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The Ethical Dilemma of Siamese Twins, 2007.
This paper dismisses social values and concentrates on the scientific facts pertaining to the ethical dilemma of separating Siamese twins in the case of Mary and Jodie vs. the laws of Britain.
2,185 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in the case of Jodie and Mary, because the parents did not feel it was right for them to be God and choose who should live and who should ultimately die from the surgery thereby denying the procedure to separate the twins, it was up to the court to decide whether or not the Siamese twins should be separated to allow one to live and the weaker one to die. The author points out that, under British law, the three judges involved all agreed that the separation should be performed but differed on their reasons why. The paper concludes that, even as parents object for religious and personal grounds, the physician, not the patient or patient's family, should be the final decision-maker because parents are emotional and doctors must be unbiased and professional without emotional interest.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What are Siamese Twins?
The Case of Jodie and Mary
Ethical Decisions Regarding Faith Are Inadmissible
One Twin Must Die
Legally Justified
Annas Article
British law
Results of Operation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It turns out that after six weeks the twins were separated when the team of physicians was assured they would not be prosecuted for murder when Mary died. She did die, but "Jodie is doing well and may soon go home [...]. She will undergo more surgery over the next five years and most of it will be performed in Britain." Among outside opinions, a strong one in favor of the surgery said that "Jodie had more to lose in terms of the net gain of life." She is now alive, despite the loss of Mary. She can be a joy to her parents no matter how much they will remember the preceding that caused ..."
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A Case of Conjoined Twins, 2002.
This paper discusses a legal case in Britain of conjoined twins that created an ethical dilemma: To separate the twins means that only one would live but to not separate meant that both would die.
1,740 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews a case in Britain where, from medical opinion, one conjoint twin has the capacity to live separated from its twin who cannot survive; but, if the twins are not separated, both will die. The parents opposed the separation. The author states that there is no legal precedent for this particular case. The paper reports that six weeks after the opinion of the Court, the twins were separated after the team of physicians was assured they would not be prosecuted for murder, if and when the weaker child died, which she did and the stronger girl survived.
From the Paper
"This case is unique to Britain because the precedents and existing laws differ from those in the U.S. ?In the United States, the decision of the parents would have been final unless the physician or state could have persuaded a judge that this was a case of child neglect.? (Annas 2000 1104) Another factor in the case is that Britain, rather than another country, was chosen by the parents, ?Eastern Europeans?(who)came here for the birth to give their daughters ?the very best chance in the very best place,? said their attorney.? (Barr 2000 1).
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Identical and Non-identical Twins, 2008.
This paper looks at two common types of twins and one rare type.
704 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the two most common types of twins; identical and non-identical twins, also known as monozygotic and dizygotic twins. The paper looks at the differences between identical and non-identical twins. The paper then talks about a third type of twins; half-identical or polar body twins.
Outline:
What Are Twins
Types of Twins
Identical Twins
Comparing Non-Identical Twins with Identical Twins
A Third Type of Twinning
From the Paper
"In a normal pregnancy, a single baby develops in the uterus of the mother. In very special circumstances, two and sometimes even more babies develop simultaneously in the mother's uterus. This is called a multiple pregnancy. Twins are two babies in a multiple pregnancy. Twins are considered very special and present a fascination for science and society. In the fields of psychology and sociology, there is a special subfield called "twin studies". Twins studies are especially important in the search for answers to the nature vs. nurture question. What is the most important factor in human development: genetics (nature) or environment (nurture)?"
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Conjoined Twins, 2002.
Examines ethical and legal dilemmas of the separation of conjoined twins.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
Examines ethical and legal dilemmas of separation of conjoined twins. Paper focuses on the 2000 court case in Great Britain in which the parents refused to have the twins separated. Issue of applying legal principles to life-and-death decisions. Ethical problem of who has the right to decide whether a patient lives.
From the Paper
"CONJOINED TWINS: THE ETHICAL DILEMMA
In the Old Testament there is the story of Solomon, judging two women, both of whom claimed a baby was hers. When Solomon offered to cut the baby in two and give each mother half, one woman cried "No. Let her have the baby!" Thus, Solomon knew that the real mother was willing to give up her child, in order that it could live. We now move forward to the year 2000, when, in Britain, it was up to a judge to decide a far more serious case: unless conjoined twins are separated, they surely both will die; if they are separated one will die but the other will have a chance to survive. The case proceeded to court when the parents refused to have doctors separate the twins, in order to save one, saying that it was the will of God, not modern medicine, to decide."
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Using Twins to Answer the Great Question, 2002.
