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The Evolution of Sexual Attraction, 2008.
This paper discusses the motivations behind procreation and sexual attraction.
1,637 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that successful copulation and reproduction has been propagated by the human species for millions of years. The writer points out that this process has been studied and researched for centuries to determine the physiological and psychological motivations behind procreation and sexual attraction. The field of evolutionary psychology has attempted to do so, and derives evidence from psychology, neuroscience, anthropology, comparative zoology, sociology, behavioral genetics, and many other fields. The writer discusses that through such studies, more insight may be gained as to sexual attraction, mate choices, and social decisions regarding sex and relationship between men and women. The writer maintains that there is no doubt that human beings will continue mating and reproducing, yet the whole process continues to have a mysterious aura surrounding it. The writer then concludes that although study after study has been conducted, the physiological and psychological motivations behind procreation and sexual attraction are still elusive.
Outline:
Introduction
Evolutionary Function of Orgasms
What Men and Women Find Attractive
Social vs. Sexual Attraction
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This modern day psychology of the human male is no doubt an offshoot from his male ancestors who were physiologically urged to over-reproduce to insure survival of the species.
"Women, on the other hand, do not appear to have such a physiological or psychological need to procreate with multiple males, as women do not compete with other female ova during sexual encounters. Therefore, short-term sexual partners for women may function only to evaluate possible long-term mates, and serve more of a social function whether than a sexual or reproductive one."
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Evolutionary Psychology and Sexual Attraction, 2008.
An analysis of men and women's different desires when it comes to sexual partners and how they go about obtaining what they are looking for.
2,112 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at what women want and at what men want when it comes to a sexual partner. It discusses how they go about obtaining the partners they find desirable and looks at the biological defense mechanisms in place to ensure that the right outcome is achieved. The paper first looks at how physical appearance and certain body types make both males and females more desirable to members of the opposite sex. It then examines why women are relatively less promiscuous than men and why the female orgasm is not linked to the exchange of genetic material in the same way that the male orgasm is.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Sexual Reproduction and Survival of the Fittest
Physical Appearance: What Men and Women Appear to Want - and How Physical Attractiveness Might Determine Personal Mating Selections and Behavior
The Behavioral Patterns of Men and Women vis-a-vis Sexuality (Relative Levels of Promiscuity)
The Function of Orgasm in Female/Male Sexual Behavior
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The female orgasm becomes important in all of this because an ovulating woman who is sexually aroused is in a position to have an orgasm that will facilitate the impregnation process. To wit, female orgasms shortly before or shortly after male ejaculation are associated with higher sperm retention whereas the absence of female orgasm greatly increases the likelihood that no impregnation will occur; in short, the female uterus appears more receptive to the male sperm than it would be otherwise (Baker & Bellis, 887-890). In the end, it may be put forward that the female orgasm is actually a defense mechanism for women that reduces the risk of pregnancy at the hands of men they may find tolerable but not altogether desirable; conversely, the male orgasm, to the extent it is always accompanied by ejaculation (and thus climax), can be viewed as a means by which pleasure and the male biological imperative are intertwined. As a result, physical gratification is a spur driving men towards the pursuit of sexual reproduction - and men, as noted, greatly increase their reproductive chances if they have sex with large numbers of women."
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Cultural Evolution vs. Biological Evolution, 2008.
A comparison and contrast over cultural evolution with biological evolution.
1,583 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the concept of cultural evolution and compares and contrasts cultural evolution with biological evolution. The paper discusses the effect of the historical or cultural environment on the development of cultural evolution and looks at the study of cultural anthropology and the various opinions that exist on the ability for evolution of culture to occur at all.
