| Papers [1-16] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "EARLY BILINGUAL LANGUAGE PROGRAMS": |
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Early Bilingual Language Programs, 2006.
A paper looking at the benefits of early bilingual language programs.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 51.95
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Abstract
Infants and very small children are extremely receptive of almost all forms of learning. For many years, it was the practice to begin foreign language training at the high school level. However, research suggests that children who begin bilingual education at the pre-school level are the most effective language learners. This paper explains that the myths of dual language acquisition have largely been found to be false: learning more than one language does not lead to confusion or disorders in the learner. The paper also discusses the benefits that occur when bilingual education is begun at a very early age.
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Jocelyn Smrekar's Article 'Early Childhood Bilingual Classrooms', 2007.
This paper analyzes the article 'Early Childhood Bilingual Classrooms' by Jocelyn Smrekar (2005) from "Making a Difference in the Lives of Bilingual/Bi-cultural Children".
1,420 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Jocelyn Smrekar in her article 'Early Childhood Bilingual Classrooms' by (2005) suggests that the bilingual education of young children should not be merely about language acquisition but also about a kind of cultural meeting of the minds of teachers and students of a variety of different backgrounds. The author points out that Smrekar's views in this sense coalesces with the esteemed cognitive academic language learning approach (CALLA), which states that valuing the student's own prior knowledge and cultural experiences and relating this knowledge to academic learning in a new language and culture is a key aspect of creating a learning-friendly environment for foreign language acquisition. The paper criticizes Smrekar because, unlike CALLA, she does not give much advice for teachers in terms of creating hands-on approaches that might be effective in the everyday life of the classroom.
Table of Contents:
Article Summary
In Favor of the Article's Point of View
Against the Article
Summary
From the Paper
"Smrekar provides helpful reminders that young children do not learn language as if by magic, rather individual students may vary in the levels of exposure they have to the language at home and in their social environments. She also encourages teachers not to judge student's overall intelligence harshly, merely because they make common initial linguistic mistakes in using English such as code mixing, or referring with a specific word to all general examples of a type, or conversely use under-extensions of specific vocabulary words, or not using a general vocabulary word in a host of specific contexts."
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'Bilingual Language Processing', 2006.
A critique of an article entitled "Bilingual Language Processing".
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the rationale behind the investigators' research presented in the article "Bilingual Language Processing" as well as the research outcome and the investigators' conclusions on how bilingual subjects process language. The paper also points out some concerns over the methodology employed and how future studies might be able to avoid these (e.g. concerns over sample size, devices used, etc.).
From the Paper
"The investigators in the study "Shared and separate systems in bilingual language processing: Converging evidence from eye tracking and brain imaging" sought to prove that initial parallel processing of language occurs in bilinguals, only to later on default to processing in discrete cortical centers (Marian, Spivey & Hirsch, 2002). This article tackles two distinct concerns regarding language processing in bilinguals: the first being whether one or both languages were [simultaneously] processed and whether discrete cortical regions existed for each language or shared common regions within such areas as the inferior frontal gyrus (ibid.). According to their review of literature, the question of whether parallel processing versus "serial" processing, wherein the lexicon not utilized is shut off in favor of the other, remained unresolved..."
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Language Programs, 2002.
A look at English language programs developed in three states which provide assistance to disadvantaged students.
2,470 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the programs developed by three different states ? Florida, Texas and California ? to help educate students with limited English proficiency, looking at both the technical aspects of each program and the larger educational philosophy espoused by each bilingual program.
From the Paper
"The challenge of bilingual education ? which can also be phrased as the challenge of educating students with limited English proficiency ? is a complex one, for it is not a matter simply of teaching grammar and syntax, not simply a question of instilling an appreciation for nuance and vocabulary choice. For in almost every case, the students who are the subject of bilingual education come from less educationally privileged students. Those students who are not proficient in English are often poor and often immigrants and therefore in need of a variety of services, training, and education. They often have to learn about American culture and American legal and governmental systems as well as learning the English language. Making the challenge of bilingual education even greater, those who have grown up in poverty either in a country other than the United States or in the U.S. itself are often poorly educated in their own language. Some may not be literate in any language. In other words, they lack nearly all of the advantages of the middle-class, white, native speaker of English (Tabors 21-28)."
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Bilingual First Language Acquisition, 2002.
An examination of early language development theory for potential bilingual children.
