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The Eastern European Shift from Communism to Capitalism, 2002.
Explores the institutional changes required of East European governments as they move towards capialist economies.
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 12 sources, AU$ 207.95
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Abstract
The post-Glasnost transition from Communism to Capitalism in Eastern Europe has presented various challenges and achievements which vary in their importance, from country to country. This paper concentrates most upon the realities of Institutional change as it is imperative to both economic life and democracy.
Introduction
Cultural and Attitudinal Factors
Military Affairs, Law and Order
Technological Factors
Promoting Capitalist Activities
Fiscal Matters
Labour
Social Welfare
Concluding Notes
References
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Eastern European Nations Joining the EU, 2003.
A look at the reasons for and against certain Central and Eastern European countries joining the European Union.
3,674 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 147.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of what the EU is and why it attracts several countries. It then looks at the economies of different Eastern European countries and examines what changes they need to make to be accepted into the EU.
1 .Introduction
2. A Brief History
2.1. Introducing the CEEC
2.1.1.The Agricultural Issue
3. An EU Perspective
4. Funding Issues
5. Case Studies
5.1 Czech Republic
5.2 Hungary
5.3 Poland
5.4 Slovenia
6 The Argument Over Integration
7. Conclusion
8 Bibliography
From the Paper
"The European Union faces many arduous tasks in upcoming years. The most troublesome possibly being that of enlarging the size and the scope of its members. Currently, it is in the discussion of the European Union to extend enlargement to central and Eastern Europe. Over the course of the next decade, the European Union will be propositioning some new candidates to join their ranks. The first group includes the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovenia; countries likely to join later are Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. The first countries are not expected to join until 2003-2005."
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Post-War Eastern European Immigrants, 2001.
This paper examines the influx of Eastern European immigrants to the United States especially after the Second World War. It discusses three major immigrant groups - Poles, Czechs and Russians and also discusses Americans' attitudes towards these groups.
1,432 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the influx of Eastern European immigrants to the United States especially after the Second World War. It discusses three major immigrant groups - Poles, Czechs and Russians and also discusses Americans' attitudes towards these groups.
From the paper:
"Established Americans often look down on new immigrants. The cultural habits of immigrants are frequently targets of criticism, especially when the new arrivals come from a different country than those in the established community. This is true despite the fact that so much of what we have accomplished as a nation has been due to the contributions of recent immigrants who have been willing to work as hard as they can to make a better life for themselves and their families ? and alon the way for the rest of the country as well."
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Eastern European Sex Workers, 2005.
This paper discusses sex trades workers from Eastern Europe who migrate to Canada.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that not only are there sex trades workers from Eastern Europe who migrate to Canada by their own will but also other sex trade workers are forced by traffickers to migrate. The author points out that women from Eastern Europe choose Canada as a good country for immigration because the mass media inform them about Canada as a land of opportunities. The paper stresses that the reality is very different.
From the Paper
'Many women intentionally come to Canada each year from Eastern Europe to work in the sex trade, especially in Toronto. Other women from the same area are trafficked by criminals. I am interested in both groups, especially the women who come of their own free will. My question concerns their reasons for immigrating and their satisfaction later. I do know that the women who enter the sex trade are poor and have little or no opportunities. Sex trafficking operates two ways, both into and out of Eastern Europe. Sexual trafficking is a trap ... .'
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From Communism to Capitalism in Eastern Europe, 2002.
Assesses the achievements and difficulties in the transition from communism to capitalism in Eastern Europe.
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 19 sources, AU$ 207.95
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Abstract
The devolution of the Soviet Union and the abandonment of command economies throughout Eastern Europe was one of the most profound developments in the last half of the twentieth century. A dozen years after the 'transition' began the results are still both tentative and mixed. This paper assesses the process with a broad, holistic perspective emphasizing both economic and non-economic factors.
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Eastern and Middle Eastern Religions, 2007.
