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Colonial Influences on American Architecture, 2008.
This paper examines how the architecture of Sweden, the Netherlands and France had a lasting influence on America's architectural culture.
2,144 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 108.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Dutch, French and Swedish elements had a significant influence on the architecture that developed in America, although these countries had very limited political influence. The paper looks at the Swedish churches, the Dutch colonial architecture, and the French architectural heritage.
From the Paper
"The settlements of France, Holland, and Sweden on the North American continent were comparatively modest, and their control in the hands of those nations ended quite early as compared with the lasting influence of the English colonists. Notwithstanding this, Dutch, French, and even Sweden elements had a significant influence on the architecture that developed in America, long after the political states of New France, New Netherlands, and New Sweden had ceased to exist."
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The Lasting Influences of Colonial America, 2004.
An analysis of how the colonialists's desire for a better life made the American Dream possible.
1,322 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the desire for change was the primary cause for migration to the New World and how Colonial America was shaped by the need for independence as well as religious and political freedom. It looks at how diverse cultures, coupled with the need to survive, created the American spirit we have today: one of determination based on self-reliance and the strength to change. It examines how the need for independence fostered our current election process and how the desire for freedom created a country tolerant of individual freedoms.
From the Paper
"Problems always present challenges and pave the way for new ideas. New ideas are what the colonists had in mind when they set sail toward America. Taxation problems served as a motivating factor for leaving England. Because England didn?t have the money to help the colonies, many of the colonies created their own system of rule. As they grew and adjusted to their own needs, they felt more and more independent from Britain. In fact, they governed themselves for more than one hundred years with very little resistance from the British. However, they were left out of any discussions or decisions made by Parliament, and any laws made concerning the colonists took weeks to reach the colonists. When Parliament imposed unreasonable taxes, voices of dissent demanded to be heard."
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Textiles Influence on Architecture, 2007.
This paper discusses the important influences and effects of textiles on architecture in both the past and the present.
1,191 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the work of Gottfried Semper and explains his theory known as "The Four Elements of Architecture". The paper discusses the use of textiles in architecture and labels it as a fairly new, but growing, industry in the world market. The paper also examines new textile designs available. The paper relates that today, woven fabrics are being used to construct buildings and highway overpasses since these materials are resilient and resistant to environmental factors.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Textiles in Architecture
Semper's Theories
New Textile Designs
The Future of Textiles in Architecture
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Gottfried Semper was among the most outstanding architects during his day. The work of Egenter (nd) states that Semper "...globally documented one basic paradigm: the fact that fibrous and perishable materials are widely found in art and architecture related to durable materials, mostly as texture ('incrustation' principle) or structurally. When one investigates the similarities that exist between the art of weaving and the pursuit of architecture, one is able to see the concepts as they overlap."
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Gothic Architecture and Renaissance Architecture, 2005.
A comparative analysis of Gothic and Renaissance architecture.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper compares Gothic architecture and Renaissance architecture, showing the change that came over architecture with the shift from the more massive and decorated style of the Gothic to the cleaner classical lines of the Renaissance, a period which also borrowed from the Moslem style to make new use of the dome, as in religious buildings by Brunelleschi.
From the Paper
"Gothic architecture developed from the Romanesque style and emerged in the twelfth century. It prevailed until the Renaissance beginning in the fifteenth century. Gothic architecture was marked by size and elaborate decorations. However, Gothic architecture was first defined in terms of a change in Romanesque church architecture diagonal ribs were added to the groin-vault, as was first seen at the Abbey Church of St. Denis near Paris (Frankl 1). In part because of its origins, Gothic architecture has long been associated with France and is considered a French style, though in fact, others used it as well. Gothic architecture is probably represented for many people by Notre-Dame de Paris, a facade known from countless stories and other representations as well as for itself. "
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Islamic Architecture, 2008.
An analysis of the ways in which Islamic architecture has influenced the architectural styles of other religions.
2,936 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 139.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the origins of the distinctly Islamic architectural style. The paper begins by discussing Islamic history and then goes on to discuss how Islamic architecture has set a standard for religious architecture that has influenced other religious groups and contributed to various architectural styles evident to this day. Additionally, the paper also discusses how Islamic architecture has more recently been influenced by the West, not for religious architecture, but for office buildings and residential units.
