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Class Structure in the Tokugawa Period, 2002.
Examines the perspectives of non-chonin and poor chonin classes on the gay quarters on the Tukogawa period in Japanese history.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper will describe the perspectives of different classes in Tukogawa Period Japan. By showing how the gay quarters functioned within this class structure, we can learn how the participants varied in the classes.
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The Tokugawa Period, 2004.
An analysis of the Tokugawa period of Japanese history, with a focus on the craftsman class.
1,416 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the topic of the Tokugawa period in Japanese history. Specifically, the paper examines life as a member of the craftsman class during this period and answers some questions regarding life and the culture of the time. The paper explains that the craftsmen of the Tokugawa period were certainly not the highest caste in Japanese society, but they enjoyed some respect, especially those who were skilled craftsmen, such as carpenters or blacksmiths.
From the Paper
"My life as a craftsman in Japan during the Tokugawa period is difficult, but certainly much better than some of the other citizens of Japan during the time. We are seen as the third and forth levels of Japanese society, with the fourth level being the merchants, but we are often quite similar to the merchants, and some people might find it difficult to tell us apart in our lives and works. One reason for this is because many craftsmen, in order to ply their trades, actually begin working for merchant houses, rather than working for themselves, and so, the merchant and the craftsman often blend. However, I instead ply my trade for myself, I do not work for a merchant directly. I am a blacksmith, and I make fine, sharp swords. Much of my work goes to the castle of my feudal lord the "daimyo," but much also goes to the rich residents of my town, for my swords are popular and well made."
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"Hagakure", Yamamoto Tsunetomo, and the Tokugawa Period, 2006.
A reflection of the "Hagakure" by Yamamoto Tsunetomo, examining the historical and social significance of it both in and outside Japan.
3,388 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 155.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Yamamoto Tsunetomo's "Hagakure" as a product of the Tokugawa period of Japanese history. The author examines how the "Hagakure" was considered somewhat cultish and antiquated at the time of its writing. He identifies how, as a primary source, it represents an outsider's view of the changes that were taking place in Japan. The author examines the night of the 47 ronin, the modern-day view that historians take of the document, and the initial reaction to the document. In conclusion the author states that "Hagakure" allows us a very close and involved look at the Tokugawa period, from a man who fought his whole life to come to a realization about how one should live in it.
From the Paper
"Tsunetomoa's work is a spectacular window into the thoughts of a man living both a tumultuous life as well as a man living in an unpredictable socio-political climate. Through Hagakure, we are allowed insight into the world in which Tsunetomo lived. Hagakure invites the modern-day reader into a rich tapestry of ideas and philosophy, but it also serves as a reflection of the time in which it was written. Yamamoto Tsunetomoa's work illustrates many social, cultural, and political trends of the time period: it is one mans critical reflection upon several aspects of the Tokugawa period, and as such represents a valuable primary source of Japan in the early 18th century. Hagakure is most definitely a product of the time in which it was written."
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Class, Class Cleavages and Mao, 2002.
This paper examines Mao's analysis of Chinese class structure.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 85.95
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Abstract
Two elemental texts on class by Mao are considered and compared to J B Starr's analysis of Mao's concepts of class. Additionally the actual class structure of contemporary China is also compared to Mao's analysis.
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Problems of Upper Middle-Class Women in the Meiji Period, 2003.
Takes a look at how Fukuzawa Yukichi writes about the oppression of women during the Meiji period in two of his novels.
4,426 words (approx. 17.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 187.95
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Abstract
In this paper, two books by Japanese author Fukuzawa Yukichi, "The Waiting Years" and "The River Ki", are reviewed and discussed in terms of how they address the oppression of women during the Meiji period in Japan. The main characters of both stories are analyzed and the plots reviewed in an effort to illustrate Yukichi's beliefs about the position of women in society and his opposition to the subordination of women.