This paper discusses the Eastern and Middle Eastern religions of Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism
1,890 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Buddhism is a somewhat unique religion in that it does not personify the concept of god but rather the Buddha, who is a normal human having come to enlightenment and salvation through suffering; however, Hinduism is far more focused on divinity and messages from a spiritual realm beyond the understanding of humanity. The author points out that Islam, which is considered one of the three Abrahamic, monotheistic faiths, the other two being Judaism and Christianity, uses Allah (God), who is eternal, transcended and part of humanity in his compassion and mercy. The paper relates that Sikhism, which shares with Islam the paradigm of a single god, operates on the principle that all human beings are equal and should not be distinguished by parameters such as social class and royalty.
Table of Contents:
Buddhism
Hinduism
Islam
Sikhism
From the Paper
"In terms of salvation, Sikhism is close to Hinduism in its belief of the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth. According to Sikhism, there is a progressive journey of the soul from the lowest orders of life, such as plants and animals, to the highest order of physical existence, being human. While several rebirths at this level of existence is possible, having reached human life means that the journey is close to completion. The soul reaches God at the point of physical death, where it is judged in order to determine whether more rebirth is required."
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Night Shift & Rotating Shift Nursing, 1999.
Effects on nurses' physiology, psychology and performance. Looks at the phenomenon of substance abuse amongst nurses.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 69.95
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From the Paper
"EFFECTS OF NIGHT SHIFT WORK ON NURSES AND NURSING PERFORMANCE
Introduction
This research examines the effects of night shift work on nurses and nursing performance. The findings of this examination are presented in discussions of the biological effects of shift work on nurses, the effects of night shift work on nursing performance, the relationship between shift work and substance abuse by nurses, and the implications for the profession of nursing of the effects of shift work on nurses and nursing performance.
Biological Effects
In the overall American work force, 15.9 percent of workers are assigned to shift work. Within the context of shift work, 6.3 percent of all American workers work evening shifts, 4.3.."
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Communism to Capitalism, 2002.
A look at the the achievements and difficulties in the transition from communism to capitalism in Eastern Europe.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 15 sources, AU$ 155.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the transition of the Eastern European Countries from communism to capitalism. It describes their failures, drawbacks and successes in forming a democratic and capitalistic ideology within their political systems and economies.
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?The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism?, 2005.
This paper discusses Max Weber's "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", which theorizes on the role of religion in the emergence of capitalism in early modern Europe.
1,930 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in his seminal work "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", Max Weber provided a new perspective of the emergence of capitalism by asserting that what made Europe or the Occident develop into a capitalist economy was because the majority of its people observed the Protestant ethic as their way of life, rationalizing that people's everyday actions are a pre-requisite for a society to develop into a capitalist economy. The author contends that the development of capitalism in early modern Europe was the result not only of Protestantism but also of Catholicism. The paper states that the generalization that religion had become the catalyst for capitalism to flourish in the continent is supported by the fact that religious institutions before and during the onset of capitalism have dominated the socio-political realms of Western societies, leaving no doubt that they also control the economic activities and institutions present in the society.
From the Paper
"Indeed, capitalism is "a very complex system of institutions, highly rational in character and the product of a number of developments peculiar to Western civilization." Those who are unable to adapt to these 'complex systems of institutions' and 'rational character' are bound to be left behind in the process, neither achieving development nor economic success. Moreover, those who are unable to adapt to this system are bound to maintain the "anxiety of not knowing" and "fear of damnation." Thus, in order to be included in the capitalist economic system, one has to integrate himself/herself to these complex systems of institutions through labor and attain a rational character by conducting profit-making activities. Through labor and profit-making activities, one involves in the "spirit of capitalism" and accomplishes what Weber has termed as the Protestant ethic."
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The Evolution of Capitalism, 2007.
An analysis of Maximilian Weber's views on the origins of capitalism, based on his work "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism."
6,931 words (approx. 27.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 227.95
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Abstract
This paper explores Maximilian Weber's contribution to theories on the development of capitalism. It particularly bases its arguments on Weber's most controversial work, "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism," written in 1905. The paper discusses Weber's thesis that religion is largely responsible for the different cultures and economic systems of Europe and the Orient.
