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Europe: 1945-1991, 2004.
This paper discuses three theories to explore the reason no wars broke out in Europe between 1945-1991, the period of the Cold War, despite turmoil going on elsewhere in the world.
2,635 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that one popular stance as to why a "Third World War" did not break out in Europe after 1945 stems largely from the U.S. and U.S.S.R. both building their nuclear arsenals during this period so that a war became a "zero-sum" game in which any gain for the U.S.S.R. was seen as a loss for the U.S., and vice-versa; therefore, the very existence of these deadly weapons, which could eradicate the entire world's population, prevented a major war. The author points out that John Meuller's "War is Futile" theory, which clearly states that there would have been an obsolescence of major war during the Cold War period with or without nuclear armaments, because, after the decimation and emotional turmoil of World War I, there was a gradual turning away from war and warlike activities; if not for Hitler, there would have been no World War II. The paper relates John Lewis Gaddis' "The Long Peace" theory in which he argues that bi-polarity is a system in and of itself and, by its very existence, can produce a kind of stability; alliances, such as NATO and the Warsaw Treaty, in a bipolar system, work as stabilizing elements, forcing the superpowers on both ends of the pole to take a more international stance.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The US, USSR and British Alliance; the 'Big 3', 1941-45
A Deterioration of Trust and Ending of the Alliance
The Cold War and the Absence of a Great War
Nuclear Weapons Theory
War is Futile Theory, Meuller
Systems Theory, Gaddis
Additional Thoughts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"After 1945, with the common threats eliminated, USSR, under the leadership of Stalin, inevitably began to assert power over Eastern Europe. Therefore, "a gradual process began in countries liberated by the Red Army, which eventually resulted in governments across Eastern Europe using police state methods and carrying out Soviet-style economic reforms." While it does not seem implausible that Stalin would attempt to reconstruct USSR's neighboring, decimated countries post-World War II, it is nevertheless around this time that the US and Britain began to see these moves as USSR's attempt to take unilateral action, thereby breaking the alliance and not holding fast to the agreements made at the Yalta Conference. The US, in particular, wondered just how far the USSR would go in spreading its communist ideology."
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A Unified Europe, 2005.
The unified Europe of today is a result of many economic, social and political changes and trends. These are dynamic trends that continue to develop and grow.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 141.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the history and development of a unified Europe. The paper looks at a number of changes that happened in Europe between 1945-1991. Particular interest is given to the European Community and how it eventually led to the European Union due to higher and higher levels of co-operation.
From the Paper
"The continent known as Europe has a long and complicated history. Much of that history has involved conflicts of various types between various countries. Because European countries tended to fight with each other there was no concept of a unified Europe before 1945. The concept of a unified Europe did not appear suddenly. Instead the concept of a unified Europe was the result of a number of economic, social and political trends that slowly developed from 1945 to 1991 and are still developing today. However, not all of these trends developed at the same rate."
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Russia and Europe, 2005.
This paper discusses that Russia will never become an integral part of Europe.
1,810 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, after the collapse of the once all-powerful communist system in the Soviet Union in 1991, the natural progression seemed to be the prompt absorption of Russia into Europe; however, despite Russia's attempt to adopt a central government, the enlargement of negotiations with the European Union and the fact that most Russians want this integration, it hasn't happened. The author points out that geography is a major reason because (1) Russia, the world's largest country and more than twice the size of the entire continent of Europe, is seen by the European countries to be overpowering and (2) the border countries of eastern Europe--Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Poland-are now strongly anti-communist. The paper contends that the most important reason that this merger has not yet happened is because of (1) the difference in normative values, including psychological characteristics, behavioral patterns and cultural orientations, and of (2) Europe's remaining conception of Russia as an intimidating military "superpower".