7,808 words (approx. 31.2 pages), 35 sources, MLA, AU$ 246.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the criteria for measuring early language development, the concepts associated with ascertaining a child?s developmental progress, the research supporting the prevailing theories and the significant findings inherent in credible research in these areas. It discusses how all over the globe young children seem to effortlessly acquire two or more languages at one time, while some uphold the belief that children who are exposed to multiple languages too early may experience developmental language delays and/or confusion. It evaluates how scientific research has attempted to examine whether young bilinguals can ascertain that they are acquiring two separate and distinct languages early on.
Outline
Introduction
Research and Analysis
Bilingual Paradox
Bilingual Deficit Hypothesis
Unitary Language System Hypothesis
Bilingual Advantage Hypothesis
Differentiated Language System Hypothesis
Vocabulary Development
The MacArthur CDI
Linguistic Milestones
Lexical Identifiers
Neutrals
Translation Equivalents
Interlocutor Sensitivity
Language Choice
Codemixing
Parental Discourse Strategies
Early Constraints
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The line of thought that resembles popular opinion about whether or not children should be raised bilingual from birth is called the ?Bilingual Paradox?. It is a paradox because there are conflicting contemporary theories about whether or not it is the preferred method of introducing two languages. While much research shows that, by several measures, children who are exposed to two languages simultaneously between the ages of zero and three achieve major milestones within the same timeframe and with similar results as monolinguals, the contemporary line of thought has been to teach a child one language early on, reserving the introduction of a second language for the later school years. The thinking associated with the latter opinion is that introducing two languages early on will confuse the child, or that the child will be disadvantaged in mastery of one or both languages. There are, however, steps parents can take early on based on proven research to give their child an advantage in learning language skills. Methodologies, tools, timing mechanisms and support strategies have been developed through testing and observation that aids children in successful and timely language development, specifically in the adoption of multiple languages."
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Bilingualism and First Language Loss, 2003.
This paper discusses the linguistic phenomena of bilingualism and first language loss and presents suggestions for advocating multilingual education.
5,115 words (approx. 20.5 pages), 23 sources, APA, AU$ 187.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that bilinguals are not inferior to monolinguals in any way; however, there still exist various stereotypes against bilinguals, which range from the claim by professions, such as speech therapists and medical doctors, that hearing two or more languages in childhood causes language disorder and language delay to the idea that bilinguals are slow learners and are losers in life. The paper reports that in order to fit themselves into school and society, some young bilinguals begin to learn English and, as soon as they have learned barely enough to get by, use their home languages less and less until they gradually lose it totally: This phenomenon is first language loss. The author stresses that first language loss is not a ?necessary or inevitable outcome? when children acquire a second language.
Table of Content
Introduction
Bilingualism
Types of Bilingualism
Studies on Bilingualism
First Language Loss
Process of First Language Loss
Consequences of First Language Loss
Fostering a Positive Linguistic Environment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"From these accounts, it is apparent that two major consequences of first language loss lie on family relationship and the crises of self-image and cultural identity. As far as family relationship is concerned, there is a lot of ?shame, anger, frustration, and embarrassment attached to the loss of a first language?. To the individuals, a negative self-image was common, resulting either from coming from non-English speaking families or being an outsider of their own ethnic group. At the same time, these people are usually haunted by the uncertainty of their own identity, because they are unable to identify themselves with either their home language culture or the dominant English culture. Besides, along the process of growing up into monolinguals in English, they were all neglected, isolated, and despised in one way or another. Life has been a constant struggle to them simply because they happen to have been born into non-English speaking families."
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Bilingual Language Development, 2004.
An exploration of the process of double language acquisition by children.
2,676 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 117.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how there are several different ways to expose children to a second language. It looks at how some children are exposed to two languages since birth and how others are exposed to a second language once they enter a school program. It discusses how the process of double language acquisition is not so smooth and how there are a few discrepancies in fluency and language confusion to be taken into account.
Outline
Introduction
How Children Learn Two Languages
Stages of Development
Code Switching
Language Mixing
Two Languages, One Sentence: Not a Sign of Confusion
Language Imbalance
Language Loss and Semilingualism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"For some bilingual children, code switching is a normal language phenomenon. While some children acquiring a second language appear to confuse the two languages at first, code switching is a normal aspect of second language acquisition. Young bilingual children tend to insert single items from one language into the other (McClure, 1977), primarily to resolve ambiguities and clarify statements. Children over nine and adults, however, tend to switch languages at the phrase or sentence level, typically to convey social meanings. Studies of code switching in adults show it to be a sophisticated, rule-governed communicative device used to achieve goals such as conveying emphasis or establishing cultural identity."