From the Paper
"Fukuzawa Yukichi?s ideas about women and their rights were unusual for his time. He wrote his essays on women during the Meiji Period, when women were still considered to be subordinate to men and were sometimes treated as mere instruments for producing children. Fukuzawa claimed that these beliefs about women were especially prevalent in the upper middle class. Although The Waiting Years, by Fumiko Enchi, and The River Ki, by Sawako Ariyoshi, were written after World War II, both focused on upper middle class women living in the Meiji period. In fact, the principal characters in both stories, Tomo and Hana, were based on the authors? maternal grandmothers, with some of the material for the books coming from information given to the authors from their mothers. Therefore, both books could be considered to be fairly accurate portraits of upper middle class women?s lives during that time period. The main characters in both works suffered because of their patriarchal society, and much of this suffering was caused by customs that Fukuzawa criticized in his writings for that very reason."
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Foreign Influences on Japan under Tokugawa Shoguns, 1995.
This paper summarizes and examines the sources of foreign influence on Japan during the three periods of Tokugawa rule from 17th to 19th Century: Policy of Exclusion, trade, scholarship and science.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 12 sources, AU$ 153.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper summarizes and examines the sources of foreign influence on Japan during three periods of Tokugawa rule, 1603-1720, 1720-1830 and 1830-1868. All Japanese names have been Anglicized, thus shogun, not shogun. The thesis of this essay is that foreign influences survived in Japan, even during the period of eighty years following the adoption of the Exclusion Policy in 1639, and that thereafter, despite the continued strict but varying enforcement of the Exclusion Policy, those influences, primarily of Western origin, exerted a growing attraction in certain Japanese intellectual and ruling circles, and were an important factor leading to the eventual collapse of Tokugawa rule and the Meiji restoration of 1868.
Conditions Leading to the Policy of Exclusion
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Class Struggles in 19th Century England, 2002.
A look at England in the 1850's and the class struggles which existed between the landowners and the middle class, and the working class against the industrial revolution.
1,725 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
An examination of the chaos existing in 19th century England and the causes and consequences. The paper states that England?s development of a dual class struggle -middle class vs. aristocracy and working class vs. middle class - arose for several reasons. The most immediate and obvious cause was the industrial revolution, which impacted the country economically, socially, and politically.
From the Paper
"The year 1850 found England in the midst of some remarkable transitions. First, in the wake of the Industrial Revolution, England was in the process of evolving from being an agrarian society into being an industrial one. In fact, the year 1851 would mark the first year when the number of people in England?s cities and towns was greater than the number of people in her rural areas (Hibbert 67).
"Second, for the first time in the country?s history, the landowners, also known as the gentry or aristocracy, found themselves losing political ground and cultural influence to the middle class. The Middle Class, strengthened by the Industrial Revolution, had battered its way into the House of Commons and successfully passed several reform measures, such as the Prison Act, and the Lunacy Act, measures that the aristocracy would not have undertaken if left to their own devices."
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Identity in Tokugawa Japan, 2002.
Examines concepts of individuality versus group identity in Japan during the Tokugawa era, with a reading of Matsuo Basho and Ihara Saikaku.
3,025 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 179.95
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Abstract
With the realization of the complexity of our task, we will discuss the dynamic of individuality versus group identity in Tokugawa Japan as represented in the literary works of two of its greatest writers, the poet Matsuo Basho, and the novelist, Ihara Saikaku. It will be argued that this dynamic manifested itself in their work as a balance between individual artistic expression and participation in a common tradition. As will be seen, Basho's work emphasizes the group identity over individuality by his construction of a school of poetry with shared principles passed through his disciples. Saikaku, in contrast, emphasizes the individuality of his expression as he explored the diversity of classes that mingled in the "floating world". This strategic balance between the two competing forces, it will be seen, is a fundamental aspect of the aesthetics of the Tokugawa period.
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Women in Tokugawa Japan, 2006.