From the Paper
"The security issue is two-fold, as well. In fact, there is a growing apprehension in Russia that Europe may come to dominate Russia economically, and may exclude it from the life of Europe and deny Russia access to Eastern Europe and former parts of the USSR, and that a new "encirclement of the Motherland" may start forming. These worries are not limited to the extremist camp and are spreading through the entire establishment of the Russian Federation. Many believe that this will lead to a new division of the continent, which is dangerous to peace and Russian development."
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Italy's Role in the International System 1918-1945, 2006.
A look at the key role Italy's foreign policy played in international affairs during the period from 1918 to 1945.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
During the period from 1918 to 1945, Italy's role in international affairs was over-shadowed by the machinations in Germany and Japan and, at the end, by the ascendancy of the United States and of the Soviet Union to superpower status. Be that as it may, Italy played a key role in setting off the powder keg that became international affairs during the inter-war years through its aggressive foreign policy. Moreover, Italian fascism, while not as vicious or as vehement as its German counterpart, was nonetheless an inspiration of sorts for Hitler. This paper briefly explores Italy's role in the world events of 1918 to 1945 and suggest that, especially in the late 1920s and 1930s, the Italian shadow across international trends was greater than has been commonly supposed.
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"The Fall of Berlin 1945", 2007.
An analysis of the book "The Fall of Berlin 1945" by Antony Beevor.
1,629 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the book "The Fall of Berlin 1945" offers not only a detailed look at how and why Berlin fell in 1945, but also provides a historic look at warfare and the horrors of war. The paper looks at how Beevor's book includes scrupulous research, numerous maps and a clear understanding of the mechanics of war, giving the reader a comprehensive knowledge of the last days of the Third Reich. The paper is of the opinion that it is an excellent history book and should be considered in any study of World War II.
From the Paper
"Beevor's book opens with the desperate situation in Berlin in the last month of 1944, when bombing raids were common and the people's motto was simply to "Survive!" (Beevor 2). He shows how, through fear and desperation, society began to disintegrate and the Nazi stranglehold on the country began to release. The opening chapters follow the many battles and tactical maneuvers that led to the final fall of Berlin, including assessments of the armaments used to win the war. For example, Beevor writes of the Soviet tanks used in the Vistula, "The rapid advances of Zhukov's tank armies were partly due to the simplicity and robust construction of the T-34 tank and its broad tracks, which could cope with snow, ice, and mud" (Beevor 20). He also follows some of the most important military leaders in the war and shows how their decisions affected many of the decisive battles leading to the fall of Berlin."
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US Domestic and Foreign Policy: 1945 Versus 2006, 2008.
A comparison of US foreign and domestic policies and how they have changed direction in the time period 1945-2006.
1,579 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper explores how US domestic and foreign policies have had to change as the role of the country in international politics and the global community has changed. The paper also notes that current challenges in the international community by globalization and terrorism have affected the motivations of US policies and thus of all other nations. The paper then compares US domestic and foreign policy in 1945 to US domestic and foreign policy in 2006. The paper concludes that it is still essential for the US to be active in international issues not only to protect its concerns but to be able to sense the unfolding global trends.
Outline:
Introduction
1945 policies
Roles
Domestic policies
Foreign policies
2006 policies
Domestic policies
Foreign policies
inclusion
From the Paper
"The US took on the role of peacekeeper in the international arena, it figured prominently in the post-war restoration and developments such as the Nuremberg Trials, division of territories and the institution of the United Nations (452).
"The US also symbol of the struggle against the spread of communism. Its policies of containment and promotion of democracy was a statement in its desire to be seen as a defender of freedom and liberty (Leffler 87-89). This was the same identity that it espoused during its own struggle for independence (Ash 286). Another role that it was beginning to cultivate was its substitution of Britain and the rest of Europe as an economic force in the world."
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U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East Since 1991, 2006.
A critical look at the changing U.S. policy in the Middle East since 1991.
