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Econometrics and Deterrence: Does Crime Pay?, 2003.
An analysis of how Gary Becker?s economics of crime remains a pivotal model in criminology today.
3,136 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in the last quarter century, the U.S. has experienced a drop in both crime rates and arrest rates and how many criminologists have speculated on the reasons for this drop in crime. It shows how Nobel Prize winner, Gary Becker, in his work, ?Crime and Punishment, An Economic Approach,? was the first economist to explain the theory of deterrence as a function of econometrics and how, according to Becker, if the punishment costs the criminal more than the crime benefits the criminal, then the criminal will rationally be deterred from committing the crime. It looks at how, although the Uniform Crime Report and the National Crime Victims Survey support Becker?s economic model of crime, scientists have struggled to prove Becker?s model with sound, empirical research.
From the Paper
"The deterrence/incapacitation argument is important for legislation such as ?three strikes you?re out? in which after three convictions a prisoner receives automatic jail time. If deterrence is not a key factor, the threat of incapacitation does not work. By definition, incapacitation is a by-product of deterrence. Without incapacitation, deterrence would not be a workable theory. Levitt concludes in his paper, that incapacitation may imprison the majority of people who would commit crimes no matter what, however, incapacitation without deterrence may make others more likely to commit crimes, who otherwise may have been deterred (Levitt, 370) increasing rather than decreasing arrest rates."
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Econometrics Method: On Religion & Crime, 2006.
A discussion regarding the relationship between religion and crime.
1,404 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the question regarding religion and its correlation to crime. The paper discusses how in terms of economics, the prevalence of crime in a particular geographic area deters fiscal growth and contributes immensely to the decay and deterioration of a community and a society. The paper further discusses how, when it comes to religion, a community of religious inhabitants contributes to the economy since if, it is seen as a haven of peace and order, the resources spent on crime prevention, prosecution and rehabilitation can best be put to more productive means such as recreational and educational facilities for the community.
From the Paper
"The question of religion and its correlation to crime, and vice versa, is always and important and interesting topic not only in terms of this economics paper but in other areas of studies as well. Economics wise, the prevalence of crime in a particular geographic area deter fiscal growth and contributes immensely to the decay and deterioration of a community and a society. On the matter of religion, a community of religious inhabitants contributes to the economy since if it is seen as a haven of peace and order, the resources spent on crime prevention, prosecution and rehabilitation can best be put to more productive means such as recreational and educational facilities for the community. A caveat to the previous statement is that the religion being discussed is in general terms considering we have seen religions that promote hatred and violence-this should be considered more an exemption than the rule!"
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Pay Equity vs. Pay Equality, 2002.
Examining the phenomenon of the gaps in wages between men and women in the United States.
1,158 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the sensitive issue of pay inequality between men and woman. The writer shows that despite laws passed as far back as 1963, a relatively large gap still exists, and the highest percentage is during peak earning ages (25-54 years old). The paper examines the factors that have contributed to this earning gap and also discusses programs which have been institutionalized in an attempt to decrease the inequality in earning between genders.
From the Paper
"In 1963, President Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act into law, making it unlawful to discriminate against a worker on the basis of sex. Since that time, the wage gap between men and women in the United States has narrowed by just 15 cents, now being 74 cents, as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau."
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US Deterrence Strategies After The Cold War, 2006.
An in-depth analysis of the post Cold War US deterrence strategies.