A discussion regarding the reality of Japanese women within and beyond the walls in Tokugawa.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper refers to 'The Life of an Amorous Woman' and other Tokugawa period literature to explain the different roles played by women in a rigid 18th century society led by the samurai class, rigid conformity, and subservience of women respectability in contrast with prevalence of different forms of prostitution. According to this paper, women were held to hold dangerous ulterior powers and thus their lives needed to be ordered to fit with respectability, including respectable and less respectable forms of prostitution.
From the Paper
"Introduction Twenty-first century Western ideas of women and the freedom of the individual do collide with the very limited choices and frequent low status of women in Tokugawa Japan (1603-1867). This essay refers to literature in commenting on the Tokugawa courtesan or prostitute, in relation to her sister in more respectable society, towards a conclusion arguing that women's roles were prescribed, however varied, and their legacy may continue still in a much changed Japanese society. Elizabeth Kanematsu explains how women were stripped of their rights in the Tokugawa period and became subservient to men until the advent of the Meiji Era. (1993)."
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?The Communist Manifesto? and the Role of Class, 2003.
Defining Marx?s emphasis on class and class struggle.
1,442 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explores how Marx emphasized the significance of "class" and social distinction in "The Communist Manifesto", but he did not provide a definition of what "class" actually was. Through investigating the concept of class within the "Communist Manifesto", the reader witnesses why Marx did not supply a definition for ?class?. In terms of his views upon class and society, the nature of class within human history has characterized the role of every principle humanity is supposed to detest and prohibits the acceptable conquest of those qualities the human being is supposed to idealize.
From the Paper
"Of specific note by Marx are the classes of the ?Proletarian? and the ?Bourgeois?. For Marx, the new class of the Bourgeois (interpreted as the industrialist class) is the cause of a new era of social class strife. Marx writes: ?Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms.? (35) In this concept of class antagonisms, Marx refers to the concept that the middle class of the Bourgeois now has powers that were forbidden to the peasantry, and this serves to further polarize the classes into those that rank as the ?Bourgeois? and those that rank among the ?Proletarian?."
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Middle and Working Classes in Victorian England, 2002.
This paper discusses the different advances during the mid-Victorian era that suppressed the revolt of the working class, a class that experienced much hardship.
2,032 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
The working class in Victorian England did not revolt due to the constant reform and leisure opportunities mostly provided by the middle class. This paper deals with such topics as family support, faith, and the overall improvement of urban Britain that appeased the working class.
From the Paper
"During the time-period known by most historians as the Industrial Revolution, a great change overtook British culture. Aside from the political and economic change which occurred, a profound social modification became apparent. The population was seeking to better their lives and sought employment in newly-formed industries. Many of the workers which included women and children, labored through twelve hour work shifts, with poor sustenance, deprived living conditions and were completing monotonous tasks. However, in all of this chaos, the middle class and working class never revolted. This essay will address the reasons of how and why the middle class/factory owners began to care about the working class and the conditions in which they lived."
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Class Struggle, 2002.
An exploration of the the notions of class and class struggle according to Karl Marx.
1,128 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how "The Communist Manifesto" by Marx and Engels explore the concepts of communism, capitalism and class and how Marx asserts that capitalism only leads to a society of overworked people that are incapable of expressing thoughts. It looks at how there are several readings that confirm Marx? notions of class and the negative effects of mass production within a capitalist society such as ?The Lawrence Textile Strike? in which Marx precepts that the proletariat class would revolt against the bourgeois comes to fruition. In this case the textile workers strike because they feel that they are not receiving enough pay for the amount of time that they work.
From the Paper
"Another example of Marx theories of class and capitalism is found in the ?Corporate Man?. This article confirms Marx notion that capitalism cripples an individual?s ability to think for himself. The author explains that all of the endeavors of the corporate man are done for the sake of the organization that he works for. The article asserts that the demands of the corporation become more important to the executive than family, recreation, sex and health. (Golbraith) In addition, the notion of the corporate executive perpetuates the division between the classes. The article asserts that the corporate executive is overeducated and overpaid while the working class is overworked and underpaid. The article explains that in the end the corporate executive is forgotten and his hard work is underappreciated."
