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"Cultural Literacy. What Every American Needs to Know" by E.D. Hirsch, 2002.
An analysis of E.D. Hirsch's view that there are certain ideas and facts that one should know in order to be "culturally literate".
1,240 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 1 source, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
E.D. Hirsch asserts that there are basic cultural concepts and ideas that must be known in order to communicate and thrive in ones community. This paper gives a brief history of the author and analyzes his idea that modern education is a failure since it does not leave students culturally literate. The paper concludes that education should be modified to allow for intergenerational knowledge.
From the Paper
"In his book Cultural Literacy, subtitled "What Every American Needs to Know," E.D. Hirsch Jr. begins with the fact that there are certain ideas and certain facts which we all assume that other people know. When we talk to people and make certain cultural references, we expect to be understood (assuming we are speaking to someone also from this same culture, of course). In the course of his book, though, Hirsch shifts from what we expect people know to his subtitle, detailing what he believes every American should know in order to be an American citizen."
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Christianity from A.D. 50 to A.D. 100, 2001.
A discussion on how Constantine had some bearing on Christianity; the formation of single unified Roman Orthodox Church.
1,540 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This essay compares the Christian religion prior to and after the rise of Constantine from A.D. 50 to A.D. 100. The author examines the influence Constantine had on Christianity in forming a single unified Orthodox Roman Church.
From the Paper
"When Constantine the Great took the throne in A.D. 306, Christianity began to be more clearly adopted as the religion of the Roman imperial government. While a struggle for spiritual authority had been going on since the time of Jesus, it was from this official embrace of Constantine that the idea of forming a single, unified and orthodox Roman church began to develop."
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Bruner and Hirsch on Education, 2004.
A look at the contributions of Jerome Bruner and E.D. Hirsch, Jr. to education.
3,022 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how both Jerome Bruner and E.D. Hirsch, Jr. have made significant contributions to the public discourse surrounding education. It looks at how Bruner's "The Process of Education", first published in the 1960s has greatly influenced the development of today's curriculum, and how, in his book, "Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know". Hirsch argues that the current curriculum fails to provide today's students with the cultural literacy that they need to communicate effectively. It summarizes and analyzes the contribution of both of these authors and their respective works in relation to the field of educational curriculum development.
From the Paper
"Bruner notes that when students understand the structure of a subject, they can then relate this information to a large number of other things that may seem unrelated. He uses the structural concept of tropism in biology to make this point. Tropism is simply the involuntary tendency of an organism to orient toward or away from external stimuli. He notes that tropism occurs when the swarm density of locusts is related to temperature, and the movement of insects to different altitudes is related to their preferred oxygen content (thus preventing cross breeding). As such, he notes that understanding the fundamental concept of tropism allows students to understand a large number of phenomena within the biological realm."
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Character Analysis of Tess in "Tess of the d' Urbervilles", 2000.
An analysis of Tess d' Urberville, from Thomas Hardy's novel "Tess of the d' Urbervilles", including references to Hardy's other work.
1,714 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 1 source, AU$ 59.95
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From the Paper
"Tess' story is that of a woman who tries to respond to the changing world around her with honesty and integrity. She can be viewed as an independent, active heroine who chooses martyrdom; she can also be seen as a victim either of society or of her own nature, who has no choice in the end but to let herself be destroyed. Other than the obvious reason of being the main character, Tess serves a very important function in Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles and helps him to demonstrate most of his principal ideas."
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Medicare Part D, 2005.
This paper discusses Part D of the Medicare and the power given the regulatory agencies under this law.
1,280 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Medicare, which is the health insurance program by the United States Federal government, provides medical treatment to qualified recipients and is run by The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Part D is the new outpatient prescription drug benefit. The author points out that, because the enactment of Medicare Part D makes the United States Federal Government the biggest client of pharmaceuticals in the U.S. and possibly the world, drug development and approval process will be notably affected by this law through the direct involvement of CMS in application reviews. The paper stresses that, by using a system of risk corridors, which compares actual incurred drug benefit costs to estimated costs submitted in bids, Medicare limits the profits and losses of Part D drug plans.
