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Chronic Renal Failure, 2006.
This paper discusses chronic renal failure, also called chronic kidney failure, which is a serious disease that can be fatal if not treated.
1,690 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in the beginning of chronic renal failure, there are virtually no symptoms; however, the progression of the disease can cause an increase in blood pressure, an accumulation of potassium in the blood, an accumulation of urea, anemia, fatigue, an overload of fluid volume, cardiac arrhythmia and vascular calcification. The author points out that, at end-stage of renal disease, renal replacement therapy, such as kidney dialysis and even kidney transplant, is required to keep the patient alive. The paper relates that patients with chronic renal failure also have a high incidence of atherosclerosis, which usually accelerates at a faster rate, and of cardiovascular disease, which has a prognosis that is not as good as someone without chronic renal failure.
From the Paper
"Sometimes, the levels of serum creatinine have not been measured in the past, and therefore the patient is often first treated as having acute renal failure. Only when blood tests continue to show elevated serum creatinine levels and it is determined that the renal failure is irreversible will the diagnosis be made as chronic renal failure as opposed to the previously assumed acute renal failure. A numerous amount of uremic toxins also accumulate in individuals that have chronic renal failure and are involved in the treatment of standard dialysis."
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Hobbes, Machiavelli and Political Failure, 2008.
An analysis of the causes and consequences of political failure in Niccolo Machiavelli's "The Prince" and Thomas Hobbes's "The Leviathan".
3,468 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) and Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) can be assessed as theorists influenced by direct exposure to political failure and its resulting chaos. It looks as how Machiavelli suggested that the prince was a person who knew he could not have something for nothing, whereas Hobbes was inclined to place the citizen in similar shoes, needing to adjust to a directed social order aware that without small compromises, he would lose the order so needed and wanted to achieve his ambitions. The paper concludes that in the early 21st century, there is much in international political life to remind us of Machiavelli's "The Prince" and Hobbes' "The Leviathan" in different demonstrations of both leadership and political failure and how war, anarchy, alienation and social chaos do seem the prices of poor leadership approaches and the failure to provide what is needed.
Outline:
Introduction
Machiavelli on Political Failure
Hobbes on Political Failure
Lessons of being a Bad Leader, or a Bad Subject
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Both Machiavelli and Hobbes had few illusions about human nature and the difficulties of governance. Machiavelli saw political failure as owing directly to the nature of the leader and whether or not he was a prince, in a person astute and evolved enough to wield power, and as Hobbes agreed in places but also expected subjects to understand that beyond a symbolic leader they needed to see their own culpability when political systems fell to pieces, that they were merely parts of the same organic social machine. Political failure meant that one party of another was not complying as necessary to make the machine function and that this should be recognized. In other words, whatever kind of leader or ruler was produced, human unwillingness to put cooperation ahead of competition and greed, or a failure to respect the law towards other anarchy would bring political failure's result in the anarchy of which human beings were also much afraid. "
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End-Stage Chronic Renal Failure, 2005.
This paper discusses an educational program for patients with end-stage chronic renal failure.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that end-stage kidney disease occurs immediately prior to chronic renal failure in which the kidney is no longer able to provide its necessary physiological functions. The author points out that patients in end-stage chronic renal failure typically are engaged to some degree in the dialysis process, but complete chronic renal failure will create a new series of lifestyle changes for the patient. The paper provides a comprehensive lesson plan for a patient who is undergoing end-stage chronic renal failure.
From the Paper
"End-stage kidney disease occurs immediately prior to chronic renal failure, in which the kidney is no longer able to provide its necessary physiological functions. Patients in end-stage chronic renal failure typically are engaged in the dialysis process to some degree, but complete chronic renal failure will create a new series of lifestyle changes for the patient. This paper is designed to provide a brief yet comprehensive lesson plan for a patient who is undergoing end-stage chronic renal failure. Conditions of End-Stage Chronic Renal Failure The patient undergoing end-stage chronic renal failure has a new set of physiological burdens applied. The kidney is no longer able to effectively process the body's wastes or play its role as the foremost regulator of the body's blood supply."
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Political Failure in Machiavelli and Hobbes, 2008.
A comparison of the causes and consequences of the political failure of Thomas Hobbes and Niccolo Machiavelli.
2,672 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the causes and consequences of political failure for Thomas Hobbes and Niccolo Machiavelli. It shows how the causes for each of their political failure were different, as reflected in their views of man and in the actions of men within their respective forms of government. The paper presents both Hobbes' and Machiavelli's views and then compares the results of their political failure.