22,206 words (approx. 88.8 pages), 74 sources, APA, AU$ 363.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the opinions of many after September 11th, that the present form of terrorism has made classical deterrence theory outdated. According to the paper transnational terrorism has totally dented conventional wisdom, which had dictated proceedings during the cold war. Similarly, rogue states all over the world, in general, and the Middle East and South Asia, in particular, have created a great deal of tension in Washington. The paper further discusses how the role of the American rival states, such as, North Korea and China and the functions and limitations of the UN Security Council have completely transformed the security structure of the sole hyper power of the world. This paper tries to elucidate the best possible deterrence strategy the United States should pursue after the cold war.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Justification of the Study
Research Design and Methodology
Collection of Data
Data Analysis and Search Tactics
Limitations of the Study
Part 2
Transnational Terrorism
The Rogue and the Rival States
The U.N. Security Council
Conclusion of This Section
Part 3
Literature Review
Classical Deterrence Theory
The End of Cold War deterrence
A New Justification
Conclusion of This Section
Part 4
The First Case Study: The Strategic Triangle (US/China/Russia)
The Sino-Russo Partnership
The US-Russian Labyrinth: A Subtle Relationship
The Source for Cooperation and Divergence
Effect of the End of Cold War
Conclusion of This Section
The Second Case Study: Deterring North Korea
US Policy on the Korean Peninsula Since 1945
The Future of the U.S. Foreign Policy on the Korean Peninsula
The Status Quo Option
The Hard-Line Option
Compromise
Early Bush Administration Policy
Conclusion
The third Case Study: Transnational Terrorism
Counter-terrorism in a Global Society
Conclusion
Part 5
Observation and Conclusion
Correcting the Strategic Gaps in the U.S. Approach to Homeland Defense Concentrating Less on Who is Responsible and More on What They Ought to be Responsible of
Planning for Higher-Probability, Lower-Consequence, and Lower-Probability, Higher-Consequence Events
From the Paper
"At the threat of generalization, one could make a case that US relations with China were greatly powered by two issues: the vicissitudes in the Sino-Russo association and--the more significant of the two--the Taiwan problem. For 30 years following the "People's Republic of China" (PRC) emergence in 1949, the United States carried on to acknowledge the adversary Chinese government (the Republic of China, or ROC) that had moved to Taiwan after trailing behind the civil conflict on the mainland. The path to ultimate US standardization with the PRC in 1979 was cemented by US President Richard Nixon, whose striking plan was to build a coalition with China--which was, at that time, in conflict with the Soviet Union--in an effort to oppose the increasing Soviet threat. However the United States, in spite of everything, maintains informal relations with the Republic of China. Certainly, under the "Taiwan Relations Act," a piece of internal US legislation, Washington is under a duty to defend Taiwan's safety and therefore carry on arms sales to the isle .
Washington's Taiwan association has bedeviled its dealings with the Republic of China from this time onwards, even more so following 1988 when Taiwan's political leadership demonstrated growing inclinations in the direction of a separatist route outside the One China state-of-affairs. All through a brief disagreement amid mainland China and Taiwan in 1996, the United States sent off two naval battle factions to the Taiwan channel to demonstrate moral cooperation for Taiwan (and maybe to gratify President Clinton's congressional associates). An unintentional war with China was hardly prevented only with the sensible removal of the US carrier Independence, at the same time as, the second carrier, the Nimitz, was still on its route as of the Mediterranean Sea. The narrow escape drove home the Republic of China's sincerity in relation to Taiwan to the Clinton management, forcing it to assume a soul-searching evaluation of Sino-US strategy. The concluding decision for Clinton's "thoroughgoing" engagement policy concerning the Chinese, which he practiced all through his second presidential tenure, was to prevent himself from being heaved into an unintentional war with China on behalf of Taiwan ."
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Criminal Deterrence, 2005.
A description and analysis of the theory of criminal deterrence.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper is a complete description of the theory of deterrence and crime. Both aspects of the deterrence issue are examined in depth visa via current theories in criminology. This paper presents an extensive review by way of a research study. This paper then draws its conclusions with respect to the efficacy of the theory of deterrence as well.
From the Paper
"In the May 1993 issue of the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Stafford and Warr introduced the re-conceptualized deterrence theory by explaining that general and specific deterrence are both functions of crime. Both of these sociologists presented the argument that there is no reason to have multiple theories for general and specific deterrence. Instead they proposed the idea that a single theory is possible that centers on two levels; namely, indirect experiences involving legal punishment and punishment avoidance; and direct experiences with legal punishment and avoidance (Stafford & Warr, 1993). They furthered their argument by stating that general deterrence includes the knowledge of criminal activity performed by others as well as the consequences or absence of consequences from the specified criminal activity."
