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The Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 2005.
This paper discusses the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), its criticism and its positive role.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
is created, directed and empowered by the Congressional statute and is answerable only to the United States Congress; its responsibility is regulating the radio spectrum for the non-governmental use of radio and television broadcasting and all forms of telecommunication such as wireless, satellite, cable and the internet. The author points out that the FCC is criticized for being both too restrictive and permissive causing several hardships to the general public and to the service providers such as delaying the licensing of new projects thereby making the use of new technologies risky. The paper relates that a positive role played by the agency is safe guarding the societal interests controlling the use of electromagnetic waves, popularly known as radio spectrum, which have emerged as one of important secondary needs of the human society along with electricity and the motorcar.
Table of Contents
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Critical Analysis of the Functioning of FCC
Positive Aspects of FCC
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The commission is governed by a group of five commissioners appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the senate for a five-year term. One of the commissioners, nominated by the President officiates as the Chirman of the commission. Ten staff Offices and six operating Bureaus under the overall supervision of the office of the Managing Director, assist the commissioners in executing the responsibilities like processing of applications for licenses and other filings, analyzing complaints, conducting investigations, developing and implementing regulatory programs, and taking part in hearings based on judicial disputes arising in the use of radio spectrum."
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Federal Communications Commission, 2006.
A review of the Federal Communications Commission and it's function in the USA.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the Federal Communications Commission. It begins with a brief history and the current structure of the Agency. The paper then discusses the functions of the Agency and the current problems and successes the Agency is experiencing. Lastly, it overviews the method of information dissemination for Agency, and the important information products available.
From the Paper
"The Communications Act of 1934 established the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). This independent United States government agency is directly responsible to Congress, and is responsible for regulating interstate and international communications, including: radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. The FCC has jurisdiction over all 50 states, the District of Columbia and American possessions ("About the FCC", 2006). The FCC was a replacement for the Federal Radio Commission, which was a temporary agency established in 1927. As mentioned, the FCC was created by the Communications Act of 1934, which was enacted by Congress on June 19th, 1934. It "consolidated, on a permanent basis, regulatory authority over all interstate broadcasting and wire communications, including telephone and telegraph" (Longley, 2006)."
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Federal Trade Commission, 1991.
This paper discusses the role of the Federal Trade Commission in credit card industry regulation: History, responsibilities and functions.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 59.95
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From the Paper
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has authority over much of consumers' daily lives, including the advertising consumers are exposed to and the rules and regulations governing credit cards. This research provides an overview of the FTC, including a short history of the Commission, its responsibilities and functions, the industries it regulates, and the Commission's role and effect on the credit card industry.
The Federal Trade Commission was founded in 1914 to maintain competitive enterprise in the American economic system. The FTC is charged with preventing the free enterprise system from being fettered by monopoly or restraints on trade, or corrupted by unfair or deceptive trade practices. Specifically, the Federal Trade commission Act prohibits the use in commerce of "unfair methods of competition" and "unfair or deceptive acts or ... "
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FCC Rule Changes, 2004.
A look at how the changes in the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rulings will affect the broadcasting industry.
1,687 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of the FCC's recent rule changes regarding broadcast ownership in the United States. Specifically, it will discuss what is involved, the arguments on both sides of the issue, and the relative relationship and authority between the FCC and Congress in this dispute.
From the Paper
"The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) recently issued new rules regarding broadcast ownership in America today, and the rules have generated great controversy since they were announced. Basically, the "FCC's rules make it easier for media corporations to buy more newspapers and television stations but tighten radio ownership rules" (Ahrens). Many critics of the new rules believe that allowing huge media corporations to buy even more newspapers and television stations would not only create a monopoly on the media in many areas, it would create a large lack of independent thought in the news and media. With a few large media corporations controlling essentially all of the media in many areas, free thought and expression would be replaced with a corporate spin on all the news available in the area. Before the FCC passed the new rules, millions of Americans voiced their displeasure over the new rules by writing letters and sending petitions to Washington, however, the FCC chose to ignore the pleas of the citizens, and OK'd the new rules in spite of the growing voice against them."
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The Federal Reserve System, 2004.
A description of the function and the history of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, and the Federal Reserve banks.