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Middle-Class, Angry Blacks, 2002.
An analysis of Ellis Cose?s article, "The Rage of a Privileged Class: Why Are Middle Class Blacks Angry?"
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Cose's thesis, which claims that blacks of every economic level feel cheated on and abused by society. His theory focuses on the middle class, which is torn between its impoverished roots and its aspirations towards economic security. It discusses how Cose hopes to shed better light upon the fact that racism is never purely an economic issue, but a diffuse ideology that permeates the entirety of American society.
From the Paper
"Interestingly enough, given his thesis, Cose does not use his book to unapologetically defend affirmative action. One would think that he might, given that one of the most common critiques of the policy is that it benefits middle-class Blacks because of their ethnic heritage and the psychological damage caused by history of discrimination in America. It does not similarly benefit whites who have been impoverished or Asians and other minority groups who may have been discriminated against in American history, albeit not as systematically as Black Americans, or in the form of slavery. However, Cose suggests that while affirmative action does address some of the psychological as well as economic legacies of America?s intolerance of Blackness as well as the need for greater workplace diversity in general, he believes that other solutions are necessary to unshackle the minds of all peoples, of the legacy of discrimination. Thus, Cose?s overall thesis or theoretical overview is a cautious, moderate one of greater societal education that lacks a central prescription to address the ills he highlights."
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Cuba's Major Modern Historical Periods, 2008.
An analysis of the three major periods in Cuba's modern history - the colonial period, the republic and Castro's revolution.
745 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, APA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the modern history of Cuba. It suggests the country's history can be roughly divided into three periods and it discusses each period. It looks at the colonial period, the republic and Castro's revolution. The paper illustrates, through discussion of these periods, the major historical events and trends that have shaped Cuba's modern history.
Table of Contents:
The Colonial Period
The Republic
Castro's Revolution
From the Paper
"Castro's government made significant changes in Cuba. These included reducing the US's influence in Cuba, forging a closer relationship with the Soviet Union, and taking over British and American businesses in Cuba. The results of these actions included severed diplomatic ties with the United States, the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Cuban missile crisis, and poor foreign relations with the much of the West. Castro's government has been committed to socialism and has instituted many social programs for the benefit of the people. But this commitment has come at the cost of oppression of any who might dissent against Castro's government (Stanley, 2000). Since Castro took power in Cuba, relations with the United States in particular have only progressively worsened until the gap between these two nations seems all but irreconcilable."
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Class and the Titanic, 2002.
A look at the class divisions onboard the Titanic and how experiences of those in first class differed from the others.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 143.95
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Abstract
This essay will discuss the issue of class onboard the Titanic and how the experience of a first class person was very different from those of other classes. This will be done by a brief analysis of the cultural assumptions about the Titanic passed on through pop culture and then by an analysis of actual class differences aboard the ill-fated Titanic, class differences that show a shocking discrepancy that benefited first class passengers over everyone else.
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Japanese History, 2007.
A look at the urban and rural economic development in Japan during the Tokugawa period.
2,085 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 105.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Tokugawa era can be seen as a transition period in Japanese history when economic and market development contributed to the transformation of a feudal society to one based on capitalism and market economies. The paper examines the extent of the economic changes that occurred in both the urban centers of Tokugawa Japan as well as the rural Tokugawa Japan. The paper concludes with a discussion of how these economic changes manifested themselves in ultimate social change.
Outline:
Introduction
Urban Tokugawa Japan
Rural Tokugawa Japan
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Tokugawa period in Japanese history (1600-1868) remains one of the most transformative eras in the society's history (Platt 965). At the start of the period, feudalism still dominated most aspects of Japanese culture. Caste distinctions were rigid and the social status that was afforded through this system of rough feudalism provided the primary principle of social organization. Unlike the Western colonial powers that began to interact with Japan during the Tokugawa period, there had been no middle class revolution of intellectuals and artisans to dismantle the old feudal system, as had already happened in most of Europe."
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