3,419 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 16 sources, MLA, AU$ 153.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author takes a critical look at the changing U.S. policy in the Middle East since 1991. He examines how prior to 1991, American policy was aimed primarily at using some countries led by Israel as a bulwark against communism in the Cold War years. He highlights that with the end of a bipolar world there was a radical shift in American policy towards the Middle East. The paper examines how this was brought about by the threat America saw to its most vital interest -oil in the region as a result of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait; at the same time, with the sudden demise of the hitherto counterbalancing factor, the Soviet Union, the stage was set for a decisive policy. In conclusion, the author argues that the American policy of planting democracy in societies that do not have the necessary preconditions and institutional frameworks of accepting and absorbing the system could mean risking backlashes and other actions.
From the Paper
"In the absence of the Soviet factor, American policy in the Middle East has become more intrusive; American policy could have a positive impact if its moves towards establishing its policy are perceived as being salutary. A prime test case of this policy is the way its role is seen in the Israeli-Palestine issue. (Cantori, 1994, p. 452) The immediate years after the Gulf War led to a hyperactive engagement in the region under president Bill Clinton, for whom resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict was a principal goal. In his presidency, America assumed the role of an 'honest broker' in bringing about a peaceful settlement of issues bedevilling the region. However, before substantial headway was made, a new regime took guard under Bush Jr., under whom the same vigour was not enforced. American interventionism, which became low-key under the new dispensation, has led to suspicion in Arab quarters that America, with its uncompromising tilt towards Israel, has not been the 'honest broker' that it promised to be."
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1945-1970-: The Global Situation, 2007.
This paper explores the global strategic situation from 1945 to 1970, which was dominated by the Cold War.
2,014 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 101.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a description and analysis of the world situation in the years from 1945 to 1970. The paper looks at the Cold War, the events in the Middle East and the revolutionary disorders of this time. The paper explains that an analysis of these events allows us to understand the complexity of some of the major events and how they interacted to form the global strategic history of the postwar era.
Outline:
The Strategic Situation
The Cold War
Threats of Disorder and/or Revolution
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The state of the world in 1970 is a world far removed from the promise of the future set out less than a generation before by the victorious Allies after World War II. America, the globe's preeminent superpower, is wracked by civil rights conflicts and youth protests at home while an apparently intractable war proceeds in Vietnam. In the Middle East, the overwhelming victory of the Israelis over Arab nations in the 1967 war has yielded to division in the Arab world and the rise of the Palestinian liberation movement. In Europe various nations struggle with how to integrate themselves economically and politically, while centers of the great European empires of Britain and France suffer from a decline in their stature."
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Germany: 1945 to 1949, 2007.
An examination of the social characteristics of German society from 1945 to 1949.
1,551 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses German society's happiness, during the years from 1945-1949, over the demise of the old Nazi and moneyed elite, as well as the society's fanciful desire to "forget" the past. The paper also looks at the persistence of racist attitudes and the ideological and social divide between east and west which accompanied the partition of Germany by the occupying Allied powers. The paper argues that the German social situation in the late 1940s was one where the German people sought to escape the past, but found that geopolitical encumbrances, old attitudes and a divided land made that impossible.
From the Paper
"Most obviously from a social perspective, the end of the war meant the end of the ancient regime which had dominated Germany prior to the war and then during the course of the war. The erstwhile Nazi officials who remained as the war drew to a close "crawled and lick-spittled" as they sought to gain favor with the collapse of the Third Reich. At the same time, the youth of the land were angry and aggrieved at those who had callously called them forth into battle and then abandoned them when things were direst. Finally, the great masses of the German people were eager to be rid of National Socialism and receptive to re-education (Malzahn, 36).'
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The World Order: 1945-1970, 2007.
This paper discuses the world order, especially the U.S., from 1945 after the end of WWII to 1970 and Vietnam.