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The Deterrence Theory and Sherman's "March to the Sea", 1995.
This research examines the applicability and effectiveness of the traditional deterrence theory and assesses the concept and application to General Sherman's "March to the Sea" in Civil War: Background, psychology, information flow and conflict reduction
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 162.95
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From the Paper
"Contemporary terrorist threats have raised new alarms among deterrence theorists. The old strategy of deterrence, which had long been firmly entrenched in the thinking of international conflict resolution, may not work with many of these terrorists. They sometimes act like lunatics, it is said. They sometimes appear to like violence, it is feared. They are so irrational, so bent on confrontation, that they may fail to make any prudent calculation of the retaliatory destruction they will face if they launch an attack. They may be, in the language of deterrence theorists, "undeterrable threats."
This research examines the applicability and effectiveness of traditional deterrence theory,... . Traditional deterrence theory will be analyzed for its explanatory power for ... "
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Three Financial Econometrics Articles, 2008.
Reviews three related financial econometrics articles.
1,335 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews three articles that discuss some form of financial risk modeling methodology. The articles discussed are "Model-Based Stress Test: Linking Stress Tests to VaR for Market Risk" by Carol Alexander and Elizabeth Sheedy, "Risk and Probability Measures" by Phelem Boyle, and "Realized Volatility and Correlation" by Anderson, Torben, et al.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Article Reviews
Alexander, Carol and Elizabeth Sheedy. "Model-Based Stress Test: Linking Stress Tests to VaR for Market Risk".
Boyle, Phelim. "Risk and Probability Measures."
Anderson, Torben, et al. "Realized Volatility and Correlation."
From the Paper
"Volatility is the focus of all risk modeling in financial analysis because the greater the volatility the greater the risk of the investment or a portfolio exhibiting a high degree of volatility. Anderson et al, in "Realized Volatility and Correlation" describe how volatility has come to dominate risk modeling literature and that this literature has increasingly focused on "higher-frequency data". Thus begins these researchers' quest to attempt to match actual volatility levels with more accurate forecasting techniques."
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Military Deterrence, 1999.
Examines three successes (Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis and the China-Taiwan Crisis) and three failures (WWII, the Korean War and Serbia) of efforts to deter war through military strength.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
Deterrence is the effort to avoid war by creating such strength on one side of the conflict that the other side does not challenge, and so peace is maintained. The various ways of attempting deterrence, and at different times, we have characterized in different terms.
From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
Deterrence is the effort to avoid war by creating such strength on one side of the conflict that the other side does not challenge, and so peace is maintained. The various ways of attempting deterrence, and at different times, we have characterized in different terms. Sometimes we have been successful in deterring aggression and in preventing war, while perhaps just as often we have failed to deter as desired and have become embroiled in a war we tried to prevent. Three of the failures of this century are seen in the onset of World War II, the Korean War, and Serbia. Three successes can be seen in the Cold War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the threat that China would attack Taiwan."
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Econometrics, 1997.
A mathematical analysis of economic problems. Discusses advantages, goals, methods, models, applications and limitations.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 69.95
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From the Paper
"APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
When mathematical methods and statistical techniques are applied to the analysis of economic problems and issues, the term usually applied to the process of applied economics is econometrics (Ekelund & H?bert, 1991, p. 372). The goal of econometrics is the development of valid, reliable, and value free predictive models of economic phenomena.
Alan Greenspan (1991, p. 52), Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, stressed the importance of econometric models as a means of providing a clear understanding of economic events. He argued that the greatest advantage of a "fully articulated model is that it helps the forecaster keep track of the interrelationships among the primary variables of interest" (Greenspan, 1991, p. 53). Within the context of this argument, he ..."