From the Paper
"The social sciences must take into consideration cultural perceptions, even if these perceptions are biologically in error. The human race has far more in common with one another than it has differences, but culturally individuals have perceived and classified other individuals according to 'races,' including Darwin himself in some of his less enlightened moments. Cultural evolution and anthropology aims to understand how these perceptions have affected human culture, but biological evolution merely takes note of this factual error. Obviously, the biological fiction of race, and the fact that an apparently Caucasian individual can have the genetic material of someone who is African, even if these traits are not dominant in his or her physical configuration, acts as a profound question to the assumptions of our culture. The limits of our own culture challenge the idea that there is a linear, positive progress to cultural evolution of ideas and practices (such as industrialization making the world less habitable). The insight biological evolution provides about race shows that there can be fruitful methodological dialogue between cultural and biological evolutionists, but the two approaches will never study the same discipline, nor can the use the same methods. The biological question: 'Are there races within the human species' is a different question than the cultural query: 'why do cultures continue to subscribe to the divisive idea that there are innate differences between different groups of the human species?""
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Evolution, 2002.
A comprehensive analysis of the theory of evolution, belief in evolution, and its effect on student behavior.
2,716 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 17 sources, MLA, AU$ 131.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of believing in evolution, on the behavior of students by describing both the evolutionary theory and its various effects. The paper presents the considerable debates on the issues of evolution and creationism. The writer claims that evolution is usually held responsible for inducing immorality among its followers.
Introduction
Evolution or Creation
Evolution and Ethics
Evolution and Morality
Evolution and the Value of Human Life
Co-Existence of Evolution and Religion/Morality
Belief in Evolution and Behavior of a Student
References
From the Paper
"The theory of evolution that man is just another animal in the line of living forms, attaches the same value to a man?s life as the value that is attached to an animal. As a result, in presence of evolutionary claims, there is no rule that could regard a man?s life as more important than an animal?s and therefore worth treating any differently. Such a belief tends to lead, inevitably to unethical code of conduct. For instance, in January, 1973, the United States Supreme Court, in a 7-to-2 vote, decided that the human embryo growing within the human womb cannot be defined as ?human? and as a result, it can be subjected to any kind of maltreatment. According to Darwin, an evolutionist, since the weaker members of society are unfit and, by the laws of nature, cannot survive, a baby growing in the womb cannot survive either unless helped by a stronger being. Unless the mother, a stronger being, is bound by a moral code, she will not help a baby grow. This will, in the long run, inevitably lead to extinction of human race."
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Evolution, 2004.
A discussion of the definition of evolutionary theory, as well as the causes and evidence of evolution.
2,043 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the term ?evolution? evokes varied connotations and how, in simple and direct terms, it is a process of change or development over a long period of time. It looks at how, in general, evolution refers to biologic or organic evolution, which is the formation and development of life on earth.
Outline
Theory of Evolution
Causes of Evolution
Population Dynamics and Evolution of Population
Evidence of Evolution
From the Paper
"The evolutionary theory explains these aspects. Evolutionary theory proposes that all species probably evolved from a single form of life, which existed about three and half billion years ago. Over the ages, the original basic form of life is considered to have evolved into more species and these, in turn, into many other species. This ?speciation? process as it is called led to the development of over 10 million species that live on earth today. The idea of speciation leads to another essential idea underlying it - the idea of common ancestry. As all species evolved from one basic life form, it is implied that any two species once had a common ancestor. But how can the idea of common ancestry are explained in the light of widely varying species? "
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"Dancing to Evolution?s Tune", 2004.
This paper reviews Robert Wright's "Dancing to Evolution's Tune," which examines the neurobiological concept of evolution.
815 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that in his book, "Dancing to Evolution's Tune," Robert Wright elucidates on the important role of motivation in evolution and how the genes are self-programmed to achieve this. The author points out Wright's concept that our genes have deliberately destined us to dabble in a world of pleasure and pain for evolutionary reasons, all the time keeping us well absorbed in the illusion because they cannot be satisfied. The paper relates that this evolutionary genetic scheme seems to confirm the truth in our spiritual doctrines because all the religions of the world have one thing in common; they all have propounded the futility of chasing after desires and fleeting pleasures.
From the Paper
"Nature has used happiness as a bait to motivate living beings and to propel them into action. Happiness is thus a reward that man receives when he carries on the duties of maintaining his bodily functions- nourishing himself, procreating and extending his heritage. The genes control the neurochemistry behind the feelings of happiness. On cogitation it is revealed that our basic impulses are meant to serve the main purpose of gene proliferation rather than for our psychological well being as it appears at the outset. Over the last decade scientists have found out the significant role of the neurotransmitter dopamine in giving the feeling of happiness and satisfaction."