This paper provides a general overview on the data collected on twins regarding the question of personality development being influenced by nature or nurture. Includes the author's opinion and analysis at the end.
3,415 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 153.95
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Abstract
Explores the idea of using twins to determine whether personality development is acquired through environment or genes. The paper also covers the topics of IQ, behavior, disorders, diseases, life events and genetic constellations in twins. It includes some twin study results, as well as criticism of twin studies and evidence for twin studies. The paper concludes with the author's opinions and application of findings to education.
From the Paper
'Personality development in children and adults is one of life?s greatest mysteries. Do we develop our personalities in accordance with the environment we grow up in and the events that are imposed upon us daily? Or do our genes and DNA determine whether we become popular and outgoing or introverted and rejected? This controversy of nature vs. nurture in the science of human psychology has raged on for centuries and probably will continue for years to come. A strong preference for one or the other has led the human population to measures of absurdity such as the eugenics (selective breeding) movement that was part of the purpose of the Holocaust. One of the reasons behind the difficultly in solving the nature vs. nurture problem is the near impossibility to scientifically test any theory that attempts to answer the question. This is where twins come in. They are the perfect specimens?two persons with the same DNA. Clones. Theoretically, if they grow up to have the same personalities, that means personality is inherited. If they don?t, that means personality is acquired through environment. Unfortunately, it isn?t as simple as that. There are many other factors to consider, such as the environments they were raised in, together or separately."
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Bipolar Disorder and Twins, 2004.
Examines the correlation between bipolar disorder and identical twins.
1,830 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 93.95
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Abstract
Research has recently indicated that there are multiple genetic pathways leading to the development of bipolar disorder. This paper presents a detailed examination of the incidence of bipolar disorder among identical twins. The author explores bipolar disorder's genetic components and then explores whether or not identical twins have a higher incidence of the disorder than the general population.
From the Paper
"The understanding that mental illness, including bipolar disorder, is genetically based has created curiosity about where the biology is involved. One of the things that have been examined is whether or not identical twins have a higher incidence of the disorder. It is an interesting question because of the fact that identical twins have identical DNA. If a higher incidence or a correlation can be found between identical twins and bipolar disorder, it will be further evidence of the biological basis for the disorder as well as a closer look as to its biological origin being before birth, and not something that happens after birth(Taylor, 2003)."
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Conjoined Twins, 2002.
An examination of the life death decisions involving medical intervention to separate conjoined twins.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
Examines life & death decisions involving medical interventions to separate conjoined twins. Focus in the ethical problem of who has the final right to decide whether a patient shall live. Medical, judicial and parental involvement. Discusses a legal case in Great Britain. Right of choice. Who has final decision: parents or doctor.
From the Paper
"Conjoined Twins: The Ethical Dilemma
In the Old Testament there is the story of Solomon, judging two women, both of whom claimed a baby was hers. When Solomon offered to cut the baby in two and give each mother half, one woman cried ?No. Let her have the baby!? Thus, Solomon knew that the real mother was willing to give up her child, in order that it could live. We now move forward to the year 2000, when, in Britain, it was up to a judge to decide which of conjoined twins should live. The case proceeded to court when the parents refused to have doctors separate the twins, in order to save one, saying that it was the will of God, not modern medicine, to decide.
?The case illustrates the difficulty of applying legal principles to unprecedented life-and-death decisions involving proposed..."
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?Puddn'Head Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins?, 2006.
A review of the Mark Twain novel "Puddn'Head Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins".
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and critiques Mark Twain's novel "Puddn'Head Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins". The paper calls the book a critical analysis of how nature and nurture can develop and affect the life of individuals. The paper explores how this story is a telling commentary on the south's political ideology and its influence over the progress of slavery and racism. Most of the paper is devoted to understanding the characters of Roxy, one of Twain's most complex character portrayals, and her son Tom. The paper also studies each of the novel's three separate plot lines to illustrate how Twain creates a world where we can clearly see the effects of nature and nurture on the people surrounding the story.
From the Paper
"The character portrayal of Roxy shows the affects of nature versus nurture from a societal point of view. Roxy is a slave, but she is only one sixteenth black and looks completely white. Because of her relative white appearance, her role within the social setting of her owner's estate is extremely confusing. Roxy's position as a slave puts her on par with the status of all other black slaves; however, her white skin gives her a position of power within the societal functions of the estate. Within this environment, Roxy's internal torment with her identity leads her to many of the supposed conflicts that cause the story. Wilson explains that, the "drop of black blood" in Roxy's veins is "superstitious", and that Roxy herself, though a "negro" of sorts, is a "negro" through her internalization of that complex rather than her birth race (Twain 34-35). By arguing that Roxy is black by her upbringing and society's ability to reinforce this concept onto her, Wilson or Twain makes an excellent commentary on the nature of societal pressure on creating identity. Even though Roxy herself does not appear black, she still sees herself as black because she has internalized what the society has said and the way they treat her. Thus the manifestation of her "negro" side is a fiction based on her own personal identity creation. It is so deeply ingrained in her that she blames her own son's bad behavior on the "one part nigger" in him (Twain 124)."