From the Paper
"Hobbes favors an authoritarian government where the welfare of the people is assured by the paternal care of the Sovereign because it would make no sense that a Sovereign should oppress his people. The consequences of political failure are to plunge men back into the chaos of the state of nature, the "Warre of everyone against everyone, in which case everyone is governed by his own reason" (Lev., ch. 14, p. 64). Only when men subjugate themselves and their reason to the Reason of the Sovereign does the Power of the Sovereign ensure "peace and commodious living". It is in this way that "we make the commonwealth ourselves" (Six Lessons, Ep. Ded., p. 184)."
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Congestive Heart Failure, 2007.
A look at the symptoms and treatment of congestive heart failure.
1,353 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 48.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss and analyze the topic of heart disease. Specifically, the paper discusses the causes of congestive heart failure (CHF) and its affects on the body. Heart failure is a leading cause of illness and death in America today. It looks at how congestive heart failure can weaken the body and the person until that person can no longer function and how it can lead to several other debilitating diseases.
From the Paper
"There are also several different birth and other physical conditions that can eventually lead to CHF. These include congenital heart disease that is present at birth (also called birth defects), abnormal heart valves, which can result from disease or infection, and heart muscle disease, which can also come from disease but can also occur as a result of substance abuse. Other conditions include anemia, an overactive thyroid gland, or abnormal heart rhythm. Some of these conditions come from health problems, and some are simply genetic. Therefore, there are a wide variety of causes of CHF, and Americans should be aware of high-risk lifestyles that can lead to increased instances of CHF. "
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Acute Renal Failure, 2004.
An extensive analysis of the kidneys and acute renal failure.
4,756 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a colorful and detailed explanation of the function of the kidneys. The paper offers many diagrams to illustrate the material discussed. The paper also includes extensive research on acute and chronic renal failure. The paper examines acute renal failure by providing a case study on the subject.
Outline
Introduction
Mechanisms of Fluid Regulation
Acute Renal Failure Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Diet
Drug Treatment
Case Study
References
From the Paper
"The adrenal medulla functions as part of the autonomic nervous system. Stimulation of preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers causes release of epinephrine and noreepinephrine. These regulate metabolic pathways to promote catabolism of stored fuels to meet caloric needs from endogenous sources. Epinephrine is the key player in the 'fight or flight' response. The adrenal cortex produces three steroid hormones. Glucocorticoids affect blood glucose levels using the negative feedback system. Mineralcorticoids exert their major efforts on electrolyte balance. Androgens effects are similar to male sex hormones."
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Lee and McKenzie's "Failure and Progress", 1994.
This paper is a critical review of Lee and McKenzie's "Failure and Progress" about the inevitability of economic failures in a thriving free market.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, AU$ 42.95
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From the Paper
"The writers of "Failure and Progress" are professors who demonstrate that the American government actually hampers economic growth by the ways in which it tries to resolve economic failure. Marxism is dead; now nations and governments need to realize that markets are more ruled by the freeing role of society. This paper will be an examination of professors Lee and McKenzie as they try to demonstrate in Failure and Progress that no country will ever have economic growth without economic failure. In other words, for there to be winners generated by the free market, there must also be losers. Pertinent examples from the text will be used to support the contention that the main premise of Failure and Progress is correct.
When countries fail economically, they often tend to avoid free markets that are in competition with them or markets ... "
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"Success through Failure", 2008.
A review of Henry Petroski's arguments in his book, "Success through Failure: The Paradox of Design."
1,082 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Henry Petroski's book, "Success through Failure: The Paradox of Design," which examines the process by which new technologies and artifacts are created. The paper discusses Petroski's arguments regarding the relationship between success and failure in design. The paper also reviews the way that the book is written and the argument is presented.
From the Paper
"Petroski's Success through Failure is an exploration of the relationship between success and failure in design. The reaction to failures, as well as attempts to avoid those failures in the first place, is one of the most important aspects of the design process. Or, at least, this is Petroski's argument. The reality is a bit more subtle than that; however, Petroski draws a wide swath of historical evidence, examples, and anecdotes to illustrate that more often than not the advance of technology and design is built on a foundation of failures, not successes."
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Small Business Failure, 2007.
This paper explores reasons for the failure of many small businesses.
2,233 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the importance of economics to small business owners. The author states that a lack of economic information is one factor that explains the failure of small business. It is further argued that the success of a business depends on supply and demand. The author concludes that a business with knowledge of economics has an advantage over a business that does not support knowledge of economics.
