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Habeas Corpus - Civil Liberty or Civil Right, 2008.
An analysis of civil liberties and civil rights and which of them applies to habeas corpus.
3,137 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 147.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the origins and history of habeas corpus, from its roots that predate the Magna Carta through to the present day, where it is being employed to the benefit of hundreds that wrongly languish in prison. The paper also explains the distinction between civil right and civil liberty and discusses which applies to habeas corpus. Lastly, the paper looks at the historic ups and downs of habeas corpus and discusses its unique place in the Constitution, separate from provisions contained in the Bill of Rights.
From the Paper
"Rights and liberties need to be at their strongest when public support is at its weakest. Civil rights are decreed by law, civil liberties are God given, and the actions of legislatures are inevitably governed by the politics of the time. Habeas corpus is a civil liberty included among the "self evident truths" of the Declaration of Independence, and alone one of the civil liberties that can be suspended by acts of the government during times of crisis. The president judged by history as one of the best, sought to suspend these liberties in time of extreme crisis in the nation's young history. It was circumvented to increase support during a world war, to intern "dangerous" citizens during another, and to grant due process rights to perpetrators of the war for the new millennium. It is now freeing hundred of wrongly convicted people of a crime. The future of habeas corpus is uncertain in the short term, but solid in the future as all inalienable rights bestowed upon the common man by his creator."
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The Origins Of American Civilization, 2002.
This freshman paper shows how American civilization is probably the world's most peculiar civilization. As it came to replace the indigenous civilization of the native Indians, it also laid the foundations of a culture that was a mixture of several Europe
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 129.95
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Abstract
This freshman paper shows how American civilization is probably the world's most peculiar civilization. As it came to replace the indigenous civilization of the native Indians, it also laid the foundations of a culture that was a mixture of several European cultures and trends. The following paper discusses the culture, influence of European colonialism, African migrants and the native Americans with respect to its development into a civilization.
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Olmec Civilization, 2004.
An examination of the ancient civilization of Mesoamerica known as the Olmec civilization.
3,012 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper offers an in-depth examination of the Olmec civilization, which existed in Central America. This paper discusses the lifestyle and way of life. It looks at the architectural methods, as well as the hunting and food preparation manners. It also discusses how Olmecs were influenced by other civilizations of the time and how, in turn, they impacted other cultures.
From the Paper
"Long before the Maya, Aztec or Toltec flourished in Central America, there lived the Olmecs, a civilization that has come to continue to intrigue and amaze the world. They were the most prevalent group in Mesoamerica and a highly developed and well organized society with a complex calendar and hieroglyphic writing system. The Olmecs were the mother civilization in Mesoamerica. The Olmec lived around the areas of La Venta in Tabasco, San Lorenza Tenochtitlan, and Laguna de los Cerros in Veracruz during the pre-classic period. They built their cities around a central raised mound. These mounds, used for religious ceremonies, were replaced with pyramid-shaped structures around 900 B.C. The Olmecs used basalt, found in the Tuxtla Mountains, to construct plazas and religious pyramid structures."
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Persian Influence on Islamic Civilization, 2008.
This paper is a theoretical, descriptive and analytical historical review pf the major aspects of the Persian (modern Iran) influence on the Islamic civilization.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Persian Empire created great civilizations before the rise of Islam. The author points out that the Persian presence within the Islamic populace influenced many core aspects of the Muslim society: the realm and formation of government, architecture, music, medicine, linguistics, literature, clothing and fashion and other areas of cultural, economical, political and social significance. The paper states that, unlike general notions perpetrated by Western civilizations, the Islamic civilization, which was a global civilization that integrated individuals of diverse ethnic backgrounds who worked together to create knowledge within the arts and sciences, was not marred with war and terrorism. The author believes that the modern view of the Persian Empire is marred with subjective criticisms and linkages between Iran and terrorism.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Persian Culture; How is this Influence Explained: A General Overview
Figure 1: Iran's Cultural Dimensions
Scientific Contribution to Islamic Civilization: The Influence of the Persian Empire, Especially in the Field of Medicine
Figure 2: An Overview of the Persian Influence on Islamic Scientific Processes (Using an Input/Output Model)
Conclusion: State-Sponsored Terrorism and Iran
From the Paper
"Fields of medicine strongly influenced by Iranian scientist include but are not limited to physiology, biochemistry, immunology, and molecular biology. There influence has been likened to changes in the understanding of medicine that took place between prehistoric times to the present, this is a rather profound statement, since "the torch of medicine was in the hands of Muslims in historical periods from ancient Athens to the Renaissance", but Iranian scientist have still managed to make remarkable progress in medicine. Scientist form the Persian sphere have had such a profound impact on Islamic medical research, that many medical scientist considered authorities in the field have evolved in the Islamic Civilization, but are Persian. Nabipour highlighted a few renowned scientists such as Rhazes (865 - 925 A.D.)who has one of the most authoritative books on smallpox and measles."
