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Federalism.
This paper discusses federalism, a mechanism designed to institutionalize a permanent struggle between state and national power rather than having the states report obediently to a federal monolith.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the structure of the U.S. government is laid out in Articles I, II, and III of the Constitution. The author points out that the states were not granted specific powers by the Constitution; rather, they were prohibited from certain activities and actions, which makes it clear that the states did not require the federal government for their empowerment. Rather, they had, a priori, all powers the federal government did not specifically claim for itself nor prohibit to the states. The paper relates that, while there has been virtually no change in the concepts or conduct of federalism concerning international conduct and commerce, there have been significant changes in the way the federal government and states have interacted over time: states' rights have eroded, and the federalism has increased.
Table of Contents
Constitutional Framework of Federalism
Specific Powers of the Federal Government
Specific Powers of the States' Legislatures
The Changing Landscape of Federalism
Summary of the Strengths and Weakness of Federalism
From the Paper
"Although the United States is not the only nation to create a separation of powers within the authority of government-France, Great Britain, Mexico and other nations do so as well-it is the only nation that has set a constitution that is "deliberately inefficient. The separation of powers devised by the framers of the Constitution was designed to do one primary thing: To prevent the majority from ruling with an iron fist." Moreover, it made those provisions in the first three articles of the Constitution."
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Models of Federalism, 2002.
This paper analyzes a case study about the different models of federalism.
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper examines a case study of the various post-World War II attempts to alter the balance between federal and state power in the American federal system by reducing national activities and separating federal and state functions. This paper discusses the historical and other factors, which account for the way the American federal system and inter-governmental relations function, and suggests the way they might evolve to meet contemporary needs. The author concludes that no single model of federalism and intergovernmental relations should be permitted to prevail.
Table of Contents
Summary of the Case Analysis
Statements of the Intergovernmental Issues Involved
Analysis of the Selected Model of Federalism
Models of Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations
Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"In some areas of domestic policy, federal initiatives have been absolutely vital. For example, while various compromises on the issue of slavery may have helped delay the Civil War, it took vigorous action by the federal government at first in the 1860s and 1870s and later in response to the Civil Rights Revolution of the 1960s to protect the civil rights of blacks, and other minorities. In the economic sphere, many of the economic and social reforms which brought the excesses of Big Business under control in the late 19th and early 20th century originated in the states."
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Federalism and Democracy, 2007.
The paper examines the constitutional underpinnings of federalism and its effect on democracy in the United States.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the concept and practice of federalism within the United States arguably affects the practice of American democracy. The paper defines federalism as the distribution of power in an organization between a central authority and the constituent units. The paper examines the arguments for and against federalism; it reinforces the basic tenets of American democracy but may also effectively destroy individual liberties. The writer maintains that this is the greatest failing of federalism to safeguard American-style democracy today and in the years to come.
From the Paper
"However, there also have been, and continue to be, many valid arguments against Federalism in the United States, as it was first conceived and practiced by the Founding Fathers in the late 18th century. One is that, within smaller localized governmental units, such as local and state governments, individuals are able to participate directly in government, while at the federal level such government participation by individual citizens is impossible or nearly so ("Federalism", Wikipedia)."
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Federalism, 2002.
Examines the state of federalism in the United States today.
3,454 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the current status of federalism within the U.S. It is the thesis of the paper that the President, the Courts and Congress have assumed influential and significant roles in the shaping of federalism in recent decades. Initially, a conceptualization of federalism is offered, as established by the founding fathers. Current literature is then used to identify factors associated with and the role assumed by the presidency, the Courts and Congress in federalism as it exists today within the U.S.
From the Paper
"A number of landmark cases have been identified that offer evidence of the Courts efforts to restore federalism. United States v. Morrison has been identified as one of the most significant rulings favoring federalism during the 1999 term. Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justices Kennedy, O'Connor, Scalia, and Thomas, in their ruling on this case, annulled the civil remedies provision of the 1994 Violence against Women Act, which authorized victims of gender-motivated violence to sue their aggressors for damages in federal court. As ruled by the Justices, in a 5-4 opinion delivered by Chief Justice Rehnquist, the Court held that Congress lacked the authority to enact a statute under the Commerce Clause or the Fourteenth Amendment since the statute did not regulate an activity that substantially affected interstate commerce nor did it redress harm caused by the state."
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Federalism, 2001.
This paper analyzes the term Federalism in a United States context.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the United States Constitution and the concept of Federalism. It examines the pros and cons of providing power to the State and a brief history of this concept and how it has been instituted.
From the paper:
"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people," the 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution promises us, and in these words - as elsewhere throughout the United States - we see the outlines of the system of governance that is called federalism. Federalism is simply a type of political structure or organization that unites separate states under the governance of a single political system to ensure both that the individual states are allowed to maintain much of their autonomy while also allowing them to share in the greater power of a larger country."
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Federalism, 2004.
An examination of the concept of federalism, with a focus on the United States.