2,370 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the years from 1945 to 1970 witnessed the transformation of the world order, which had been characterized by the emergence of the nation-states of the 19th century and their imperialistic colonization of countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The author points out that, after WWII, with the power of England, France and Germany destroyed, the U.S. was the only major power unscathed in its territory. The paper relates that, when the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb and imposed its constricting net over Eastern Europe, the two super powers aggressively opposed each other on either side of the Cold War. The author concludes that the state of the world in 1970 found a radically altered American society where, for the first time in its history, its Vietnam War policy was politicized and polarized.
From the Paper
"It is possible and perhaps necessary to view this strategic impasse less as a function of monolithic state policy than as actions motivated and implemented by government sectors, interest groups, or ministries. The arms race, with its high stakes in profits, needed a protagonist and an adversary; certain elements within the burgeoning military-industrial context also benefited quite well from the ostensibly anti-U.S. policy of Charles de Gaulle who "suspended military assistance to Israel" leaving the U.S. to become Israel's main arms supplier."
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Stalin's Post 1945 Rule, 2007.
This paper discusses the totality of Stalin's control after 1945.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines Stalin's control following the war. The writer notes that what the post-war situation demonstrated was a change, most of all, in Stalin's personal circumstances, which meant that, increasingly, he had to rule while away from Moscow. But far from this geographical position placing limits on his power, it inflamed his suspicions that those he entrusted would soon plot against him when their backs were turned against him. The writer maintains that it would be right to say that efforts amounted neither to denting power Stalin wielded nor did such initiatives imply that actions were overtly anti-Stalin. The writer concludes that, even though Stalin did not ultimately operate in dictatorial mode per se, still insisting at least nominally on the Council of Ministers and the Politburo, in the final analysis his grip on the country was as 'total' as it could have been after 1945.
From the Paper
"What this far from untypical episode reveals is the way in which Stalin ruled the Soviet Union after 1945. Living for extended periods away from Moscow, Stalin conducted his day-to-day affairs from a distance. While away, it was the inner-circle of his most trusted advisors who stood by him and with whom he reached the majority of his political decision. Most significantly, as the Ilichev case reveals, important judgements were often made not at formal meetings, which invariably took place in the early evenings so as to suit Stalin's work habits, but within an informal setting during dinner, for example, as the editor found to his cost. Finally, the episode also illustrates the way in which those who dealt with Stalin were supposed to think and behave. What Ilichev had not been alert to, as he put off emptying his wine glass in one go, compared to the inner-circle, was this instinctive sense of what pleased and displeased Stalin. When Robert Service recounted this encounter in his biography of Stalin, he could have chosen countless other examples that conformed to a pattern of dictatorship which stood in marked contrast to how Stalin operated before and during the Second World War."
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The U.S. Army 1925-1945, 2007.
This paper discusses changes in the U.S. Army's discipline, training, duties and weapons from 1925 to 1945.
1,092 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that during the period from 1925 - 1945, including World War II, combat consisted of close range fighting. The paper describes how economic turbulence and instability hounded the U.S. army until 1925. Then, during the thirties, the U.S. army fell to seventeenth among the world's armies. The paper relates that afterwards, however, the U.S. Army recovered and in time became recognized as a prominent powerful military force. The paper notes certain changes but stresses that the concepts embodied in training, duties, weapons and discipline remain constant as they contribute to the soul and heart of the U.S. Army.
From the Paper
"According to the Army Study Guide, "America's NCO corps and designated discipline details just didn't happen, but evolved over the years, tapping ideas and innovations from many different sources" (Army). Influence of Baron Von Steuben, America's first inspector general, powerfully shaped the structure of NCO corps and ensuing discipline strategies and techniques, not only in the Continental Army, but ultimately within the U.S. Army. Von Steuben introduced and officially established "the Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, commonly called the 'Blue Book.'""
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Germany (1945-1948), 2002.
A discussion of the policy conflicts which arose between the United States and other Western powers and the Soviet Union over Germany during the years 1945 through 1948.
