,057 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the morality issue behind in vitro fertilization. The paper begins by explaining the concept of IV, so that the reader understands what specifically the method refers to. The paper then goes on to list and explain the various moral issues associated with the IV medical practice, including the biological, ethical and religious significance.
Contents:
Thesis
Introduction
In Vitro fertilization
Literature Review
Fate of the Embryo
Parental Rights
Cryoprecipitation
Human Embryo Research
Genetic Screening
Eugenics
Commercializing Reproduction
Multiple Births
Surrogacy
Religion
The Child
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In 1978 with the birth of Louise Brown, the first child conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF), man finally realized his power to create, not passively through instinctual processes but consciously and actively. [Daar 1999] The desire to have children is strong in the human heart and infertility is a serious and painful issue. There are however more aspects to having a child than mere desire and the means by which the child is created is amongst the most important. Over the past few decades science has allowed individuals biologically otherwise incapable of reproducing, to make or have children by artificial methods such as in vitro fertilization."
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Favoring In Vitro Fertilization, 2001.
A discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of In Vitro Fertilization.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the advanced reproductive technologies that enable In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). The author describes the various possible reasons for infertility and indicates that IVF is a favorable solution to such problems. He further examines the advantages and disadvantages of IVF.
From the Paper
"With only a 40 percent chance of survival, Lance Armstrong, a noted racer bicyclist, was determined that his name live on?not through newspaper clippings, magazine articles, nor even through awards earned at the Tour de France. Armstrong wanted a child. So, although he had been diagnosed with testicular cancer, he had the foresight to freeze some of his own sperm. Thanks to his planning, in October 1999?his wife gave birth to a healthy son. And Armstrong, having overcome the cancer, can enjoy a baby that would have possibly been only a pipe dream had his wife not been fertilized with her husband?s sperm. (Shifting 78). Had his child been cloned, the likelihood of that child suffering cancer in his lifetime could have been avoided.
?By applying decades of expertise in IVF [in vitro fertilization], it's possible to make cloning as safe and efficient for people as are other reproductive technologies. ?Some IVF physicians already screen human embryos by plucking out one cell and checking it for specific mutations before placing the rest of the embryo in a woman's uterus.? (Travis 250)."
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Artificial Fertilization, 2002.
An overview of three different artificial fertilization procedures.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper explains three types of artificial fertilization - in vitro, artificial insemination and GIFT - and discusses some of the social and psychological implications that accompany these technological advances in reproductive science.
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Nursing, In-Vitro Fertilization and Cryobiology, 2002.
A discussion of the issues facing nursing staff regarding the ethics of in-vitro fertilization and cryobiology.
2,034 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how today's medical science is capable of things only imagined in the past and how one of these is to freeze a man?s sperm and impregnate a woman with it at some future time. It looks at how this practice raises many ethical issues as far as the legal professions are concerned, primarily informed consent, ownership of the sperm and many other issues. It shows how it also raises issues for the medical profession as well and examines the role of the nurse in relation to her ethical obligations and the moral issues imposed upon her concerning this tricky moral issue.
From the Paper
"The role of the clinical nurse in practice is that of a patient advocate (ANCI, 2002). She cannot let their own feelings interfere with the professional relationship between herself and the patient. Let us consider another case. Soldiers in the US who are getting ready to deeply of the Persian Gulf are depositing their sperm in a sperm bank to be used to impregnate their wives or other designated person in the event that they do not return from war (Reitman, 2003). This is a very different case from a legal and nursing standpoint as the dead person has made legal arrangements for this to happen. In this case, performing the procedure violates no law, and it is obvious what the wishes of the dead person were. This is very different than the case being explored where to perform the procedure directly violates a court order."
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In Vitro Fertilization, 2002.
A paper giving the facts and figures about the In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) process.
807 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
An argumentative paper about the negative side of IVF. The writer claims that the IVF process entails killing off too many embryos to justify the low success rate that the process produces. This paper gives a summary of the process and explains why the line needs to be drawn between aiming to get a woman pregnant and disposing of the unsuccessful embryos.
From the Paper
"Scientist has discovered a process that enables couples that are infertile to bare children. This process is called in vitro fertilization. Some say that in vitro fertilization is a life-giving miracle that gives two individuals the opportunity to bring a life into the world; however, others say that it is playing God. Although in vitro fertilization appears to be a blessing for couples that are unable to have children, it is nothing more than infanticide in disguise."
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In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), 2005.
A examination the moral and ethical questions of IVF.
2,458 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 119.95
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Abstract
This is an opinion paper in which the writer argues that in vitro fertilization is morally wrong because it results in meaningless reproduction and may potentially result in the misuse or abuse of life and even death. It supports this thesis by arguing that in vitro fertilization allows man to overstep his authority over creation, that it opens the door to temptation and morally objectionable practices, and that it increases the potential for needless destruction of life.
From the Paper
"In vitro fertilization is a common reproductive procedure that generally falls under the scope of biotechnology. It is a process that is condemned by the Catholic church and often criticized by lawyers and ethicist despite the number of live births that result from the procedure . Despite this condemnation, there are hundreds of thousands of individuals that partake in IVF procedures every year, in the hope of bringing 'new life' into the world. Even members of spiritual communities have gone against tradition and the recommendation of church elders to participate in IVF. The increase in use and potential for abuse is alarming."