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Applied Econometrics, 2004.
An explanation of least squares regression using a linear regression model.
2,404 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 107.95
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Abstract
This essay talks about a linear regression model in ordinary least squares regression, the problems that may arise in an OLS model and how it can be fixed through generalised least squares. Generalised Least Squares (GLS) regression is used when problems occur in OLS estimation. The paper includes graphs and formulae supporting the analysis.
From the Paper
"Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression is a common tool used for economic forecasting when analysing time series and cross-sectional data. It is quite common as it is one of the easiest ways of estimating parameters in a simple or multiple regression model. Generalised Least Squares (GLS) regression is used when problems occur in OLS estimation. Such problems will cause are estimators to no longer be the Best Linear Unbiased Estimate (BLUE) or efficient and so it is necessary to use a transformed model. In this essay I will show how both OLS and GLS are derived through equations and discuss the problems that may occur under OLS estimation and why it is more suitable to use GLS to estimate a linear model when certain problems occur."
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The Death Penalty, 2007.
An analysis of the debate over whether the death penalty acts as a deterrent to violent crimes.
2,007 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses whether the death penalty acts as a deterrent to violent crimes. It examines both sides of the debate in order to determine if the death penalty is an effective deterrent to crime or if it is simply a waste of taxpayer money. The paper presents sociological studies supporting both sides of this aspect of the death penalty debate.
Table of Contents:
Comparative Studies
Econometric Studies
How do we Decide Who is Right?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"On the other hand, opponents cannot disprove a causal relationship either. However, the burden of proof is not upon them. If they can discredit the argument of the other side by presenting conflicting results and inconclusive evidence, then their argument is supported by default. The original research question was whether the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder. If one considers the lack of positive proof, then the answer would have to favor those that say it does not. Therefore, one could support the position that due to a lack of substantial evidence that the death penalty deters crime, the practice of the death penalty must be reconsidered in support of less severe punishment. Those that oppose the death penalty do so based on a lack of evidence that it deters crime. This argument is logical, even in light of lack of evidence to the contrary."
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Executive Pay, 2005.
This paper explores if the extreme disproportion between executive pay and worker pay can be defended.
1,215 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, according to the classical economic theory of employee pay including the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), an employer should pay its employees such that the marginal cost equals marginal productivity; however, contrary to this theory of fair pay, CEO salaries have been growing much faster than the average worker's pay and thus the productivity of many companies may not be matching that of the increases of pay of the CEO. The author states that the argument for large salaries for CEOs is that CEOs' actions influence a large number of people; thus their pay is in line with the stress, responsibilities, their wealth of real life and academic education, their experience and the implications of their actions. The paper concludes that, when a CEO salary plan slants heavily to stock options and bonuses, which are based on company performance, executives will be encouraged to work hard; however, simply conferring inflated salaries and bonuses do little to benefit the long-term future of the company and make little economic sense.
From the Paper
"However, despite the distaste for unethical actions on the part of CEOs, the illegal behavior upon the part of prominent CEOs at Martha Stewart Omni media and Tyco should not be confused with the issue of legitimate, if over-inflated executive pay or even the overgenerous bestowing of perks upon CEOs of other corporate entities. Most companies have rules regarding the reporting of perks. For example, when Robert J. Genader was promoted to chief executive of AFG, (Ambac Financial Group) last year, "he received a $100,000 raise in his salary, to $525,000. But he did not use the extra money to cover the $40,000 initiation fee at a club he joined (but has not identified). Ambac shareholders paid for that, as well as $11,637 in membership fees, according to the company proxy." "
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Contribution Pay, 2005.