Table of Contents
What is Medicare?
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and Its Influence on the Health Care Industry
Economics
How CMS Affects the Operation and Finance of Medicare Part D
From the Paper
"CMS is also working with other health agencies such as the National Cancer Institute with regards to research and development of drugs. A new policy gives them additional powers to pay for off-label uses of a new drug or device, so long as patients are in involve in studies to gather new data that may be beneficial to future patients. This policy however raised certain concerns from industry players as to fears the agency will reject compensation of new cures or procedures unless the post-approval studies are paid for by sponsors. Nonetheless, guidelines have already been drafted to address this concern."
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Medicare Part D, 2007.
This paper studies the US Medicare Part D program that provides insurance coverage for prescription drugs.
1,403 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in the past few decades, the reduction of available Medicare funds in the US has emerged as a significant concern for taxpayers, elderly individuals, and government agencies alike. The writer points out that as a result, Medicare has often been a target for reformers in the past few years; however, as the aging population increases, so does a greater sense of urgency. In response to this growing crisis, the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 created a new and complex universal prescription drug entitlement, called Medicare Part D. This paper analyzes the basic contents of the Medicare Part D legislation, including the role of private groups and the implications of the drug subsidy for the nursing practice.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview and Content of the Legislation
The Role of Private Groups in the Drug Subsidy
Nursing Implications of Medicare Part D
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The benefits of Catastrophic Coverage vary depending on income levels, and extra-help programs are available based on financial need. Medicare Part D has been considered a complex plan for seniors as a result of the manner in which it works and the gap in coverage. This is complex for seniors because research indicates that the majority of needed prescription drugs by seniors fall into the gap in coverage bracket. Therefore, the major criticism of the drug subsidy is that it only truly assist seniors that either do not need very many prescription drugs, or those that are considered catastrophic coverage insured's. As a result, the bulk of this population is left to deal with paying out-of-pocket expenses for prescription drugs. Additionally, the plan is complex for seniors because the true cost of the drug entitlement expansion is unknown, and estimates could be understating the real cost."
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Benjamin Franklin and D. H. Lawrence, 2001.
This paper discusses D.H. Lawrence's criticisms of Benjamin Franklin.
2,760 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of the Benjamin Franklin's achievements in life and how D.H. Lawrence's view of the world affected his evaluation of these achievements. The author looks at Franklin's many achievements including the development of electricity and its many off-shoots, the development of a postal system, the creation of bi-focal glasses and the invention of the fireplace and stoves. Franklin's strong sense of family and family values, his knowledge of weather and weather patterns, his negotiating skills and subsequent successes in international relations are also discussed in detail. The author then demonstrates how D. H. Lawrence criticizes each and every achievement of Franklin's without hesitation and in many of these instances, without any logical reasoning.
From the Paper
"All of the things we are discussing would have a much different meaning if it were not for Ben's skills as a negotiator. Without help from the French the result of our war to get the British out of America could easily have failed. Our navy fought remarkably well as did our army, but they had smaller numbers and did not have the experience and training of the British troops. The additional resources supplied by France were essential. The negotiations to acquire this kind of support were very difficult. Only a person of Ben's intellect and charm could have made it happen. Franklin had not only the French to deal with, but also the other two Americans that were part of the commission. "Coming straight from London, Arthur Lee [one of other two on the commission] arrived in Paris shortly after Franklin and proceeded immediately to find fault with everything his colleagues were doing-and not doing. A highly intelligent man, trained in law and medicine, but afflicted with a fair degree of paranoia, Lee was a Franklin-hater of long standing (Lopez and Herbert 234)." Lawrence can only complain about Ben's ability to create a situation where America was able to create its own country rather than staying under British rule. He cannot tolerate independence and creative thought in a country that broke away from his native England."