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Interpersonal Attraction, 2002.
A discussion on interpersonal attraction (IPA) including physical attractiveness, psychological equity, familiarity and IPA as a social construct.
2,101 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the fundamental theories that have been devised by psychologists to explain interpersonal attraction. It begins by examining the concept of attractiveness and situational influences on attraction followed by experimental social psychology theories and the social construction of attraction. It aims to give an overview of the different concepts and theories, which in cases is illustrated by research conducted in the field.
From the Paper
"Physical attractiveness can have a significant effect on our first impressions of an individual and determine whether we are attracted to them or not. Hatfield (1966) carried out an experiment on 752 first year students at the University of Minnesota at an orientation week dance. Students were randomly matched and then spent two and half hours together after which time they took a break to complete a questionnaire about their dates. The results of this questionnaire were then compared to that of personality and aptitude test given to the students before the dance."
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Evolution of Police Work, 2006.
This paper discusses the evolution of police work and the evolution of American communities over the past fifty years.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 171.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews how policing has evolved over the last half-century. Along the way, the paper examines organizational developments, changes in the relationship between the general public and police officers, and changes between rank-and-file officers and their superiors. Not to be overlooked, the paper pauses to reflect on changes in personnel and also delves into some broad theories which have proved influential. In the end, the paper concludes that policing today is better than in the past and adjusted capably to a half-century of change.
From the Paper
"American policing has undergone many profound changes over the past several decades. From being authoritarian, punishment-focused and top-down only a couple of generations ago to being a more collaborative, educative and bottom-up organization today, policing in America's urban centers has changed in ways that mirror the broader changes in American society. The following paper examines the evolution of police-community interaction over the past half-century and also examine how the attitudes of police officers have changed as the world around them has changed."
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God and the Theory of Evolution, 2007.
A look at the defense of the cosmological argument for the existence of God against the theory of evolution
1,444 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to defend the cosmological argument for the existence of God against the theory of evolution by presenting arguments in favor of the cosmological argument, refuting some of the major objections against it and elaborating the weaknesses of the evolutionary theory.
Outline:
The Cosmological Argument
Criticisms of the Cosmological Argument & their Refutation
The Theory of Evolution
Does the Theory of Evolution Negate the Cosmological Argument?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Man has sought to unravel the mysteries about the origins of the universe, life, and mankind itself since times immemorial. Philosophers, theologians, and scientists have thought hard and deep through the ages and put forwarded divergent theories about the mystery. These have eventually boiled down to two major and contrary ideas, i.e., the "evolutionary" theory that life was created by pure chance and has over time evolved into ever-more complex forms of life through a process of natural selection, and the theist argument that an outside supreme force (God) was responsible for the start of the universe and life. The "Cosmological Argument" for the existence of God and the "theory of evolution" best represent the two divergent schools of thought on this important argument."
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Physical Attraction, 2004.
Examines how physical appeal influences the sexual attraction between the sexes.
906 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
Physical attraction affects nearly every aspect of human life, from choosing partners to influencing attributional perceptions. Since physical appeal plays a huge role in the attraction between opposite sexes, there has been much study devoted to this aspect in particular. This paper refers to Amanda Gardner's article, "Opposites Don't Always Attract", which discusses the outcome of research that tries to explain physical attraction in a generalized manner. The paper examines just how important physical attractiveness is in order to find a partner.
From the Paper
"However it is virtually impossible to generalize human relationships into standard rules or definitions, as in real life situations there are more complex factors to be considered. Finally we cannot ignore the character of a person when we discuss the attraction between the opposite sexes. A person beaming with inner beauty though lacking in external appearance may appeal more to the opposite sex."
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Cultural Evolution, 2002.
An overview of cultural evolution including Spencerian and Darwinian models, tribes, chiefdoms and archaic states.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains why anthropological archeologists are interested in cultural evolution, discusses the Spencerian and Darwinian models of cultural evolution, identifies the key characteristics of tribes, chiefdoms, and archaic states, and analyzes what kinds of material remains might archaeologists find most useful in their search for a better understanding of how prehistoric cultural evolution worked.