From the Paper
"In the Islamic tradition, the idea of the dome was developed with religious connotations. The first centralized Ottoman mosque was created at Diyarbakir in 1521 with four semi-domes and not mere vaults. The four corner areas are surmounted by four small cupolas, while the central dome is supported on four piers. This is the logical conclusion to the mosques of earlier times. The squareness of the mosque at human level represents earthliness, and the domes represent the heavens, much as the square and the circle do in Chinese architecture. The two-centered arch forms a spiritual limbo in the design. The interior is spacious and well-lit, another reference to the heavens (Goodwin 178)."
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History of Architecture, 2001.
A look at the history and development of architecture, focusing on the influence made by Ancient Egyptian architecture.
1,855 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper takes the reader on a tour of the history of architecture. It shows that the two main characteristics of good architecture are stability and aestheticism. The writer shows how the Ancient Egyptians managed to build with these characteristic so many years ago and how this has influenced modern architecture today. It compares later uses of material by the Romans and the Egyptians and analyzes which civilization introduced which material.
From the Paper
'The architecture of a building is conceived with two things in mind: Structural stability, and aesthetic design. In all structures, stability is obviously the aspect which takes precedence over aesthetics. A visually stunning building is worth nothing if it cannot stand the test of time. This is an idea which the Egyptians created, and then took to its utmost extreme. Many view the Egyptian style of creation as the father of modern architecture, being as durable as it was stunning. Several common elements of architecture such as pillars were reputedly created by the Egyptians, and these are still used in the creation of modern buildings. The Egyptian engineers had a good grasp of fundamental physics, and the role it must play in the design of structures. The Architects then took this knowledge, and fused it with grand aesthetic design, creating buildings which would become a simple base of reference for all structures which were built in the future. Egyptian civilization is known primarily for the structures it left behind. Most of which still stand, either in whole or in part today. "Although 3000 BC is considered almost prehistoric, the style of architecture which resulted from Egyptian building in this period is one which has endured as a major contribution to modern design and construction styles."
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Ancient Roman Architecture, 2002.
A paper which studies the influences of ancient Roman architecture on modern architectural designs.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that ancient Roman architects implemented the elements of space, symmetry and construction with exceptional innovative skill. Although their most notable achievements, the arch and vault construction, was first conceived by the Etruscans and had a profound influence on Roman architectural style and design, the paper shows that the innovations made by the Romans were still tremendously substantial and distinct.
From the Paper
"Another revolution can be seen in the Roman network of roads. The Romans were the first civilization to make well-designed roads. Around the time of Augustus the major roads were constructed to keep the incredibly large empire linked to avoid collapse. The Romans contributed a number of things to the basic idea of roads, such as archways, city streets, and arch bridges. This greatly increased the ability to build because of the way the roads were laid out. The roads allowed the Roman Empire to expand Rome in every direction; hence the saying ?All roads lead to Rome?. In fact, they were so abundant and well constructed that many of them still exist today as memorable landmarks today."
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Textiles and Architecture, 2007.
This paper researches the influence of textiles on architecture, historically and in the future.
2,725 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 131.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the development of architecture and modern day architecture's relationship with textiles. The paper examines the predicted future of textiles and maintains that due to the ever-changing ecological factors in the world's erratic environment, the use of textiles will only grow due to their practicality and serviceability in architectural design and construction. The paper stresses that today's modern tensile architectural designs hold great promise in the provision of affordable and attainable shelter for housing and community construction.
Outline:
Objective
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
History of Textiles and Architectural Design and Construction
Review of the Development of Architecture
Modern Day Architecture and Textiles
Review of the Predicted Future of Textiles
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The word textile is derived from a Latin word 'texere' which means simply "to weave". (Meyers, 2001) Spinning and weaving have been done since prehistoric times, the earliest known evidence being from the Bronze Age in about 4500 BC in Egypt." (Meyers, 2001) The spinning wheel was introduced in the fourteenth century in Europe. (Meyers, 2001; paraphrased) The Saxony wheel, is said to be "an improved version" and to have "sped up the production of yarn considerably." (Meyers, 2001) It was the Saxony wheel that brought about the ability for a large enough production of thread to "reliably supply a growing body of weavers" which made the provisions necessary for the conditions required for manufacturing of textile and the textile trade to begin."