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R&D and Competitive Advantage, 2005.
A discussion on whether research and development is the basis of long-term national competitive advantage.
1,768 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to show that research and development (R&D) is an important factor of competitive advantage as long as it involves the creation of marketable innovations. It points out that R&D is a rather complex procedure and it is important how R&D expenditure is managed. It also analyzes the contribution of innovation systems on leading economies, namely Japan and the USA.
Outline
Introduction
R&D and Competitive Advantage
R&D and Economic Growth
R&D and National Innovation Systems
R&D, A Complex Process
Characteristics of National Innovation Systems
Japanese and American National Systems of Innovation
Private Sector
Public Sector
Conclusion
Reference List
From the Paper
"A century ago, technological change has been the result of random innovations made by individual and independent inventors only. However, in today's world, characterized by ever increasing global competition, companies as well as governments put their emphasis on organized innovation in their strive for accelerating the process of obtaining technological advance. Organized innovation refers to innovations as the outcome of systematic investments in research and development (R&D) in order to achieve competitive advantage."
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Calcium and Vitamin D, 2008.
A look at the health benefits of calcium and vitamin D with a focus on osteoporosis.
1,258 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how research has shown that there is a direct correlation between bone condition in an individual's juvenile and mature years and subsequent susceptibility to osteoporosis-related fractures. In particular, the paper looks at how the interventions that are being investigated to reduce osteoporosis-related health risks and to improve general bone health is diet and supplements of vitamin D and calcium.
Outline:
Health, Vitamin D and Calcium
Interventions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The focus on osteoporosis prevention in turn has improved market performance of foods. Klotter (2005) points out that among all nutrients, calcium is among the most advocated by retails products. These include not only dairy-related products but vegetables, fruits and exercise activities as well. Whereas there has been some counter-marketing against dairy products because of their fat content and fears of contamination from diseases in the 1990's, they have gained better regard in consideration of their value in preventing osteoporosis (Heaney et al, 2000). The opinion is one that Klotter (2005) also recognizes in the course of her study of the impact of initiatives against osteoporosis in health as well as industrial markets today."
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Charles G.D. Roberts' "Kinship", 2008.
An analysis of how a poem by Charles G.D. Roberts, "Kinship," views native Canadians at the time the poem was written.
1,013 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes a poem by Charles G.D. Roberts, "Kinship," that encapsulates the privations of Native Canadians during the latter stages of the nineteenth century. Specifically, the paper discusses how native Canadians found themselves marginalized in the Canada of that time - and how Charles G.D. Roberts, while progressive in his empathy and feeling for the plight of Canada's aboriginal population, nonetheless sees this segment of the nation's population through a European lens.
From the Paper
"In late nineteenth century Canada, the question of what to do with the nation's natives was one that preoccupied policy-makers. Simply put, here was a large number of men and women (and children) whose traditional habits, attitudes, modes of living, and religious sentiments were well outside the mainstream of Canadian society. The end result, as grimly noted in an online report sponsored by the Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Center, was for the Canadian government to pursue a policy that forcibly remade Native Canadians in the image of their European counterparts ("Our Way," para.5-6). This meant, for all intents and purposes, the imposition of policies that undermined traditional native culture, the creation of the Industrial and Boarding School Systems and the abolition of religious ceremonies and dances."
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D.H. Lawrence, 2002.
A comparitive essay on three of D.H. Lawrence's stories, "Rex", "Adolf" and "Rocking-Horse Winner".
1,972 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses D.H. Lawrence's stories. "Rex", "Adolf" and "Rocking-Horse Winner". The paper presents two different, although not discordant, views of the mother-son relationship that is always so prevalent in Lawrence's work. The underlying theme of a need for unconditional love is examined and explained.