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Ethical Dilemma at Stroud-Lawrence Funeral Home, 2006.
This paper describes an ethical dilemma that occured within the confines of the Stroud-Lawrence Funeral Home and discusses how the dilemma was managed.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses an ethical dilemma at the Stroud-Lawrence Funeral Home, a small, family owned enterprise. A specific ethical dilemma that was faced by the author is recounted relevant to the parties involved and their positions of authority and power. The outcome is reported as being equitable although more could have been done to make ethical training and counseling mandatory.
From the Paper
"The ethical dilemma occurred within the confines of Stroud-Lawrence Funeral Home. Stroud-Lawrence is a small family owned and operated enterprise with less than 10 employees. The ethical dilemma that recently arose dealt with insurance paybacks for certain funeral related services that were not fully performed by certain staff members. While not necessarily intentional, this oversight resulted in the billing for services performed that were not, in fact performed and the ethical issues arising from the fact that employees, myself as well as management, were aware of this oversight and yet, the process was overlooked. The Ethical Issue. The specific issue involved billing for funeral clothing on a deceased individual who was scheduled for cremation following the viewing."
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A Personal and Professional Dilemma, 2007.
This paper is written from a personal point of view and concerns a personal and professional dilemma.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer relates that, while registered at the University of Phoenix as a student, she was also pushing her business more aggressively by advertising as a grant writer. She further explains that, as a single parent with an enormous amount of responsibilities, she needed to look for extra resources to maintain stability. The writer then notes that when focusing on research for each client, her studies were pushed aside, as well as her family responsibilities, and her grades began to slip. The writer also relates that, within this dilemma, she realized that she would have to organize her life better before she lost everything, including her health and her children's respect and trust. The writer then describes the way she organized her life so that she could fulfill both her professional and personal responsibilities.
Outline:
Describing the Dilemma
Analyzing the Dilemma
Evaluating the Dilemma
From the Paper
"Each day I would check for emails from potential clients but would not be interested in writing for them due to the subject matter or the markets involved. One day I received a telephone call from a former client that expanded her business and needed my services again. The client informed me that other companies have been expanding and needed my services. Conference calls were set up for introduction and discussions into sending proposals to various foundations. I mailed out several contracts totaling 45 and began to receive early portions of monetary retentions."
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Analysis of Twin Studies, 2006.
An analysis of the studies of twins and the genetic and environmental influences on human personality.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes a text-book account of the importance of twin studies, believed to be highly informative regarding the heritability or genetic attributes of each personality characteristic or general human trait. However, this paper emphasizes that even once genetic factors are accounted for, and environmental differences render exact predictions of genetics useless.
From the Paper
"In this age where the breeding of plants and animals has become almost perfected, and where cloning has become both possible and experimented with, much talk has been made about the ethics of cloning when applied to human beings. However, in a sense, human clones are born daily in the form of identical (monozygotic) twins. In an ongoing attempt to answer queries regarding the importance of nature versus nurture, twins have been studied to reveal these genetic and environmental influences on human personality. These studies have looked to see if identical twins are more similar to each other than other types of siblings, including fraternal (dizygotic) twins. As a result of these informative studies, identical twins who have been raised together or apart have been studied to determine the importance of genetics or heritability as opposed to environmental factors. "
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Inclusion and the Dilemmas Facing Schools, 2007.
This paper discusses inclusion and looks at the dilemmas facing schools in identifying and implementing inclusion policies in practice.
2,357 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that inclusion presents dilemmas in principle because the real human right, that all pupils receive a good education, is easily confused with something else, that all pupils receive the same education. The writer maintains that inclusion also creates dilemmas in principle because it represents an intensification, and not a resolution, of a dilemma that has always been inherent within mainstream education - how to impart a single education to children who are different from one another. Finally, the writer notes that inclusion also presents dilemmas in practice for a host of reasons to do with implementation at school governance and individual classroom level for which high-sounding statements about 'community', 'infinite potential', 'inclusion' etc. offer no guidance. The writer concludes that in this context, the religious education (RE) teacher has a duty to use the unique capacity of RE to capture the unique potentials of pupils whose particular challenges can only be appreciated over the long-term by a vigilant and caring class teacher.