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Timber in Tectonic Architecture, 2006.
An explanation of tectonic architecture and how this form of architecture can make use of timber.
2,245 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 112.95
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Abstract
This paper explains what tectonic architecture is, examines the trend towards this form of architecture, discusses its history, describes the different modes of tectonic architecture and looks at the role that timber can have in tectonic architecture. The paper further explains why a return to tectonic architecture is an environmentally sound move and why timber is an appropriate material to use in tectonic construction.
From the Paper
"There is a growing movement towards tectonics in architecture, a return to the basic form and styles of the old schools of architecture. This movement has occurred as a result of the current tendency to reduce architecture to scenography. Architecture at the end of the 20th century has mostly been treated as a large commodity, with attention to cultural details minimized. Kenneth Frampton says that "among the seductions of the scenographic is the fact that the results are eminently amortizable, with all the deleterious consequences that this attitude entails for the future of the environment." Architecture of this century has been subject to the concept of spatial invention as an end in itself, with abstract art and visual obscurity the high points. The movement back to using the structural unit as the essence of architectural form is gaining strength."
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Architecture and Technology, 2002.
Discusses how advances in technology have influenced architecture from the eighteenth to the twentieth century.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the links between architecture and technology. It examines the period from the eighteenth to the twentieth century. It focuses on iron, cast iron, and concrete and their impact on construction and design.
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Medieval Art and Architecture, 2006.
Examines what influenced medieval art and architecture.
1,522 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
Arguably Islam was the most influential of the cultural donors to medieval art and architecture, via Armenia as well as the cultures hugging the Mediterranean, but Islam itself had already influenced other cultures (Byzantine) and been influenced by even earlier ones (pre-Islamic Persia and more). This paper shows, therefore, that any tracing of Islamic influence in medieval European art and architecture must include the incorporated remnants of all the earlier inter-cultural donations. It shows that the two most influential contacts though which the cultural iconographies were spread are, arguably, the Crusades and the Moorish subjugation of Spain.
From the Paper
"Of particular importance to medieval life was the abbey and the priory. Particularly important were the Benedictine abbeys. While Benedict was a mid-sixth century cleric, and Islam itself, of course, could not have been influential until at least the start of the seventh century, Benedictine abbeys continued to be built for centuries, reflecting in great degree an Eastern influence. While "the typical plan of Benedictine abbeys and priories evolved out of the Roman country villa of late antiquity"......about 820, a plan for an idea monastery was created (Schuetz-Miller, 2000). It was considered to be the first pattern that took into account the relationship of all the parts to each other and to the whole, assuring geometric harmony; harmony had been a hallmark of Eastern life."
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French Classical Architecture, 2005.
This paper discusses the history and influence of King Louis XIV on French classical architecture especially the palace and gardens of Versailles.
1,725 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in 1624, King Louis XIII built the Chateau de Versailles as a fairly humble brick, stone and slate hunting lodge; however, Louis XIV, starting in about 1661, enlarged the lodge into the fantasy palace and gardens, which today are still considered architectural and cultural masterpieces visited by eight million people every year. The author points out that the King's architects were Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin Mansart; Andre le Notre designed the gardens to match the lavish design of the place. The paper relates that the use of a strong central axis at the Tuileries gardens, as projected by Le Notre, was a major influence upon later architecture as evidenced in the grand axis of Paris to the Arc de Triomphe and La Defense.
From the Paper
"France became the dominant power in Europe during the reign of Louis XIV. And thus, the country's architecture also became widely influential. Since the monarchy was absolute, architecture was primarily influenced by what was built to the order of the King. French architecture of this period reached a turning point when King Louis XIV rejected curvilinear designs by Giovanni Benini for the east facade of the Louvre. The King preferred the more classicizing design with its colonnade by Louis le Vau and Claude Perrault. Le Vau was also commissioned together with Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Charles Le Brun and Andre le Notre to transform a hunting lodge outside Paris into a vast palace."