Table of Contents:
Life Influences
The Connection between Capitalism and Calvinism
Weber vs. Marx
Understanding the Role of Religion
The Junker-Class
The Evolution of the Capital System
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In a feudal system there are no markets. Goods are produced for the individual's consumption and the rest goes to the nobles and King. The capitalist idea is based on the production of surplus. One takes what they need for their own use and then sells the rest for profit. Technology was its driving force in the production of surplus. Crop rotation helped farmers produce more than they needed and they began to sell their surplus in small town markets (Jupp, 2000). Prior to this system, the people were not allowed to trade, as they were not allowed to have surplus. There were laws that prohibited the pricing and trade of goods. Profit making was defined by the Catholic Church as evil and wrong, yet in the church appeared to be able to engage in this activity without worry."
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Christianity and Capitalism, 2008.
Compares the way that capitalism and Christianity approach the goals needed to develop capitalism.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to demonstrate the ways that Christianity and Capitalism seek or reject common goals needed to develop capitalism. The paper also discusses the idea of Capitalism as a faith in and of itself. The author of the paper then makes the argument that collectivism/socialism create systems that do not meet the needs of all the people, and also frequently rejects religion out of hand, creating a situation where if needs are not being met no one has any incentive to correct it with charitable works.
From the Paper
"The sheer number of works that expand on and discuss capitalism, as it exists today and as it has evolved though the past, demonstrate a development that could be argued as the development of capitalism as its own brand of religion, rather than purely an economic form. It would seem that the only thing lacking it is a collective place of worship, though there are examples of that very thing in international conferences that further globalization, such as the World Bank and a growing number of Free Trade movements that espouse the virtues of capitalism to thousands of parishioners from all over the world."
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"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", 2007.
This paper is a critical review of Max Weber's theory about the relationship of Protestantism and capitalism as presented in his book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism".
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Weber believed that the way of life for Protestants, specifically Calvinism, encouraged the development of western capitalism, which he defined as the pursuit of profit and forever renewed profit. The author points out that Weber identifies two main characteristics of Protestant belief, which encourage the development of Western capitalism: predestination and worldly asceticism. The paper states that Weber indicates that such beliefs create a psychological state of mind, which pressures the Calvinists to lead a successful life, defined in terms of money. The paper relates that some critics argue that it was not religion, which encouraged the development of Western capitalism, but the social exclusion of Protestants from professions; therefore, business offers the Protestants a channel to overcome their persecution. The paper includes quotations.
From the Paper
"Weber found "Occidental" capitalism to be different from the "other" forms in many respects. Firstly, there was a lack of free labor in the "others" system. Secondly, household work and business work were not separated, as in the west. Personnel property was kept apart from corporate property, rational book-keeping techniques were used, and a rational legal and administrative system existed, which Weber believed played a role to limit speculative and opportunistic capitalism. Finally, Weber also acknowledged the role of technical advancement in playing its part to encourage the development of Occidental capitalism."
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Turbo-Capitalism, 2002.
Examines the concept of turbo-capitalism and the need to restrain the free market economy, using Edward Luttwak's work as a reference.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 77.95
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Abstract
Writing as an established conservative thinker and analyst, Edward Luttwak has made a substantial critique of contemporary economics in his book, "Turbo Capitalism: Winners and Losers in the Global Economy". Luttwak agrees that the shift within "free-enterprise Capitalism" to what he calls "turbo-Capitalism" is only a matter of degree, but he also argues that this shift has been sufficient to create an ongoing dynamic of structural change that is destroying lives, families, firms, entire industries, communities, and even nations. Luttwak is concerned by the adverse social impact of a "supercharged" form of global capitalism that emerged in the 1990s. He articulates a form of social conservatism that restores economics to its proper relationship with the social and environmental spheres.
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?The Nature and Logic of Capitalism?, 2002.
A review of the book ?The Nature and Logic of Capitalism? by Robert L. Heilbroner.
1,184 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Robert L. Heilbroner, in "The Nature and Logic of Capitalism", struggles with three difficult-to-define words --?nature?, ?logic? and ?capitalism? and comes to some startling, if not revealing, opinions on capitalism. It evaluates his theory that ?nature? is the innate ability or power to create relationships and it wields this ability in a structured ?logic?, the end result, which is a ?regime? known as ?capitalism.? It looks at how he analyzes capitalism not as a ?mere economic system? but as a ?regime.? A ?regime,? indicating a ruling power structure empowered to make and enforce change.