3,049 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the fundamental principle behind the notion of federalism, that no particular level of government can unilaterally wield power over an entire nation. The paper explains that the federal government is responsible for identifying the fundamental laws and ideologies of a nation that the territories are allowed to address as they see fit. It also, however, pertains to specific mechanisms. The paper contends that, in this respect, federalism within the United States can be exemplified by the specific mechanism by which amendments are to be ratified; amendments require approval of two-thirds of both houses of Congress and three-quarters of the fifty states. The paper compares American federalism to that of other countries, such as Russia and Nigeria.
From the Paper
"The implications of this severe level of territorial autonomy include a strong aversion among many Russians to the entire notion of federalism. They point to the corruption of the government, and the illegitimacy of regional elections. Many Russians today call for a much stronger, centralized form of rule; generally, rejecting both the advantages and disadvantages of federalist organization. Clearly, in Russia there appears to be little or no middle road when it comes to the notion of territorial autonomy: the necessities involved in holding the nation together after the Soviet collapse have generated gross injustices for the people of Russia, and the most expedient solution-to some-appears to be radical in nature."
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Federalism in the United States, 2002.
Discusses the history of federalism in American political history.
1,167 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 43.95
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Abstract
The history of federalism in the U.S. has been one in which the struggle or conflict between the central government and the states has continued to this day. The paper shows that the central concern of the 2000 Presidential election was how much power the federal government should have in relation to the states and individuals--with respect to taxation, abortion, education, health care and so on. Clearly, the contentious debate over federalism is as alive today as it was over 200 years ago at the founding of the nation. The paper explains that the purpose of federalism was to maintain a central government which was strong enough to keep the states together, to provide security for those states and through those states and yet to be restricted from gathering too much power unto itself which would lead to the kind of tyranny the colonists had just thrown off through the Revolutionary War.
From the Paper
"The inclusion of the Bill of Rights was one of the first essential compromises on the part of the Federalists in order to get the Constitution ratified by the states. Jeffrey St. John writes, for example, of the delicate balance of James Madison, a Federalist, in hammering out one agreement. The Anti-Federalists called for a ban on a peacetime professional army, but Madison offered "the Second Amendment, giving citizens the right to keep and bear arms, and the Third Amendment, banning the quartering of troops in private homes in peacetime and requiring a law to do so in wartime" (St. John xxii). Madison thereby won federalism the strong arm of a military instead of leaving protection of the new nation to separate state militias."
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Canadian Federalism, 2002.
A discussion of whether Canadian federalism has provided for the representation of the country's regional interests.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper will make it clear that federalism, Canadian style, is obviously in trouble. Most notably, the country's various regional cleavages and disparities are a tribute to this. Looked at in isolation, these symptoms give little reason for optimism. On the other hand, however incidentally the one that holds the upper hand in this paper is the reality that Canadian style federalism is the only form governance that can possibly hope to keep the country together. While it may not work smoothly, and sometimes almost not at all, there is no other viable alternative. If it is true that Canadian federalism is troubled today, and it seems to be, this has most certainly always been the case.
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Significance of Federalism, 2002.
Examines facts about the ratification of the constitution as well about the importance of federalism.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This six-page undergraduate paper presents facts about the ratification of the constitution as well about the importance of federalism. Federalism has had multiple significances for designing and redesigning constitutional systems. Thus an overview is presented ahead in this paper.
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When Federalism Works, 2002.
Definition and analysis of the philosophy of federalism.
884 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses federalism in terms of the implementation of public policy and economics. Federally funded developmental programs are looked at as well as competition between states for funds. The paper sums up how federalism can work when redistributive policies are used correctly.
From the Paper
"The United States is both a united country and a compounded nation of fifty states. This paradoxical status of unity and division is at the heart of the nature of federalism. Federalism is both a political means, a way of ensuring that all citizens have a voice in the government of their day on a micro-political as well as a macro-political level, and also an end in itself, according to James Madison, one of the authors of the Federalist papers. The Founding Fathers believed in federalism because they hoped that a strong national government would be counterbalanced by states imbued with specific political powers and rights that could not be impinged upon. This way, neither rampant republicanism (as voiced through the states) nor totalitarianism would reign in the new union they had created. (Federalism Web Site: Philosophy of Federalism in the U.S.)
In terms of the implementation of public policy, the philosophy of federalism is particular significant when reviewing the difference between developmental and redistributive policies of allocating funds. Developmental policies are primarily designed to enhance the economic development of a specific community by benefiting those who have borne the cost directly. In more technical terms, developmental policies "have benefit/tax ratio of more than 1, so that marginal benefits exceed the marginal cost to the average taxpayer." (Peterson Chapter 3)"
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Contemporary Federalism: Education in America, 2004.
This paper discusses contemporary federalism as it applies to education in America.
1,582 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer examines contemporary federalism with regards to education in America. The writer specifically discusses the 'No Child Left Behind Act' of 2001. The writer describes the historic federalist system and the New Federalism in this paper. The writer also examines the power of federal authority over education.