Economics and Small Businesses
Reasons for Small Business Failure
The Importance of Supply and Demand
Applying Economics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Economics are also important when assessing a business that one is considering purchasing. The only way to accurately determine the success of the business is to consider the financial information. In addition, it must be noted that the new business owner is more interested in future performance than past performance. Economic information must then be used to assess the financial data. A potential business owner might realize that economic factors led to past failure, but that future economic factors indicate the potential for success. The reverse could also be seen, with reasons uncovered that suggest that the business will fail in the future. The use of economic and financial information allows for a fact-based analysis that will assist in making the right purchase decision."
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"The New Nature of Nation-State Failure", 2006.
A critique and review of Robert I. Rotberg's "The New Nature of a Nation-State Failure".
2,811 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes "The New Nature of Nation-State Failure" by Robert I. Rotberg. According to the paper, Rotberg offers the reader a close and intimate view of what actually occurs and what the citizens undergo as the nation-state's failure plays out according to the lines written by a ruling elite class of powerful governing classes that have essentially taken over the country in a patriarchal and despotic rule.
Outline:
Introduction
Summary
Strengths and Weaknesses
Improvements
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Rotberg moves on to the subject of prevention of such state failure call it much easier than a revival once having failed or collapsed in a destructive manner. Long and expensive are the call words that Rotberg assigns to revival of a country after such as state of failure and collapse has been reached. Creation of security, administrative structure, a bureaucracy and location of funds are the steps taken in the first effort of revival of a collapsed state along with establishment of a legal code and system, training of court officials and opening of courtrooms, restarting of schools, rebuilding and refurbishing of hospitals, building of roads, gathering of demographical statistics. Although Rotberg states that elections are not first priority but constitutions and elections to encourage democracy are very important. It is more important according to Rotberg that strength is given to nation states prior to failure as it is much easier to attempt revival from this point instead of after failure and collapse. He cites 'outside support' as being 'conditional on monetary and fiscal streamlining' with 'renewed attention to good governance, with reforms of land tenure systems and strict adherence to the rule of law" taking place. Nothing that endures can be accomplished in a short period of time. It is very important that failure of many of these states is prevented but it is also costly. These places ethnic cleansing and famines result in the newly failed states with terrorist groups taking hold. "
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The Teton Dam Failure, 2004.
An analysis of the tragedy of the Teton Dam failure.
1,217 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a brief background to issues surrounding dam construction. The paper examines the failure of the Teton Dam, citing the reasons for the disaster. The paper highlights the events of the fateful day of the failure of the dam. The lessons learned from this tragedy are outlined in the paper.
Outline
Introduction
Physical Aspects
Political, Social and Economic Factors
Responses and Impact
Future Implications
From the Paper
"There are countless dams in the United States and throughout the world. They range from massive hydroelectric complexes, to smaller earthen or cement structures largely used for flood control and irrigation purposes. Although most dams are useful, safe structures, the principles of dam construction-especially on medium to large scales-are difficult and precise. When omissions or errors in engineering or implementation of engineering principles are accidentally made, overlooked, or outright ignored serious and sometimes catastrophic failures can result."
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End Stage Renal Failure, 2006.
A review of nursing management for end stage renal failure.
1,111 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the nursing management strategy that adopts Callista Roy's adaptation model when engaged in the rehabilitation of an end state renal failure patient. The paper further discusses the need for identifying the reasons for renal failure and the role of the nurse at this end stage.
Overview:
Assessment of Behavior
Physiologic-Physical
Self-concept and group identity
Role Function
Interdependence
Nursing Diagnosis
Intervention
Evaluation
From the Paper
"What role must the nurse play within the family dynamic? Does the patient understand his or her illness? If not, must the nurse act as an educator? Does the nurse need to mediate between family members, or provide advice as to how to secure the means of self-care? For example, during a family interview, does the family seem to understand the seriousness of the patient's condition, and are they acting as aids to ensure the current course of treatment is realized? For example, do they allow the patient to 'cheat' on his or her diet? Do they and are they capable of providing emotional, and if necessary, financial or physical support, when the patient is outside of the hospital environment?"
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Skin Flap Failure and Leeches, 2006.
An in-depth discussion regarding skin flap failure and the question of whether leeches can save them.
8,618 words (approx. 34.5 pages), 19 sources, MLA, AU$ 193.95
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Abstract
The aim of this paper is to determine if the age-old medicinal use of leeches can be used to assist in saving skin flap failure. The paper reviews and discusses the medicinal practice of bloodletting, a practice that has been used since the Stone Age. The objective of this paper is to perform a critical, qualitative review of literature on quantitative research regarding skin flap procedures, the use of leeches in the medical field, and specifically the use of leeches used in conjunction with skin flap procedures. In this way, the paper hopes to prove that leeches can indeed be a valuable tool in saving skin flap failure.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Preliminary Literature Review
Medicinal Leeches Overview
Skin Flap Overview
Medicinal Leeches Used in Skin Flap Procedures
Methodology
Method
Results
Analysis
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
Figures and Tables
Figure 1: Depiction of leeching, by Willem van den Bossche in, Historia Medica (Bruxellae, 1639).