1,910 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Federal Reserve System, which originated by Congressional passage of the Federal Reserve Act in 1913. It shows how it is also known as "the Fed" and how it includes a Board of Governors and twelve Federal Reserve banks in major cities across the U.S., which effectively divides the U.S. into regions. It looks at how it plays a multi-faceted, predominant role in the monetary policy affecting our economy.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Background
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
The Banking Act of 1933
The 1950s and Beyond
Purpose
Funding
Board of Governors
Federal Reserve Banks
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The "Fed" supported the Treasury's fiscal policy goals from its founding to the years following World War II primarily. In the 1970s, the inflation rate went ballistic as producer and consumer prices rose, oil prices soared and the Federal deficit more than doubled (U.S. Banking). The Monetary Control Act of 1980, required the Fed to price its financial services competitively against private sector providers and to establish reserve requirements for all eligible financial institutions (U.S. Banking). The Act marked the beginning of yet another period of banking reforms. Following its passage, interstate banking grew, and banks began offering interest-paying accounts and instruments to attract customers from brokerage firms. Momentum for change increased, and by 1999, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act was passed."
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Federal Reserve Open Market, 2001.
This paper looks at the events at the Federal Reserve Open Market committee meeting in October 2000.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the reasons why the Federal Reserve Open Market Committee at its October 2000 meeting decided to leave the Federal Funds Rate target (and by extension the money supply target) unchanged as well as looking at what might have prompted the Fed Open Market Committee to increase the Federal Funds Rate or Discount Rate as well as what might have prompted them to decrease the Federal Funds Rate or Discount Rate - and what other actions might have accompanied either an increase or decrease.
From the paper:
"To understand the Fed's decision in October it is necessary to understand how the office functions in general. As the central banking authority of the United States, the Federal Reserve acts as a fiscal agent for the U.S. government; it also serves as custodian of the reserve accounts of commercial banks, makes loans to commercial banks, and is authorized to issue Federal Reserve notes that constitute the entire supply of paper currency of the country. The system comprises the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the 12 Federal Reserve banks, the Federal Open Market Committee, the Federal Advisory Council, and, a Consumer Advisory Council along with several thousand member banks. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System determines the reserve requirements of the member banks within statutory limits, reviews and determines the discount rates established by the 12 Federal Reserve banks, and reviews the budgets of the reserve banks."
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The Federal Reserve Board, 2005.
This paper discusses the Federal Reserve Board, a primary part of the Federal Reserve System of the United States and its effect on the economy of the United States.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that, in 1913, the Federal Reserve System, an integral part of the United States economy, was created by the Federal Reserve Act to deter the periods of financial panics, which were occurring in the United States. The author points out that managing the nation's monetary policy is the most important responsibility of the Board of Governors. The Board has three tools to conduct monetary policy: open market operations, reserve requirements, and the discount rate. The paper relates that the increase in the federal funds rate is the Federal Reserve's way of controlling inflation because, by raising the cost of borrowing money when there is too much money in circulation, the Federal Reserve's intention is to slow the economy down.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History
The Federal Reserve Board
Responsibilities of the Federal Reserve Board
The Fed and the United States Economy Today
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve Board was established as a federal government agency and is the governing element of the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Board, or the "Board of Governors," is made up of seven members who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Once confirmed by the Senate, the length of a term for a Board member is four-teen years. No Board member may be reappointed to the board. Every four years a new Chairman and Vice Chairman are also appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate."
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International Law Commission, 2002.
This research paper discusses the International Law Commission (ILC or Commission) of the General Assembly (GA) of the United Nations (UN).
3,159 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 22 sources, MLA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
This overview focuses on the ILC's mission, historical origins, composition and membership, functions, standards and accomplishments. It shows how during its first decade and a half, the ILC made significant contributions to the codification of existing international law and to its progressive development. It examines ways in which the ILC was successful in its early days and studies various criticism of its functions.
From the Paper
"Article 13, para. 1a. of the UN Charter provides: "The General Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of . . . promoting international cooperation in the political field and encourage the progressive development of international law and its codification." ILC was created by GA Resolution 174 (II) on November 21, 1947. Its first members were selected on November 3, 1948 and it held its first working session on April 12, 1949. Its mission, as described in Article 15 of the Statute of the International Law Commission was: (1) "the more precise formalization and systematization of rules of international law in fields where there already has been extensive State practice, precedent and doctrine;" and (2) "the progressive development of new international law," which Article 15 defined as "the preparation of draft convention on subjects which have not yet been regulated by international law or in regard to which the law has not yet been sufficiently developed in the practice of States." "
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A Comparison of Two Federal Reserve Banks, 1997.
Examines the role of the Federal Reserve System. Compares & contrasts the roles of the New York Federal Reserve Bank with the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 76.95
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From the Paper
"A Comparison of Two Federal Reserve Banks
Introduction: Federal Reserve Functions
The Federal Reserve System is the central bank of the United States. It was founded by Congress in 1913 to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system. Over the years, its role in banking and the economy has expanded. Today, the federal Reserve's duties fall into fall into four general areas:
1. Conducting the nation's monetary policy by influencing the money and credit conditions in the economy in pursuit of full employment and stable prices;
2. Supervising and regulating banking institutions to ensure the safety and soundness of the nation's banking and financial.."