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Evolution, 2002.
A paper which explains how evolution works.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 12 sources, AU$ 186.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses evolution with all the trappings that come with it. The idea of non-believers is addressed as well as the evolution process. Darwin's Theories are examined such as his beliefs of inherited traits which during his time was unheard of. Other issues discussed are relevant to the evolution process with words such as 'natural selection' and 'mutations' being discussed.
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Human Evolution and Closest Relative, 2007.
This paper discusses the evolution of the human and discusses human origins.
2,016 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 18 sources, MLA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that evolution is defined as a change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation and natural selection. The writer notes that the topic of human evolution all started when human fossils and remains were discovered from different regions on earth. The writer points out that the availability of new technology even allows the study of the genetic structures of the fossils found, which signifies a more reliable and astonishing breakthrough in defining the start of human evolution. The writer concludes that many of the scientific evidences including that of the anatomical, archaeological and genetic provide a full proof view that modern humans descend from earlier hominid populations or our ape-like ancestors.
From the Paper
"Homo sapiens (about 100,000 years ago) is characterized by large brain size, high forehead, small eyebrow ridges, slender skeleton and upright structure. The Homo sapiens fossil record shows anatomical trends toward decreased bone mass. Their diet was more balanced - it included meat, grains and vegetables. The sapiens' tools were more sophisticated, and incorporated the use of raw materials. Surviving Cro-Magnon artifacts include huts, cave paintings, carvings and antler-tipped spears. The remains of tools suggest that they knew how to make woven clothing (according to a claim by Michael Rappenglueck, of the University of Munich. 2000.). The appearance of Cro-Magnon culture about 40,000 years ago was characterized by fine artwork - beads, ivory carvings, clay figurines, decorated tools and even musical instruments."
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Sex, Conflict and Evolution, 2002.
This paper looks at the way in which a better understanding of sex and the evolution of our species can enhance our understanding of human nature.
775 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 1 source, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
The evolution of a species, any species involves the complicated process of procreating, dealing with each other, and evolving in a manner that helps sustain life not diminish it. The questions that scientists ask about sex and behavior and evolution go to the heart of what makes us who we are. Nature is not perfect but it is clever. The study of sex and evolution has a great deal to tell us about how we have become what we have become. In addition, it can lead us to improve on areas--such as gender conflict--which threaten our survival.
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The Evolution of the Giraffe, 2005.
Traces the evolution of the mammal known as the giraffe, examining different views on the topic.
874 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
Since the giraffe was first used by Lamarck to rationalize his theory of evolution, the organism has been a textbook example of the most simple and obvious applications of evolutionary theory. This paper examines theories relating to the evolution of the giraffe. It examines the processes of natural and sexual selection to see how they apply to the theory of the giraffe's evolution.
From the Paper
"The elemental difference between natural selection and sexual selection is that the latter form takes place within a population. Sexual selection can often result in characteristics that hinder an organism's chances of survival, but simultaneously increase their chances of finding a mate. Since evolution is driven by the amount of offspring produced, both forms of selection are extremely important to the process of evolution."
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Darwin and Evolution, 2006.
An examination of Darwin's evolutionary theories and application to the evolution of elephants.
988 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the theory of evolution upholds itself when examining the world around us and does so by studying the evolution of the elephant. It uses the opinions of other scientists to compare and contrast bias and successfully traces ancestry and evolution over millions of years.
From the Paper
"The claim "Evolution is just a theory and has not been proven" is simply a false incredulous claim that has no basis and no proof. However, if one were to claim that the theory of Evolution has been proven, one would be correct. Evolution is a theory of development from earlier forms: the theoretical process by which all species develop from earlier life forms. For hundreds of years scientists have searched for and found evidence of evolution in humans, animals, and other organisms. Fossils have shown us that life on Earth was vastly different millions of years ago and also provide us with evidence of how organisms change and adapt over long periods of time. Arguments against evolution are both scientific and religious. Creationists believe that God created the universe and everything in it in six days, resting on the seventh. "
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