4,588 words (approx. 18.4 pages), 20 sources, MLA, AU$ 190.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Germany after the end of the Second World War, answering the question of whether Germany would fall predominantly under Western or Soviet influence. It looks at how neither side trusted the other sufficiently to cooperate in constructing a German state which threatened neither of them. It analyzes the policy conflicts and the underlying events from the perspectives offered by different interpretations of them by traditional, realist, revisionist and neo-revisionist schools of thought.
Outline
Wartime Decisions of the Big Three on Germany
First Serious Disagreements (1945-1946)
Intensification of the Struggle (1947-1948)
Contributions of Revisionists and Neo-Revisionists
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Right after the Pearl Harbor attack, FDR assured British Prime Minister Winston Churchill that the United States gave first priority to defeating Germany (Powaski 50). By vetoing British plans for invasion through the Balkans, in favor of a cross-channel attack which could not be mounted until 1944, FDR effectively ensured, said Solsten, that the Red Army would occupy East Germany (76). At the same time, FDR was unwilling to discuss post-war plans until 1943 in part because of the traditional American aversion to spheres of influence and his belief that the Four Policemen (America, Britain, Russia and possibly China) could maintain world order under a system of collective security within the framework of a United Nations, a carryover of Wilsonian idealism. FDR placed great faith in his ability to win Stalin's trust and to obtain Soviet postwar cooperation."
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Impact of Civil Rights Act of 1991, 2006.
This paper discusses the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 on human resources management and looks at how one act changed American human resources management for the better.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 155.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 upon American businesses and their human resources departments. While acknowledging that there is evidence of increased litigation, some of which has resulted in seemingly exorbitant penalties for businesses, and while acknowledging that there is evidence the act has not resulted in an appreciable increase of minority and female representation in some areas presumably because of an unwillingness on the part of employers to hire high risk candidates, the paper asserts that the Act has forced human resources departments to adopt a more collegial and cooperative approach.
From the Paper
"It remains an interesting topic for debate: has the 1991 Civil Rights Act achieved its intended goal of furthering the "integration" of the American workplace or has it had the opposite impact of making it more costly and therefore more unpalatable for employers to hire "protected status" workers? With the aforementioned in mind, this paper will argue that, while the 1991 Act has not been without shortcomings, it has nonetheless done many positive things for American business (specifically as it pertains to creation of a more diverse and equable workplace) and that the benefits of the 1991 Act still outweigh the costs."
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"The War Against the Jews 1933-1945", 2006.
A review of Lucy S. Davidowicz's book "The War Against the Jews 1933-1945".
994 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Jewish historian Lucy S. Davidowicz wrote "The War Against the Jews 1933-1945" to explain the annihilation of six million Jews during the Second World War by the German state under Adolf Hitler. It looks at how she sets out to prove the Second World War was in fact caused by the desire of Hitler and the German state he built, to exterminate the European Jews.
From the Paper
"Considering the term "Jewish question" Davidowicz cites the "solution" offered by Constantine Pobyedonostsev, chief adviser to Czar Alexander III, in 1881: one-third of the Jews were to emigrate, one-third to convert, and one-third to die of hunger. She observes the National Socialists adopted this concept. She then considers what was a new element adopted by the National Socialists, embodied in the word "final." The main thrust of her argument is the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" in the National Socialist conception was not just another anti-Semitic undertaking, but a "metahistorical" program of judgment and death."
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The 1991 Gulf War, 2003.
An analysis of why the United States led the coalition in the 1991 Gulf War.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the motivations for the United States to take the lead in the development and leadership of the coalition to oust Iraq from Kuwait in the 1991 Gulf War. The research indicates that the reasons were diverse and multiple.
From the Paper
" Why the united states took the lead in forming the allied coalition to oust Iraq from Kuwait in the Gulf War. This paper explores the issue of why the United States took the lead in a forming the coalition and leading the coalition in the military campaign .."
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