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United States' Federal Economic Policies, 1996.
Analysis of the purpose and unintended consequences of various economic policies.
2,428 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines various economic policies of the U.S. federal government. It deals specifically with monetary policy, antitrust policy, regulatory policy and import quotas--looking at what some of the government policies have been, why they were formulated and how well they have succeeded in producing their intended effects.
Outline
I. Monetary Policy
A. Federal Reserve
1. History
2. Purpose
3. Policy
4. Effects
II. Antitrust Policy
A. Purpose
B. Sherman Act
C. Federal Trade Commission Act
D. Clayton Act
E. Federal Trade Commission
F. Effects
III. Regulatory Policy
A. Purpose
B. Interstate Commerce Act
C. Interstate Commerce Commission
D. Effects
IV. Import Quotas
A. Purpose
B. International Trade Commission
C. Television Imports
D. Steel Imports
E. Effects
From the Paper
"In 1977, in response to a petition filed with the ITC by the electronics industry, the U.S. set a quota on the number of television sets that could be imported from Japan (Canto 74). Although imported sets from Japan fell, imported sets from Taiwan and Korea rose to the point that total imports of televisions was unchanged; the U.S. response was to impose quotas on those countries as well (Canto 75). The net result was a negligible impact on the U.S. economy, because while imports of whole sets declined, imports of television parts rose sharply as foreign sets were assembled in the U.S. (Canto 77-80)."
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The History of the Federal Reserve System, 2008.
An examination of how the history of the Federal Reserve System has paralleled the history of economics in the United States.
3,406 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the nature of the Federal Reserve System, the push towards centralized banking in the United States, the panic of 1907, the evolution of the Federal Reserve during the 20th century, and the future of the institution.The paper highlights the significant role that the Federal Reserve System has played in the history of the United States since its creation. The paper explains that the Federal Reserve System was the final and most successful attempt by the United States government to create a centralized banking system for the nation that could help stabilize the economy and centrally coordinate financial policy-making. The paper then points out that, though significant criticism has been leveled at the Federal Reserve, throughout its history, there are few indications that the Federal Reserve will be abolished in the near future. In conclusion, the paper shows that for the foreseeable future, the Federal Reserve System will be an undeniable feature of American political and economic life.
Outline:
Introduction
What Is the Federal Reserve System?
Early History of Banking the United States, 1791-1913
The Panic of 1907 and the Birth of the Federal Reserve
From 1913 to the Present: The Evolution of the Fed
Criticism and the Future of the Fed
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve System was first established in the wake of the Panic of 1907. Earlier attempts to create such a system of federal banks had failed, but the Panic provided the impetus by apparently highlighting the need for a system like the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Act (1913) called for a system of eight to twelve mostly autonomous regional reserve banks. These banks would be owned by commercial banking interests, but coordinated by a committee appointed by the President of the United States (Flaherty sec. 13). In this way, the Federal Reserve System was originally devised as a private banking system that could operate largely in the public interest."
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The Ontario Human Rights Commission, 2008.
This paper examines the Ontario Human Rights Commission; its goals and achievements.
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the purpose and goals of the Ontario Human Rights Commission. The paper examines the Commission's reports to determine how well it advances the achievement of equity in Ontario. The paper looks at two of the Commission's reports and points out that the publication could better advance equity by dealing in particular with the impact of the events of September 11, 2001 on Canadian justice with regard to immigrants and visible minorities.
Outline:
Purpose of the Ontario Human Rights Commission
Commission's 2005-06 Annual Report
Inquiry Report on Racial Profiling
From the Paper
"The purpose of the Ontario Human Rights Commission (established in 1961) is the administration of the Ontario Human Rights Code (enacted in 1962). The Commission is an "arms length agency of government" that is responsible to the Legislature through the Attorney General of the Province. Its staff are public servants, and its Commissioners are appointed by the government. It is supposed to investigate complaints of discrimination and harassment from members of the general public, and foster mediation between parties where possible. A secondary purpose of the organization is the prevention of discrimination through public education and policy."
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The Federal Reserve, 2005.
This paper discusses the history of the origins of the Federal Reserve, commonly known as the Fed.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Federal Reserve Bank (the Fed) was established in 1913 in response to serious economic instability in the United States because, at that time, bankers had few guidelines to asset reserves and loan policies; therefore, some communities were virtually controlled by private trusts. The author points out that the Federal Reserve Act, which divided the nation into twelve districts with twelve Federal Reserve banks, standardized banking in the U.S. (1) by requiring every bank in the country to deposit part of its money at its regional Federal Reserve Bank in order to guarantee liquidity, (2) which the Fed invests to earn interest; furthermore; (3) these regional Federal Reserve Banks are not governmental organizations but rather privately owned financial institutions owned by member banks with (4) a seven member Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the President, to oversee the system and to establish policy. The paper stresses that the greatest power given to the new Federal Reserve System was the power to slow or stimulate the economy by raising or lowering the new discounted interest rate.