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?Civilization and Its Discontents?, 2002.
A study of how Sigmund Freud's theory of the subconscious is reflected in his work "Civilization and its Discontents"
883 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Freud's theories about the mind, repression and aggression, dreams and civilization are reflected in his work, "Civilization and Its Discontents", originally published in 1929-30. The paper shows that the central theme of Freud's work is that without repression of the instincts there would be no civilization. Freud describes how, as human-kind moves historically from cave man to modern times, in order for them to survive in groups and communities, they have to learn to cooperate with each other. The paper describes how this evolving cooperation offers humans securities needed for survival, but it also causes them to repress or bury inside themselves many natural tendencies. This repression creates a tension between the inner self, or the subconscious and the outer world. The paper explains how, in "Civilization and Its Discontents" Freud further develops his theory, demonstrating how the subconscious mind, with it's three divisions - id, ego and super-ego - is in continual conflict, or discontent, with civilized society.
From the Paper
"A main area of repression of instinct that causes one of the strongest conflicts with civilization is sex. According to Freud, man's main purpose in life is to seek happiness and the repression of his sexual instincts, as required by civilization, severely limits his opportunity to find pleasure and satisfaction in sexuality. Civilization demands that man not rush out in cave-man fashion to gratify his sexual instinct wherever and whenever the urge strikes. Rather, monogamous relationships established more for the purpose of propagating the race than for offering sexual pleasure are encouraged, and non-heterosexual urges are strongly discouraged (Freud 60-61)."
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The Disappearance of the Mayan Civilization, 2006.
This paper examines the numerous cultural attributes of the Mayan civilization while focusing on the reasons for its eventual collapse and disappearance.
740 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the disappearance of the Mayan civilization while focusing on the various theories surrounding its eventual collapse. The writer of this brief yet concise paper details the history of the Mayan culture which emerged in 2000 BC. The Mayan civilization gave birth to numerous cultural progresses such as the establishment of a writing system, an organized political council as well as the introduction of organized religion. This paper examines the theories surrounding the dispersal of the Mayan civilization, when at around 800 AD it was purported to have suddenly collapsed. There have been numerous arguments based on archaeological and anthropological evidence that attempted to explain the collapse of this particular civilization. This paper focuses on several theories which may explain the disappearance of the Mayan people which include climatic changes as well as socio-cultural collapse through the population's expansion.
From the Paper
"The theory that argued that a climatic collapse led to the disappearance of the Mayan civilization was based from scientific findings that were caused by a severe drought. As reported by History Today, "[d]rilling samples from the Cariaco Basin off the Venezuelan Coast show there were intensely dry periods between AD 810 and AD 910..." From this finding, it was found that because there had been scarce supply of the people's basic needs, such as water and food supply, Mayan society disappeared, supposedly due to deaths caused by these series of drought. A more specific version of this theory was presented in Kerr's journal article on the scientific evidence pointing at climate changes as the catalyst towards the disappearance of the civilization."
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Trade and Civilization, 2007.
A review of K.N. Chaudhuri's book "Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750".
1,609 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses trade and civilization in and around the Indian Ocean. It begins by describing the general link between an ocean and the development of peoples and civilizations lying within geographic proximity of it. The paper then goes on to review K.N. Chaudhuri's book "Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750" that the contention he makes in the book that the Asian oceanic trade of the "Dark" and Middle Ages dramatically shaped Asian civilization.