From the Paper
"Yet, despite such honest words, there is a sense of secrecy and hush over the entire story. In fact we are only aware after the fact of the boy accumulating wealth through his having the gardener place bets. Hester, the mother is not a bad woman; she is as much a victim as anyone, although she is a victim of her own materialism, or at least from putting her faith there. Paul, her son, no doubt would have been quite happy to trade his fine house, his tutor, his expensive Christmas presents for the love and presence of his mother. She speaks to him gently and though she does a poor job of it tries to hide the facts of her reality from him. When he interrogates her about luck and lucre -- two words he confuses -- and eventually asks her if she was lucky, she says, "I used to think I was, before I married. Now I think I am very unlucky indeed." However when he asks why she remembers who is supposed to be the adult and tries to retreat. "Well-never mind! Perhaps I'm not really." And when he looks to see if she means the retraction, "he saw, by the lines of her mouth, that she was only trying to hide something from him." "
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D.H. Lawrence's "The Horse Dealer's Daughter", 2002.
This paper discusses and analyzes the short story "The Horse Dealer's Daughter," by D.H. Lawrence; specifically, how understanding the characters helps us understand the problematic ending of the story.
665 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper states that D.H. Lawrence's characterizations make the reader understand and even sympathize with the characters. The author feels that the characters are disturbing; and yet they are real with real problems and real neuroses. The paper concludes that Lawrence's could be the people next door and that is what makes the story understandable.
From the Paper
"Lawrence creates unusual and yet somehow endearing characters and makes the reader care about them, and what happens to them. "The Horse Dealer's Daughter" is no exception. Mabel Pervin is the heroine of this novel, but she is a desperately unhappy woman, ashamed of her poverty, and sick to death of caring for her rather oafish brothers. Her only joy is taking care of her mother's grave, where she feels "secure," even though others can watch her as she works. "
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Thomas Jefferson and Franklin D. Roosevelt, 2006.
An analysis of the federal government and the U.S. Constitution during the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson and Franklin D. Roosevelt.
1,582 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a background and analysis of the United States federal government and the role of the Constitution during the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson and Franklin D. Roosevelt. The paper then discusses the similarities and differences between these respective Presidents and the contributions that they made to the history of the nation. It also briefly describes the roles of the Constitution and presidencies and how their perceptions have changed over the years.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
The Role of the Presidency and the Constitution
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research showed that Thomas Jefferson and Franklin Delano Roosevelt are widely regarded as two of the most important and influential presidents in United States history. The research also showed that these accolades are not without substance, and both of these individuals made enormous contributions to the nation's future and in Roosevelt's case, its very survival. In terms of their respective influence on the role of the Constitution in American life, both of these presidents made significant contributions to the manner in which judicial activism has emerged to help balance the other two branches of the government, but these efforts were in diametrically opposite directions during their two administrations. In reality, though, the times were also diametrically different and it is reasonable to posit to if they had been forced to trade places in time, each of these great American leaders might have responded differently, with Jefferson adopting some of FDR's philosophies about the need for a strong federal government and Roosevelt recognizing the importance of maintaining the sovereignty of the several United States."
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D. H. Lawrence and Freud, 2002.
A discussion of the relationship between Sigmund Freud and D. H. Lawrence in Lawrence's work.
6,920 words (approx. 27.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 169.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to take a psychoanalytical view of the work of the novelist D. H. Lawrence and discusses the underlying reasons for the obscenities in some of his works such as "The Rainbow" which was was prosecuted under the Obscene Publications Act and destroyed by order of the court. It evaluates whether Freud's two books, "Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious" and "The Fantasia" which were published in the two years following Lawrence's success in finally securing the publication of "Women in Love", are, in part, explanations--perhaps even justifications--of that shocking book and of other facets of his literary production up to that point. It examines how the two books lay out the views on human psychology and the promptings of the unconscious that had contributed so much to the underlying scheme of "Women in Love" and others.