This paper explains that contribution pay is a better employee motivator than performance-related only pay schemes.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that contribution pay, which is a relatively new concept, combines elements of both performance and competency based pay schemes by recognizing employee achievements and competencies: (1) Employees are paid based on not only their individual job performance but also on their knowledge, skills and attitude, (2) pay is based on an employee's contribution and not just the set goals at hand and (3) employees can be judged on their merits rather than judged solely by a manager's personal discretion. The author points out that, aside from contribution pay, non-monetary incentive schemes also are effective ways of motivating employees because they might not tend to spend money on those rewards, such as travel and parking places, out of their own pockets. The paper relates that contribution pay, non-monetary rewards and a higher general pay are based on natural motivators such as recognition, peer pressure and obligation to work hard; however, ultimately, motivating employees comes down to good management and fair treatment because employees often reflect their environments.
From the Paper
"Being hired at a higher salary motivates employee performance in the sense that an employee knows that they will lose a secure position if they are not productive contributors. There is no added pressure of having to meet certain output or sales goals to achieve more money. The financial rewards are already there. All one has to do is meet managerial expectations to maintain their already high status. When an employee exceeds expectation, they are usually rewarded with an annual raise. Furthermore, an employee whose only concern is their salaries based on "units sold" or "numbers met," cannot focus on bigger issues. Those paid the higher salaries can focus on developmental issues, customer service and look at the overall goals of their company as a whole."
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The Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 2006.
A discussion on whether the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 have managed to meet their intended objective of eliminating discrimination in relation to equal pay.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
Legislation relating to discrimination in the workplace that affects modern workers can be related to the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Equal Pay Act focused on gender and wages, attempting to create a national law that prohibited employers from paying women less than men for the same type of work. This paper maintains that, unfortunately, discrimination in relation to equal pay still exists in the United States, demonstrating that these laws had little effect on the realities within the workplace.
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Merit Pay for Teachers, 2008.
An in-depth look at the system of merit pay for teachers based on student performance.
4,020 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 19 sources, APA, AU$ 158.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the concept of merit pay for individual teachers, in the form of bonuses or permanent salary increases, and their effectiveness in improving student performance and teacher attrition rates. The paper looks at several states that have successfully implemented merit pay programs and considers studies that have found a generally positive relationship between merit pay and improvements in student achievement. The paper also discusses past failed attempts at instituting merit pay systems, and the importance of new pay-for-performance programs countering the previous failures.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Merit Pay for Teachers Concept
Union Resistance Supporting Mediocrity
Merit Pay Stories of Success
Research Demonstrating the Potential of Merit Pay
Milken Family Foundation's Teacher Advancement Program
Recommendations for Merit Pay Systems
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The public education system, as it currently exists, was developed in the middle of the 19th century. Following the industrial model of this era, teachers were seen as assembly-line workers. They added value to their product (their student) and then passed it along to the next worker on the line. With this concept, all workers must be interchangeable, and each must work independently. This isolation and egalitarianism combine powerfully to perpetuate a culture that is resistant to reform initiatives, according to Boles and Troen (2007)."
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Merit Pay: Examining the Effect on Teacher Performance, 2004.
The effect of merit pay on teacher performance in the public school system: The benefits and drawbacks to paying teachers for performance.
1,397 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 34 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
Merit pay for teachers is an issue that has been debated since the beginning of the 20th century. This paper explains how the experts are still on both sides of the fence with regard to the effectiveness of performance-based pay in the educational system. The writer points out that much of the debate still continues because the data is lacking and what is available is inconclusive. Though the debate still continues, it is possible to tie teacher compensation to classroom performance. Not only can merit pay be implemented in the educational system, but also it should be; teachers need to be accountable for their performance. It concludes that merit pay holds teachers accountable and increases student achievement.
From the Paper
"Education is a cornerstone in a free and democratic society. In the United States of today, improving student achievement is a major concern. One way many educators and administrators believe will improve student achievement is through improving teachers? performance. In 1908 in Newton, Massachusetts the idea of merit pay was introduced as a way to improve teacher performance and thereby increase student achievement (Collins, introduction). That idea has been maintained into the 21st century and continues to be a topic of much debate."
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