From the Paper
"The last area of discussion is the manner by which the internal economies of the Asian societies were influenced and shaped into one form or another by the Indian Ocean. Without question, countries adopt their economies to the natural resources they have available to them. Trade can very easily lead to specialization in certain areas above and beyond all others and to economic and technological innovation of the highest magnitude. When examining pages 186 and 187 of Chaudhuri's text, one is immediately struck by how certain geographic locations specialized in certain export items, such as China specializing in the export of silk or rice. This development foreshadows in today's age of globalization, and it gives lie to the theory that the specialization brought about by a global market is somehow a twentieth century phenomenon. In a real sense, the indigenous economies of many Asian countries to the present have their antecedents in the Indian Ocean trade of the pre-modern epoch."
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?Civilization and Its Discontents?, 2004.
A chapter by chapter analysis of Sigmund Freud's ?Civilization and its Discontents?.
1,889 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in his volume, "Civilization and its Discontents", Sigmund Freud tackles no less than the broad and ambitious concept of man's place in the world. It discusses how Freud looks at culture from his unique psychoanalytical perspective and touches upon a number of important concepts, including aggression, civilization and the individual, organized religion, the death drive and Eros, and the super-ego and conscience. It also looks at how "Civilization and its Discontents" was written a mere decade before the great psychoanalyst's death and how it is, in many ways, an important compilation of many of his most renowned theories on the mind, human nature, and the structure of human society.
From the Paper
"Freud suggests that culture's repression of aggression may ultimately be more damaging than unrestrained aggression, man's natural state. Freud is generally pessimistic about man's ability to maintain civilized life indefinitely. He argues that man's ability to tame the aggressive instinct will determine his ability to live within the boundaries of civilization. However, he argues that man's recently gained ability to destroy each other through modern warfare creates less hope that man will be able to live peacefully. He notes, "Men have gained control over the forces of nature to such an extent that with their help they would have no difficulty in exterminating one another to the last man."
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"Inventing Western Civilization", 2006.
A review of the book "Inventing Western Civilization" by Thomas Patterson.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the book "Inventing Western Civilization", in which author Thomas Patterson views civilization as an elitist concept that has been used politically, culturally and socially to manipulate the masses. The author explains Patterson's thesis that the West differs from all other civilizations due to its overwhelming impact on virtually all other cultures, including its role in introducing modernization and industrialization. This paper also discusses how Patterson explores the development of social classes and the alienation of the "other". Throughout the paper, Patterson's ideas are compared to numerous scholars and philosophers including John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Sigmund Freud. The author concludes by concurring with Patterson that an international order based on civilizations is the surest safeguard against world war, but noting that this idealistic concept is not borne out in reality.
From the Paper
"Patterson demonstrates how classism, sexism, and racism were as integral to the appearance of "civilized" society in Western Europe as inequality and alienation. He further explores the issue of how civilization, and the process of "being civilized" has been frequently linked to the rise of capitalism in Western Europe, the development of social classes, and the creation of "others" who are distinguished by their socially constructed appearances, behaviors, or essences.
Patterson accordingly believes that every civilization or group at one time or another has considered itself to be God's "chosen" people. For example, The Incas, who Patterson studied for most of his career as an anthropologist, believed that they were the only true humans. This is the type of elitist thought he attributes to all civilizations, both past and present. Thus in Patterson's view, the greatest threat to society is a global clash between Civilization and barbarism."
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Trade and Civilization, 2008.
A review of K.N. Chaudhuri's arguments in "Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750."
1,609 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the relationship between trade and civilization around the Indian Ocean. It discusses the topic according to K.N. Chaudhuri in his book "Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750." The paper argues that Chaudhuri's book is a sound one and that, had the Indian Ocean never existed, the nature of Asian civilization today and in the past would be radically different.
From the Paper
"Indian Ocean trade had a great impact upon the pre-modern Asian world. Political stability, marine law, technological innovation, the distribution of humanity along the coasts of every Asian nation touching the waters of the Indian Ocean, and national economies were all influenced profoundly by the Indian Ocean trade. The implications of this influence can even be seen today. Consequently, to understand the pre-modern history of Asia, one must first understand the interaction between the region and the Indian Ocean that has done so much to guide the course of history in that part of the world. In the end, the history of the world's great Asian civilizations cannot be told without telling the story of the Ocean that nourished--and continues to nourish--all of them."
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Rome and Hellenistic Civilization, 2008.
This paper argues that Rome was the heir of Hellenistic civilization.