From the Paper
"The characters in Women in Love were deliberately created in a way that rejected, as Lawrence put it, "the old stable ego of the character" and plumbed, instead, the depths of the unconscious (quoted in Kinkead-Weekes xiv). These characters were subject to change in accordance with the pull of forces and drives which they only partially comprehended but were acutely interested in understanding more fully. They were, and, as Lawrence suggested, we all are, "unstable and governed by subterranean impulse" while moving through lives that are in constant flux--ideas which his readers "found much more threatening or even outrageous than mere sexual explicitness" (Kinkead-Weekes xiv). The basic difficulty of expressing such ideas through the construction of literary characters and finding the language that was best suited to this purpose would have made the composition of Women in Love difficult enough for a writer who believed that his book could be published. But Lawrence, in spite of all his difficulties, was intensely moved and fascinated by the process of writing that spurred him to go deeper into the unconscious than, he believed, anyone had delved before."
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J.D. Salinger's "The Catcher in the Rye", 2008.
This paper discuses J.D. Salinger's "The Catcher in the Rye" from the
perspective of the protagonist Holden Caulfield.
2,465 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that, in J.D. Salinger's important 1951 novel, "The Catcher in the Rye", the young man Holden Caulfield offers the reader a view of the world through the eyes of a miserable and self-loathing person. The author points out that this theme of alienation fuels Holden's story. The paper explains that, in his directionless, idle and blinded by the stupidity of youth, Holden Caulfield is an iconic figure for the impulse to personally revolt or to act in defiance to the social order. The author states that he is driven toward liberation from the artifices of the mainstream world, making him comparatively progressive and not a little bit dangerous. The paper suggests that the popularity of Salinger's novel comes from its relevance to the psychological needs of the violent and the emotionally disturbed as portrayed by the archetypal anti-hero Holden Caulfield.
From the Paper
"To this effect, in his negative encounters with others, it can hardly be deduced that Holden takes to the type of introspection which might channel his moral outrage into something positive. Instead, he continues to exhibit a view of others which is hostile and dogmatically critical, suggesting that any role which might be assumed as a protector of humanity would be itself shadowed by Holden's persistent dislike of others. The protective relationship which he genuinely does share with his younger sister Phoebe, indeed the only friend in Holden's small world, is suggestive that in a different psychological context, he might indeed be capable of meeting his grand illusions as a guardian against the falsehood of society."
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Five Stages of D.H Lawrence's Poetic Maturation, 2004.
The style and growth of D. H. Lawrence's poetical works as the mirror his life experiences.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper address the poetical style of D.H Lawrence from his early work up to his death. It discusses the usage of style, subject matter, and poetical maturation, both independently and as a reflection of his life.
From the Paper
"To me, the earth rolls ponderously, superbly Coming my way without forethought or afterthought. To me, men's footfalls fall with a dull, soft rumble, ominous and lovely, Coming my way. ( "Revolutionary" 40-44) These lines, written by D. H Lawrence, are an excerpt from his life, as was most of his work. Lawrence was in love with the world, with the mystic reality, the language of true inspiration. Born before the turn of the century, Lawrence was the son of a coal-mining father and a middle class mother. One of four, he was always more interested in the arts than playing with the other boys. He didn't begin writing until age twenty but it only took four years until he was published by Ford Maddox Hueffer in the English Review (Malmude 67). His poetic works follow closely in the veins of his own experiences, growing and changing with him. He was obsessed with "mysticism, lore, dark urges and sexuality" (Smart 5136). A brutal objectivity and an almost circular description pattern offer a perfect setting for these obsessions, while strange but vivid image repetition sculpts Lawrence's poetry with haunting accuracy. The images, although strange, are yet familiar, understood on a basic human level of being. This was the great crafted art of Lawrence that is present in his prose as well as his poetry, however, the latter being the only one examined here. Lawrence crossed through five significant stages in his poetic journey to maturation. Each change orbited a change in his personal life, and as Lawrence grew to self-realization so too his poetry became a life of its own. His eloquent perceptions paired with unique, often dark artistic expressions are present from the beginning, but they crystalize in Lawrence's mature poetic voice just before his death."
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