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Should Bilingual Education Programs Be Abandoned?, 2004.
This paper evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of various bilingual education programs.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews bilingual education programs, including transitional bilingual education, English as a Second Language (ESL), structured immersion, submersion, and two-way or dual immersion. The author states that the National Council of Teachers of English found no research evidence to support the idea that non-English-speaking children will read, write, and do academic work in English better if first they learn to read write and do academic work in their home language. The paper concludes that bilingual education blocks the assimilation and advancement of minority students; therefore, to avoid such situations, students should be placed in English-only classes.
From the Paper
"However, not all communities are able to provide their language ? minority students with such programs. As a result, a significant number of English -language learners are unable to accomplish well academically. Additionally, schools need sufficient funding from the government for recourses, programs and textbooks that will help minority students succeed academically. The costs of bilingual programs for minority students are estimated to be $5.5 billion, and for ESL $1.9 billion in. On the contrary, intensive English programs do not require so much funding. Besides, research shows that these programs are much more successful then bilingual programs in providing competency for non-native language learners."
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Should Bilingual Education Programs Be Abandoned?, 2004.
Presents a debate on whether bilingual education programs should be abandoned in the United States
3,156 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 133.95
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Abstract
This research paper gives detailed insights on the types of bilingual programs in the American educational system and their impact on minority students' performance. The paper examines how bilingual educational programs can prepare limited-English students for the competitive society that we live in today.
From the Paper
"Moreover, researchers argue that bilingual education benefits not only immigrants, but also all children regardless of socioeconomic, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds. For all students, bilingual education ?enhances intellectual growth and interpersonal-and intercultural- communication competence?, both of which are essential for a successful and meaningful life in today?s diverse American community and increasingly interconnected world (P. Ngai, 2002)."
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Language Acquisition in Early Childhood, 2002.
Discusses the advantages of early language acquisition.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
The learning of a second language is something that is most easily carried out in childhood, perhaps as part of elementary education as opposed to secondary school. This paper takes a mainly psychological approach in assessing why early language acquisition is desirable in a world which will increasingly value persons who are able to communicate in more than one medium.
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Bilingual Education in Early Childhood, 2006.
A study of nationally-mandated multi-lingual education for young migrant students in the United States.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper examines efforts by school districts to provide multi-lingual education, as required by the federal government. The paper focuses on special education services for migrant children and highlights shortcomings in the delivery of these services. The paper discusses identification of needy students and the process of inducting a student into the special education system. The paper concludes with recommendations for legislative and administrative change to dramatically improve the delivery of multi-lingual education. Thesis Statement A Brief Background and History Barriers in the System Identification of Students Conclusions and the Welfare Issue
From the Paper
"Bilingual Education and the word Bilingual itself are nothing more than "political buzzwords," designed to ease expensive and expansive legislation through the Congress. The actual study of the factors in this field of Education, particularly of early childhood periods, is the term Multi-lingual due to the many variants involved in the processes of teaching not only this group but their families as well. For example, in Texas where the problems are being addressed most aggressively these educators are dealing with a variety of Spanish languages speaking individuals. This becomes a multi-lingual problem therefore because of the paradigms of dialectics, syntax, sentence structures, and many other factors. These problems likewise are not in any manner limited to Texas, as almost every State in the country must deal with it on some level. Texas, and their recent Educational Reforms just happens to be the model producing system for others too effectively follow. Moreover, Spanish and all its variants is not the only language Educators are forced to deal with."
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Early Language Development, 2002.
Language development from birth to adulthood.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 155.95
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Abstract
This paper is on language development from birth to adult. It shows how the brain plays an important role in speech development.
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Early Childhood Language Development, 1990.
This paper presents four major theories about child language acquisition: Roles of heredity and environment.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 69.95
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From the Paper
"There is no longer any doubt among linguists and child psychologists that language acquisition is an elaborate and completely unmonolithic type of study. Under the rubric of civilization, and more directly under the context of societal development, language is one of the most important aspects of culture. ... comments, "Language acquisition is an amazing feat. Kids are solving a difficult logical puzzle. From a sample of sentences, they must generate an infinite language".