From the Paper
"As well as presenting dilemmas - and conflicts of interest - in principle, there is a vast range of practical dilemmas arising from inclusion of which the following represents the tip of the iceberg. Where pupils present severe behavioural problems, for example, schools are faced with the dilemma of using resources for in-class support or using them to support intensive withdrawal work. Eventually, some schools face the dilemma of struggling to control pupils with extreme behavioural difficulties or excluding them altogether. Schools face a dilemma of diverting resources from mainstream education only to plough them into projects designed to cope with behavioural difficulties that could perhaps be treated more cost-effectively - without the diseconomy of small scale - beyond the individual school.
"A further dilemma that arises from the attempts to implement inclusion within school is that of developing systems, structures and procedures of enabling inclusion to occur. In the schools studied by Clarke and colleagues, the most common form of technology was in-class support."
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Security Dilemma, 2002.
An explanation of the concept of a security dilemma using examples from World War One.
1,003 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the concept known as the security dilemma whereby an increase in one state's security produces a decrease in the security of other states. An example of this is seen in the situation which developed in the lead up to the first world war. The writer uses Robert Jervis and his work "Offense, Defense, and the Security Dilemma" as a reference point for many of the issues raised here. The writer also makes use of James Joll's "The Origins of the First World War" when referencing World War One as an example of the security dilemma.
From the Paper
"The reason for the effect of the security dilemma is easily seen--when one state increases its security to a certain point, its neighbors feel less secure if they perceive the protective forces of the first state to be capable of attacking them. A more secure state is perceived to be a potentially more aggressive state, whether this is the case or not. The Cold War arms race was based in part on the security dilemma. Each side kept increasing its armaments because the other side was doing so, and any increase in the security of the other side meant a decrease in our own security."
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Is Cooperation Achievable In Social Dilemmas, 2005.
An overview of social and philosophical aspects of social dilemmas.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 127.95
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Abstract
A paper on the subject of social dilemmas. The paper looks at how the individual is influenced to act differently depending on different social dilemmas, and discusses the important role that cooperation plays by bringing about decisions and solutions. The paper further notes that cooperation is only achievable if the person is willing to cooperate with others.
From the Paper
"When it comes to social dilemmas, why do people make the decisions they do? What part does accountability play in social dilemmas? These are important questions when looking at the social and philosophical aspects of social dilemmas. Individuals are influenced to act differently depending on what the issues in the social dilemmas are. Cooperation is achievable if the person is willing to cooperate with others and to listen openly what solutions are available. Cooperation plays an important role in social dilemmas bringing about decisions and solutions that can only happen when individuals are willing to cooperate."
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Two Ethical Dilemmas, 2004.
Answers questions on 2 ethical dilemmas related to corporate activity.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper presents a discussion of two ethical dilemmas related to corporate activity. One involves finding a competitor's confidential new product announcement. The second dilemma involves use of a new product. Issues of intellectual property and obligation to stakeholders are discussed.
From the Paper
"Faced with the opportunity to salvage her own research budget due to the unexpected gift of a competitor's new product announcement found on an airplane, an auto industry market intelligence manager must make an important ..."
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Examining the Twin Earth Thought Experiment, 2007.
A look at four philosophers' theories on the 'Twin Earth' thought experiment' and an analysis of the definition of water.
1,318 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at four philosophers' theories on epistemology. It discusses their views and understanding of the 'Twin Earth' thought experiment. The paper then describes each of the philosopher's commentaries on their individual philosophy and analyzes their points and counterpoints. It also analyzes their logical reasoning with regard to their philosophy of the 'Twin Earth' thought experiment. The paper explores exactly what it is that defines water, and further, what defines a definition. It is written in a narrative form from the writer's perspective.
From the Paper
"What defines a definition? How can something be defined, and that definition be wrong? If a definition is indeed definite, what constitutes a "correct" definition? Or, what makes one definition more accurate than another? I have been presented with four different philosophical answers to the question raised of how words and definitions relate to each other. And here I am trying to come up with a definitive answer to what seems like a simple question: What is water? And as new ideas and new ways of conceptualizing come pouring in, one after the other, I am just trying to stay afloat. My mind floods with new thoughts and ideas - without letting the old ones wash away. I try not to think I'm in over my head, but I can at least skim the surface of profound thought as long as I don't hold back. Because fortunately for me, it's philosophy; there is no right and wrong answer."
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