From the Paper
"'Power: Who has it and who wants it more?' are two themes that resonate throughout the halls of government every day. Federalism, the division of powers between a central government and regional governments often causes struggles over the relative powers of each level of government. In the United States, where government is divided into federal state and local entities, each level exercises separate powers within their own spheres of authority. By establishing such a system the Framers sought to create ... "
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Federalism, 1990.
"This paper examines federalism as manifested in the government of the United States and in the balance of power between the federal government and the states. Centralized authority, balance of power and liberal vs. conservative views.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 42.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine federalism as it is manifested in the government of the United States and in the balance of power between the federal government and the states.
Morley writes that "The United States, as the name implies, are a union of sovereign States, federal in nature . . . Federalism involves dispersion of political power. There will, of course, be some delegation of overriding authority to the general or central government . . . This division of sovereignty between the central government and the constituent states must be defined . . . Even when this division of governmental authority is meticulously set forth there will be disputes as to the allocation, especially if economic or social development seems to require uniform national regulation".
This brief summation contains the essence of the ... "
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Federalism, 2004.
This paper discusses the federal system of government, in which both the national government and smaller political subdivisions hold significant power.
1,015 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the three systems of modern government in countries around the world today: federalism (United States);the unitary system, in which power is not held at a subordinate level, such as in towns or provinces, but on a national level (Greece and the Netherlands); and confederation, a union of states run as a government. The author points out that dual federalism, the belief that the federal and state governments hold sovereignty together over the country, was the structure of the government of the United States from 1789 to 1901. The paper explains that federalism by its nature is supportive of public rights and individuality, allowing a large population to have a say in a process that is fundamentally created to protect and serve their needs.
From the Paper
"There are two forms of federalism: dual and cooperative. The United States was formed on dual federalism in 1787 and over the centuries has evolved into the system of government we have today. The Civil War paved the way for the unification of states and the creation of the Constitution. Deficiencies in the Articles of Confederation prompted its repeal and the ratification of a new Constitution creating a federal system of government comprised of a national government and states."
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Federalism, 2002.
This paper examines the continuing importance of federalism in the American political system.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
Federalism creates two levels of government, the federal or national government and the state government. Each government has its own areas of jurisdiction. Proponents of this system argue that it allows local state governments to handle local issues while the federal government handles national issues. Opponents argue that it creates confusion in the populace and conflicts between the two levels of government.
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SUFA and Fiscal Federalism, 2002.
This paper examines the effect of the Social Union Framework Agreement (SUFA) on fiscal federalism and vertical fiscal imbalance.
5,450 words (approx. 21.8 pages), 17 sources, MLA, AU$ 144.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the Social Union Framework Agreement (SUFA), also known as the Calgary Declaration, and the effect it will have on fiscal federalism. It argues that the SUFA is a realization that modern federalism is not sufficient to govern a complex and highly decentralized modern welfare state. The paper also includes charts, figures and graphs.
From the Paper
"The manifest purpose of SUFA is to manage intergovernmental relations in the area of social policy, given the high degree of interconnectedness between federal and provincial social programs. These intergovernmental relations include not only the social programs by each level of government, but also, the management of transfer payments from the federal government to the provinces. It is these transfer payments which permit a high degree of program decentralization given centralization of taxation powers; in theory, this type of arrangement ought to be economically efficient by allowing program delivery to be customized to local circumstances, but maintaining national taxation standards to avoid taxation policies which would promote factor flight, resulting in an inefficient allocation of labour and capital. Increasingly, however, revenues available to the provinces through taxation and transfers are inadequate to meet their program needs. This 'vertical fiscal imbalance', though disputed by the federal government, is a serious long-term problem for provincial governments and a major motivation behind the 'Calgary Declaration' which led to SUFA. On analysis, though, SUFA does not restrain the spending power of the federal government the way the provinces had intended, and will not have any meaningful impact on vertical fiscal imbalance."
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Federalism Versus Neo-Functionalism, 1999.
This essay seeks to establish the extent to which the theories of federalism and neo-functionalism are different and similar to each other.
3,410 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper gives a comprehensive understanding of the application and theory-building nature of federalism versus neo-functionalism. The two theories are compared and contrasted for their similarities and differences, along with arguments about which theory is more influential to international organizations, as they have developed over the years. The U.N., E.U., NAFTA and CARICOM among others are mentioned as the analysis in the paper spans the developed and developing world.
From the Paper
"Both neo-functionalism and federalism are integration theories, which developed in the light of the European experience particularly after World War II, with federalism emerging first and neo-functionalism shortly after. With respect to neo-functionalism, an operational definition was given by M. Robert Shuman, embodied within a quotation in an outlined plan for the European Union. It was formerly called the Coal and Steel Union. He stated that: "Europe will not be made all at once, or according to a single general plan. It will be built through concrete achievements which first create a de facto solidarity...the pooling of coal and steel production will immediately provide for the setting up of common bases for economic development as a first step in the federation of Europe". Carl Friedrich, on the other hand, described federalism as: "A kind of constitutional order. The function it serves is to restrain the power wielded by the inclusive community and those in it..."."
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