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In Vitro Fertilization, 2004.
A discussion on the ethics and scientific benefits of IVF technology.
812 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how recent developments in IVF technology have raised ethical quandaries, such as whether it is ethical for parents to use IVF technology to conceive and give birth to a child to provide donor marrow for an ill sibling. Because of its potential benefits in medical research, this paper argues that IVF research should be allowed to continue. It also argues that the government should regulate this technology to help ensure that IVF research concentrates on medical research, instead of the elusive ideal of designer perfection.
From the Paper
"These legal challenges underscore the lack of legal measures to address the issues spawned by IVF technology. This technology has already challenged the legal and cultural bases that are currently in place to define parenthood as well as personhood. To address further legal troubles, the government should first initiate stronger monitoring restrictions on private IVF facilities. After all, most legal challenges in IVF cases result from smaller, private IVF providers. It is also in private facilities that more affluent couples are more likely to use IVF technology to ensure a ?designer? baby, who is free not only from disease but from physical imperfections."
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The Effect of Education Attainment on Fertility, 1995.
This paper examines the effect of female and male educational attainment on fertility: Fertility rates in U.S. and world, theory, economic, developmental and ethnic issues and population growth. Tables.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 17 sources, AU$ 217.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the effect of educational attainment on fertility. Following this introduction, literature is reviewed and data are presented to illustrate what is known about this relationship. The gaps in the knowledge of the relationship between educational attainment and fertility are then identified. Lastly, the feasibility of conducting additional research to develop the information necessary information to close the knowledge gaps is discussed.
Current Knowledge of the Educational Attainment/Fertility Relationship
Conventional wisdom in both sociology and economics holds that the fertility rate declines as female educational attain ... "
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Religion as a Determinant in Fertility, 2007.
A look at how religion affects birth and fertility in married or paired women throughout the world, with a focus on Austria, India and Canada.
4,777 words (approx. 19.1 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 196.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes a study with the hypothesis that religion accounts for, in large part, the number of children born to a woman. It looks at how most studies have found that women's fertility rate is determined by religion and other variants, sometimes equally, such as cultural, socioeconomic, age at time of birth, education, income and urban or rural position.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Socioeconomic Factors on Fertility Rate, Compared to Religion
Religion as a Factor in Fertility Rates Among Hindus and Muslims
Rural and Urban Effects on Fertility
Fertility Decisions and Desires in Bangladesh
Effect of Religion through Fertility Norms and Possibility of Dissolution
The Relationship Between Religion And Fertility: Evidence From Austria
The Religious Denomination Factor in Fertility in Canada
Results of the Multivariate Analysis
Discussion
Summary and Suggestions
Hypothesis
Data
Analysis of the Data
Discussion
Summary and suggestions
From the Paper
"After economic standing, a study by Lutz attempts to account for the effects of culture and religion on fertility rates. This study tries to assess the effects of culture and religion on fertility after accounting for a country's socioeconomic standing. Estimates for covariance models are analyzed for 128 countries between 1950 and 1975. The gross reproduction rate is the dependent variable and independent variables are infant mortality rates, aggregate standing of female education and gross domestic product per person. Categorical variables for religion and cultural region are taken into account as well. Surprisingly, even though socioeconomic standing is higher, European countries have lower fertility rates than Arab countries. Culture and religion have a measurable effect on fertility and in Arab countries it is positive. "
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Using Plants to Fertilize Plants, 2001.
A look at alternatives to chemical fertilizers.
2,068 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 105.95
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Abstract
This is a detailed and illustrated paper on using organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers on plants. Results of experiments concerning this topic are included with the paper.
From the Paper
"Organic fertilizers can provide enough nutrients to plants, that is the reason why the plants can grow well. Also the organic fertilizers can change the structure of soil and create a good drainage system, and well-ventilated environment which can be a better place for microorganisms to survive. The organic fertilizers contribute a lot to the growth of plants, but they still have some disadvantages. If one adds too much organic fertilizers, the plants will die because the concentration of organic fertilizers is very high."
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Japan's Fertility Rate Problem, 2005.
This paper relates that Japan's declining fertility and negative population growth could potentially cause more damage than the slowing of the Japanese economy.
1,699 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that experts have many theories on the dropping fertility rates in Japan: (1) People of Japan presently have stopped making families, (2) the large percent of elderly will become a burden, (3) the women's rights movement is a key reason, and (4) a change of attitude among young people, women in particular, that values such as marriage, divorce, and helping the elderly are not important. The author points out that, if marriage rates go up, and more people are getting married, then the fertility rates are bound to go up. The paper states that the U.S. had a similar fertility problem in the 1980s, but labor imported directly into the United States economy helped solve the fertility problem.
From the Paper
"The main problem with a declining fertility rate is what happens when the society becomes disproportioned with the much larger amount of elderly that will be present in Japan. Putting the situation into simple terms, each woman in Japan must give birth to an average of two babies in their lifetime. At a current rate of 1.38 added with the long life span of the Japanese people it is easy to see the problems that will arise. Also, adding to the problem that will leave the elderly with no support is the fact that Japan has very strict immigration laws that do not allow foreigners to help stabilize the birth rates. The main problem within the economy will be the pensions for the elderly that will not be there. Every generation in Japan has a responsibility to the generation before them to help with many things."
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