From the Paper
"Despite the fact that the Panic of 1907 and the country's long history of bank panics and bank instability had shifted public opinion toward national economic reform, the American monetary system went unchanged for another five years. In the meantime, the lack of currency in circulation was creating a credit crunch in the United States. Then in 1912, congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act to provide short-term aid by allowing national banks to issue notes on a wider range of securities, thus putting more money into circulation. As a more long-term solution, congress created a National Monetary commission to find ways in which to stabilize the American monetary system."
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Federal Construction Contracting Laws, 2003.
A complete overview of the federal construction contracting laws in play in the United States.
3,737 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
Federal contracts for construction, while similar in many respects to other types of federal contracts, have some unique aspects that have caused the federal government to create a system of rules within the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) specific to construction contracts. The federal government has been justified in creating these rules separate from those that apply specifically to supply and service contracts. This paper focuses on some of the unique rules and regulations that apply to federal construction contracts, including those related to contract types, labor laws, specifications, payments, delays, and differing site conditions.
Abstract
Overview
Contract Types
Federal Construction Contracting Laws
Contract Performance and Specifications
Payment Financing
Delays
Differing Site Conditions
References
From the Paper
"The federal government is the largest owner of real property in the world (Bastianelli, et. al., 1998), so it stands to reason that they spend an enormous amount of money on construction and maintenance of that property. It is difficult to gauge exactly how much the federal government spends on construction annually, but it is noteworthy that the Department of Defense alone planned to award over $10 billion on construction contracts in 2002 (Bush, 2001). Because of this significant amount of construction outsourcing, and the intricacies that go along with construction contracting, the federal government has been justified in developing unique regulations and rules for construction contracts. The federal government, in the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), defines construction as, ??construction, alteration, or repair (including dredging, excavating, and painting) of buildings, structures, or other real property?? (FAR 2.101). Determining whether or not something is considered a building or a structure is general straightforward, although there are always exceptions. However, the line defining whether or not something is real property can, at times, be somewhat unclear. The FAR does not provide a definition for real property, but in federal contracts the common legal definition is used, that real property is, ??land and all things that are attached to it?? (Lectric Law Library, 2003). Though many of the clauses, terms and conditions, and rules applicable to federal construction contracts are the same, or similar, to those that are used on federal contracts for supplies, there are a number of differences in the nature of contracting for construction that have caused the federal government to create separate laws that deal specifically with federal construction contracts. One of the major differences is that construction contracts are performed on Government property. Because of this, construction contractors are subject to a great deal more in the area of inspections and general surveillance on their contracts (Abernathy and Kelleher, 1976). Construction contracts typically have much more paperwork than federal supply contracts. On construction contracts, a contractor is required to file daily reports showing that they complied with all the unique construction regulations, including safety, schedules, and submittals of material samples (Arnavas, 2001, ?? 27.4.a.). Construction contracts are subject to much greater scrutiny on performance than supply contracts, as detailed analysis and explanation of any deficiencies are reported to contractors and contractors have the right to respond. Past performance information is also kept on construction contracts for six years, where the norm on supply contracts is three years (Arnavas, 2001, ?? 27.4.a). Other differences that will be the focus of this paper include contract types, labor laws, specifications, payments, delays, and differing site conditions."
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The Federal Reserve, 2002.
This paper discusses the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, which is charged with steering the monetary policies of the country.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the history and function of the Federal Reserve, one of the two most important central banks in the world, along with the Bank of Japan. The paper explains the real policy-making body for the Federal Reserve is the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), which fixes the federal-funds rate, or the rate at which banks lend to one another, and decides monetary growth targets. The author states that the Federal Reserve is an independent entity, though there are those who doubt that it is as politically insulated as it is supposed to be.
From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve System was formed by an act of Congress in 1913 and was to function as a central bank for the government and the people of the United States. In these functions, the Federal Reserve remains one of the most powerful institutions in American society, influencing the growth of the money supply, affecting interest rates, and playing a large roll in the pace and direction of spending by every citizen and every business. In addition to the 12 district banks, there are some 5,500 private member banks in the Federal Reserve System. Member banks elect six of the nine directors of their district bank, and they in turn recommend some of the people who sit on the two committees in Washington to make or advise on policy for the entire system."
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