1,780 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 92.95
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Abstract
The paper maintains that Roman civilization was a true heir to Hellenistic civilization since it was based on a Roman cultural base that grew and changed by adding elements from other conquered cultures. The paper explains that, although Roman civilization used many Greek elements, it combined them in a uniquely Roman way. The paper therefore shows how Roman culture was not just a pale imitation of the Greek culture.
From the Paper
"To begin this argument it is necessary to define a Hellenistic civilization. In The Western Humanities Roy T. Matthews and Dewitt Platt argue that Hellenistic relates to, "...the time period from about 323 to 31 B.C., when Greek and oriental or Middle Eastern cultures and institutions intermingled to create a heterogeneous and cosmopolitan civilization.""
"This definition would seem to indicate that Rome was not a
Hellenistic civilization because it does not fit the time frame. However, Rome was located in the right geographic area and due to its expansion and absorption of conquered peoples had a heterogeneous and cosmopolitan civilization. This would seem to indicate that Rome was an heir to Hellenistic civilization even though it does not fit into the definition of Matthews and Platt."
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The Indus Civilization of Ancient India, 2004.
This detailed paper explores the origins and major centers of the Indus civilization, focusing on Indus culture and its art, including architecture, seals, beads, figurines, and personal accessories.
4,735 words (approx. 18.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 195.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Indus civilization, one of the most geographically extensive ancient civilizations ever discovered, demonstrates patterns of centralization or standardization in its art and architecture. The author points out that the art produced by this empire is seen by most scholars to be far ahead of its time and more sophisticated than many ancient cultures with which it can be compared. The paper relates that the art and architecture of the Indus civilization is highly detailed, representational, and sophisticated in production and craftsmanship, reflecting an efficient culture.
From the Paper
"Architecturally, the sophistication of the Indus civilization can be seen to have progressed rapidly during these two eras also. From domesticating plants and animals and settling down into what could be called prototypical cultural methods, the Indus people had advanced to building large, intricately-planned cities and towns. Apparently,
these cities were planned on a universal design that was either widely copied or mandated for use throughout the vast civilization. The cities were walled, and were planned on an efficiently-measured and -executed grid pattern that allowed for the formation of rectangular blocks and cross-streets. As was mentioned, the eastern ends of the cities were traditionally made up of residential areas, and the western ends were dominated by a large sort of citadel. This perhaps reflects upon a separation of public and private function. The residential areas also had a large courtyard through which community interface was assumedly integrated into the plan."
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Religion in the Western Civilization, 2008.
This paper looks at the role of religion in shaping the concept of western civilization.
2,776 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 132.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that historically, as well as today, religion has been an incredibly powerful aspect in society and has certainly played a major role in the development of the West. Not only does religion reflect the moral codes, and societal structures of a civilization, allowing a more in-depth study of these civilizations, but religion also shapes cultures, and impacts the development of civilizations and society as a whole. The writer discusses that religion also plays a major role when two different cultures contact each other, and by examining the resulting adaptations of the interacting cultures' beliefs and philosophies, the development, assimilation and evolution of civilizations become evident. The writer maintains that an examination of religion, as well as its development, is necessary to gain an understanding of the concept of the Western World and comprehend how is was created and what it really is. The writer concludes that religion is one of the most important historical forces, playing a role of immense significance in the development of the West.
From the Paper
"The Hebrew people have a rich and vibrant history and unlike many ancient civilizations, the Hebrew culture and civilization, for the most part, has endured the fierce challenges it has faced throughout history. Though the ancient Hebrews lived in a time where might made right, and often only the strongest, in terms of military and technological capabilities, of nations survived; their culture survived despite their lack of a powerful military or advancements in technology at the time. The reason they have survived, unlike so many other cultures and civilizations from the ancient world, is the strength of their culture and art, and especially the strength of their sacred text, The Bible."
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The Egyptian Civilization, 2002.
This paper provides a general overview of ancient Egyptian civilization.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper emphasizes how the ancient Egyptian civilization reached its peak in the 16th century BC. The civilization was famous for its great power and wealth, the result of the highly fertile lands of the Nile delta, which were rich sources of grain for the whole Mediterranean region. Religious beliefs were the epicentre of the civilisation.
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Mayan Civilization, 2002.
This paper compares Mayan civilization with ancient Mediterranean civilizations.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ancient Mayans, Greeks, Romans and Egyptians.
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| Essay # 40718 |
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