Figure 2: Medicinal Leech Passive Bleeding vs. Mechanical Device
Figure 3: LDF data for the control, outlet and leech groups over the course of Cottler et al.'s research.
Figure 4: Leech treatment
Figure 5: Average Surviving Area of Flaps
Figure 6: Mind Map
Table 1: Identification of Themes for Research Regarding the Use of Leeches in Skin Flap Survival
Table 2a: Summary Grid
Table 2b: Summary Grid
Table 2b: Summary Grid
Table 2c: Summary Grid
From the Paper
"The research included the qualitative review of relevant literature. Identification of relevant literature was conducted through the use of electronic and hand searches, for published articles or reports concerning the use of leeches and skin flap procedures. In addition, the author also reviewed table of contents of scholarly medical journals. Scholarly journals as well as Internet sites run by medical organizations or offering articles written by medical professionals were searched. The author used a list of Boolean conditional keyword phrases to perform the literature search. These search terms allowed the author to quickly and easily identify the literature that was most likely to be relevant to the topic at hand. The first portion of the literature review identified all literature regarding these topics, while the second portion focused on research studies that employed quantitative methods in their results. Bibliographies from these identified literature pieces were then hand searched for additional references to appropriate pieces of literature."
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Congestive Heart Failure.
This paper discusses congestive heart failure, a condition that primarily affects the elderly, but can affect younger people.
2,380 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in congestive heart failure, the blood flow, which normally comes from the heart, is slowed down; therefore, the blood, which is coming through the veins and returning to the heart, often backs up, causing swelling in various tissues and in the lungs; this is a serious problem. The author points out that there are genetic and congenital risk factors for congestive heart failure, and not all of them can be controlled. Other factors, such as quitting smoking, getting blood pressure and diabetes under control, losing weight, and watching one's diet, can be controlled, however. The paper relates that nursing care can help patients deal with their condition, especially in the areas of their greatest concern, which include activity, lack of knowledge about the condition, and pain management.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Disease Condition
Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are many different instruments and other medical tactics used to diagnose congestive heart failure. Obtaining a complete and thorough clinical history for the patient is the first step towards this diagnosis. Once this has been completed, the patient is usually placed in a classification based on how severe their suspected congestive heart failure is and what they can and cannot do on a normal basis. A complete physical is also performed. Being able to diagnose congestive heart failure in someone who is elderly is sometimes difficult because anorexia, anxiety, and other seemingly odd problems that are considered to be atypical of congestive heart failure are the things that are seen most often in this age group."
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Atrial Natruiretic Peptide and Heart Failure, 2008.
This paper explores atrial natriuretic peptide's association with congestive heart failure.
2,407 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the relevant literature regarding cardiac hormones and atrial natruiretic peptide (ANP) in particular, as well as literature regarding its association with heart failure. The paper concludes that not only do cardiac markers hold great promise as sub-clinical indicators of heart failure, they also boast interventional and prognostic value with further research.
Outline:
Biochemical Composition and Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The cardiovascular system is complex not only in its amazing capacity to adapt to a broad range of hemodynamic challenges and insults but also in its multiple physiologic roles. From a rest state, everyday physical exertion to the vigorous demands of exercise, the cardiovascular system is able to adjust to perfuse all organ systems adequately and without fail within seconds of the stimulus. It is also able to adjust to long-term stressors in order to maintain nominal perfusion to all organ systems. While its primary physiologic role of the heart as a circulating pump is its most prominent feature, its interesting role as an endocrine organ is becoming more significant, especially in the light of such common pathological states as heart failure."
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The Failure of the Chinese Nationalist Party, 2005.
A discussion of the reasons for the failure of the Guomindang party and the triumph of the Chinese communist party after WWII, in China.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This essay examines some of the events that took place in China since the middle of the 19th century and that led to the triumph of the Chinese Communist party after World War II. The essay focuses on the factors that led to the failure of the Chinese Nationalist party (Guomindang) to consolidate its support amongst the Chinese people. It also argues that the factors that led to the failure of the Guomindang government to maintain power include strong a nationalist sentiment, the importance of the peasantry and unsolved socio-economic problems.
From the Paper
"The failure of the Chinese Nationalist Party"
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