From the Paper
"Heilbroner, acknowledging and confirming Marx, then posits the theory that competition among capitalists, left unchecked, would drive profits to zero. Marx stopped at this point, satisfied with his theories of the challenges of surplus value. Heilbroner takes Marx further by suggesting that Marx?s ?factors of production" (land, labor, capital) are not comparable or equivalent entities and produce wealth only when workers act upon land. That is the ?nature? of the beast. Heilbroner, then, sees the ?logic? of this ?nature? as having several distinctive features. The first was that capitalists, as holders of social power, were independent of the state's control ever the means of production, and over the socializing ?nature? of the state."
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The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, 2008.
A review of the book "The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism" written by Daniel Bell in which he presents a picture of the present condition and possible future of Western civilization.
1,451 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper states that Daniel Bell's " The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism" was originally published to critique the dominant American assumption that capitalism promoted individualism. The paper comments that Bell instead believed that capitalism had come to promote standardization and had created corporate bureaucracies as powerful as church or state bureaucracies of the past. The paper continues by relating that Bell also believed that the counter cultural reaction to capitalism was also misguided, as capitalism had begun with the Protestant work ethic, and its spirit of individualistic austerity, puritanism, and freedom from Church institutional authority. The paper concludes that this sense of Protestant freedom and independence had slowly been eradicated, and this value was taken over by the Modernists, and then ineffectually by 'counterculture' as the anti-capitalist youth movement was still called when Bell wrote his work.
From the Paper
"The cultural contradiction of capitalism is that capitalism began as a kind of radical, austere Protestantism, with a heavy emphasis on rejecting the collective Catholic dogma of the past. Protestantism developed a new attitude towards wealth. It stressed pursuing excellence and perfect standards with relentless individualism and drive. But this rigidity made the originally radical notion of capitalism eventually become conservative in terms its morality. This evolved to create the uniform, imposed standards of large corporations and state bureaucracies, including, ironically, the Soviet bureaucracy. In response to what came to be seen as bourgeois values, the cultural beliefs of Modernism began to react against capitalist values and celebrate the function of culture as a kind of misrule, not capitalist order. Capitalistic Protestantism came to deny its original individualistic ethos, and this value of individualism was taken over by artists and anti-capitalism."
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Marx?s Capitalism, 2002.
A discussion of Karl Marx?s theories on capitalism with a focus on the monopolization of capital.
2,850 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the beliefs of Karl Marx, the co-founder of communism and also a philosopher, revolutionary thinker and economist. It shows how he was a student of capitalism and his seminal thoughts on the dominant political economy of his time (and ours) are as relevant today as in the hey days of Soviet communism and its ascendancy in several parts of the world. It shows how his theories about the accumulation of wealth by the capitalist, the ?surplus value? and the monopolistic tendency of the capitalistic economy give us a perspective of capitalism that continues to make the works of Karl Marx relevant in a post-communist twenty-first century.
Outline
A Stage of Social Development
How Does Money Accumulate with the Capitalist?
Where Does the Capitalist Get the Capital in the First Place?
Why does the Laborer work for the Capitalist?
The Big Fish eat the Small Fish
Competition itself Breeds Monopoly
Political Influence of Large Corporations
Constant Improvement
The Rich get Richer
Excess Capacity: Looking for Space
Unemployment in Capitalist Societies: A Deliberate Ploy?
Will Capitalism Continue to Survive?
Constant Improvement
From the Paper
"The Marxist explanation of Capitalism is based on the surplus value provided by the laborer to the capitalist that lets him to accumulate capital and make his profit. The question, however arises that why does the worker work for the capitalist instead of working for himself and keeping the surplus value. Capitalism, by definition is a system in which the producers are the employees and do not have the means to own the equipment and material needed to produce the commodities. Although in certain societies and cases the workers may be forced to offer themselves as labor for the capitalists through coercion, more often than not, the conditions in most capitalist societies are such that the laborers? own equipment and other resources simply cannot compete with those of the capitalist."
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