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The Architecture of the Maya, 2002.
An examination of the architecture of the Maya and their great contribution to world architecture.
2,888 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 137.95
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Abstract
This paper is an examination of Mayan architecture which emerged from the rainforests of Guatemala and Yucatan. The writer maintains that the detailed architecture was a fitting monument to the highly sophisticated civilization that existed in the region before the Spanish arrived. This look at the style of Mayan architecture includes a diagram highlighting the areas of construction in Copan. The paper argues that Mayan culture was more than a collection of buildings in that every aspect of architecture was linked to the sacred world around. In conclusion the writer explains that the temple pyramid which symbolizes Mayan architectural skill is also a statement of their cosmographic ideas. Everything has a beginning and end. Everything is the beginning and the end.
From the Paper
"Deep in the tangled rainforests of Guatemala and the Yucatan, the Maya made some of the greatest contributions to world architecture. Their stone cities complete with temples, palaces, tombs, and ball courts are fitting monuments to the complex, and highly sophisticated civilization that existed in these regions many centuries before the arrival of the Spanish. Mayan priest-astronomers made elaborate calculations to catalog the passage of time. Great warrior kings immortalized themselves and their deeds on stelae, recording for future generations the contributions they had made toward maintaining the cosmic order. The Maya were the only Pre-Columbian people to ever have invented a complete system of writing".
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Court Room Bias in the Colonial Era and the Present, 2006.
An interpretation of cultural influence and court room bias in the colonial period to the present time.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
In this legal study, the nature of cultural influence on the American courts is examined from the early colonial period to the present court systems. By analyzing how cultural influence, such as religion, played a large part in the Salem Witch Trials, it can easily be related to the problematic issues of race that have been a part of the recent Kobe Bryant case. By analyzing the writings of Cotton Mather in relation to modern legal interpretations of Bryant's trial, one can see how popularity and religious influence can affect the outcome of judgment in these particular trials.
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Colonial America, 2004.
This paper discusses key issues of the economy of colonial America.
4,275 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 182.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, prior to 1750, capitalistic practices and values were not central to the lives of North American colonists, who primarily were farmers. Most of the output from farmers was not for sale in the market, but, rather, was for family or local consumption. The author points out that there were two distinct growth spurts during the colonial period. The first and more rapid economic spurt occurred in each colonial region during the time of settlement, and the second spurt was during the 1740s and lasted to the Revolution. The paper relates that the American colonists issued the first paper money of any government in the Western world; the Massachusetts Bay Colony issued paper money in 1690, which were called ?bills of public credit? and ?bills of credit? and, by 1712, seven more colonies followed suit.
Table of Contents
Introduction
A Short Chronology of Early / Initial Colonial Economic Development
The Literature on America?s Colonial Economy
What was the Rate of Economic Growth in the Colonies?
Legislation Promoting Manufacturing; Natural Resources Available to Colonies
Indentured Servitude as Part of the Colonial Economy
Slavery in the Colonial Period
Taxation in the Colonies
Taxation of Maritime Business
The Sugar Act ? a New Kind of ?Tax? ? and its Ramifications
How Businessman Thomas Hancock Coped with Chaos in Colonial Currencies
From the Paper
"In May, 1607, colonists land at Jamestown, Virginia, but starvation and disease reduce the original 105 settlers to only 32, according to "The Almanac of American History". However, in 1608, new provisions arrive and a self-supporting project of raising corn is instituted ? likely the first economic development in the colonies. Those same early Jamestown settlers brought skills at glassmaking with them and produce crafts, including beads, which are used in trade with Native Americans. Also in 1608, the London Company sends glass experts to Jamestown to build glass furnaces for future production (32). Jamestown?s Captain John Smith learns how to cultivate corn from the Indians; he plants 40 acres of corn, which helps avoid continuing starvation problems, and leads to an industry of agriculture."
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Weaving and Architecture, 2002.
This paper discusses the influence of the art of weaving on architecture.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the idea that there is a dormant analogy between weaving and architecture. The paper shows how the materials used in the process of weaving are similar to the structures in the field of architecture. The author reveals the similarity of weaving patterns and the ornaments used in architecture.
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