This paper will present a brief overview of the subject of child language acquisition, will give four of the major theoretical outlines for the same, and will conclude with commentary on the differing views of language acquisition and ... "
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Early German vs. Early Russian Filmmaking, 2004.
This paper discusses early German vs. early Russian filmmaking
in terms of a controlled versus an uncontrolled narrative perspective.
980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the primary difference between the early Russian films of the first half of the 20th century and the German Expressionist movement, whose films exemplify an artistic ethos, is the significance given to narrative and to expressing a singular and coherent ideology for the viewer. The author points out that, in the case of Russian filmmakers such as Eisenstein, the narrative and descriptive sequences of the film are manipulated over the course of the film to invest particular images and aspects of the film with great importance. The paper relates that the German cinema creates a more ambiguous sense of meaning within its choice frames; the visual, rather than the story-based aspects of the film?s shot and the film?s overall plot arc, have greater significance.
From the Paper
"The greater emphasis on narrative within early Russian cinema also is evidenced in the way that the Russian directors, most notably Eisenstein, create meaning between frames of narrative, rather than within frame in a miens-en-scene approach. In this approach, the meaning of a single scene has a meaning in and of itself and can be invested with different meanings outside of the filmed narrative sequence. For instance, ?Potemkin? makes use of what is known as a dialectic montage, or a composition of rapidly evolving scenes, too rapid for the viewer?s eye simply to apprehend just one. The composition and the apprehension of scenes all at once creates a singularity of emotion and intent regarding the action, as opposed to a sustained scene where the viewer is able to consider the image and come to his or her own conclusion regarding the events that are transpiring. Miens-en-scene or middle of the scene approach became very popular in postmodernist and post-structuralism critiques and film analysis. Even the most impressionist examples of Russian cinema, such as the ?Man with a Movie Camera,? have a highly ideological and uniform tone, that of the glory of Russia, in sequences where seemingly unrelated images are created."
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Qumran, Early Christians, and Early Rabbinic Judaism, 1999.
Examines these three major religious groups, major beliefs and the use of canonical scripture.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 162.95
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Abstract
Although fundamentalists in religious life assert that the answers to all human problems are available in inerrant scriptural form, there is still the problem of interpretation. From the beginning, differing stories, differing translations, and differing interpretations of scripture have led to the development of separate communities and sects within communities.
From the Paper
"Research on Qumran, Early Christians, and Early Rabbinic Judaism
Introduction
Although fundamentalists in religious life assert that the answers to all human problems are available in inerrant scriptural form, there is still the problem of interpretation. From the beginning, differing stories, differing translations, and differing interpretations of scripture have led to the development of separate communities and sects within communities. The intent in this essay is to look at three separate groups the Qumran community, the Early Christians and Early Rabbinic Judaism exploring their major beliefs and their use of canonical scripture."
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"Bilingual/Bilingue", 2007.
This paper studies the poem "Bilingual/Bilingue" by Rhina Espaillat.
1,968 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that "Bilingual/Bilingue" by Rhina Espaillat is a depiction of a girl growing up in a Spanish speaking household in the United States. The writer notes that through excellent language choices and the successful use of literary devices, Espaillat captures the difficulties of living in an English speaking country while coming from a Spanish speaking home. The writer describes that "Bilingual/Bilingue" is a personal account of the realities of bilingualism, and shows how it is possible to overcome language and cultural barriers to learn a second language. The writer concludes that real life examples and the girl in "Bilingual/Bilingue" both show that the original language remains a part of one's culture and identity and that language barriers are an obstacle, but not a permanent one.
From the Paper
"It is out of this fear that he resists English in the household, but his daughter, who studies English extensively in and outside of the house on her own, comes to become more than proficient in English. She realizes what her father does not, that language is not a divisive force, and that she can express herself fully in English, her second language. Thus Espaillat is writing on the success people can achieve in learning and living in the United States as a bilingual individual. Language will not divide her from her father, and she can become a successful English poet growing up in a Spanish household. The cultural and linguistic challenges she faced she was able to overcome."
"Espaillat's perspective on the issue of bilingualism individually and as a society is backed up by both empirical and qualitative research. In fact, although Espaillat's childhood experience was many years ago in the 1930s, issues she faced and issues she overcame are relevant to this day. For instance, a 2007 study on bilingual Latino and Latina adolescents evaluated the role of the Spanish language and bilingualism for both gifted and non-gifted students. This study found that for these bilingual students, regardless of level of academic achievement, that Spanish was their native language."
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