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Bathhouses in Ancient Rome, 2006.
A comprehensive history of the baths in the Roman Empire.
2,692 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 128.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with an introduction then moves on to discussing the bathhouses of Pompeii, the Frigidarium, Caldarium and Tepidarium and their significance. Then the paper moves into the subject of the public baths and the associated extravagance, excess and theft. The paper also includes a discussion of Bath, England and concludes with the effects that Christianity had on the baths and the effects of the fall of Rome.
From the Paper
""The gong that announced the opening of the public baths each day was a sweeter sound, than the voices of the philosophers in their school" (Roman Baths, par. 2). This was written by Cicero to describe just how important the baths were to the ancient Roman people. The Ancient Roman Empire was extremely vast; at its peak the Empire controlled much of Europe, along with Asia Minor and Northern Africa. They were extremely innovative people who built many structures, as well as infrastructure, some not surpassed until the mid twentieth century. Public toilets were installed to help keep the empire clean and sanitary while sewage systems were constructed to carry waste and water away from the cities (public health par. 4). Living in relative comfort, ease, and cleanliness was important to the citizens of Rome consequently; the Romans built a large system of public health works. The Romans had no concept of germs but they still tried their best to keep themselves clean. The Romans were also practical people and believed that the prevention of disease was just as, if not more important than, the cure of disease itself, an example of this are the swamplands in Rome (public health par. 1). The Romans found that environment plays an important role in health, when they observed that people who live nearer to swamps and marshes contract disease more often then those who live in grasslands or cities (public health par. 2). A result of this would be the draining of many swamps and the subsequent building of temples to the Gods in close proximity to the swamps in order to appease the Gods (public health par.3). The great public bathhouses of the Roman Empire were important social structures as well as a place to keep disease at bay."
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Rule of Law in Ancient Rome, 2002.
This research paper discusses the Rule of Law in Ancient Rome, focusing on events after the Republicans took over.
1,070 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the rule of law served as a basis for the Roman Republic. The research paper is divided into three distinct parts. The first and the introductory part reveals an overview of Ancient Rome and the old city of Rome. The second part gives a detailed account of the Rule of Law in Ancient Rome, addressing the underlying philosophy of the Rule of Law. In addition, this part highlights the consequences of the rule of law and explains the downfall of the Republic. The last section discusses the emergence of modern Rome. All the above-mentioned components are connected to the basic theme of the paper that discusses the philosophy of, causes of and reasons for the Rule of Law in ancient Rome.
From the Paper
"Many civilizations have grown from berserk to better and from reaching the disastrous end to regaining glory and grandeur. However the history has witnessed a good few international cultures that have transformed their weaknesses into strengths, took a stand for a better world where their generations are far more secure. A world that can offer them harmony of soul, peace of mind and a bright future to look ahead to. However after endless feuds and struggles, there are many examples of those civilizations that turned barbaric at the end of the century, recuperating later to be one of the most cultured nations. One such civilization that saw many good and bad phases and covered a sea of tormenting struggles, including taking a stand against despots of their time and fighting for their rights as a nation against the tyrant monarchs is the Roman Empire."
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Politics and the Rome Olympics, 2008.
This paper discusses the politics involved in the 1960 Olympic Games held in Rome.
1,430 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 75.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the politics surrounding the 1960 Rome Olympics and examines how these externalities shaped the way in which history will remember the Games. The paper also looks at why the Games were so vitally important to Italy at the time - and why the Games, perhaps in a fashion unknown at the time, contributed to the burgeoning feminist movement. Finally, and most importantly, the paper looks at the role the Cold War played in making the 1960 Rome Games substantially different from any Olympic Games that had come before it. In particular, time is devoted to looking at how the Olympic Games of 1960 signaled to a mass American audience that the notion of automatic American superiority was no more; the medal haul of the Soviet Union that year was compelling proof of such. Ultimately, the 1960 Rome Olympics saw broader developments in the wider world reflected in significant changes on the medal podium.
From the Paper
"The 1960 Rome Olympics was significant, in part, because it underscored the position of Italy at the dawn of the 1960s. To wit, the country was awarded the 1960 Rome Olympics chiefly because of its economic progress since 1945 and because of its legitimate place as a member of the "Capitalist West;" there is also the general sense that the country was given the bauble of the Games because of its political progress since the end of the Second World War; as an addendum, it should be noted that the Games were very important to Italians, or at least to their leaders, inasmuch as the country struggled after the close of the Second World War with a reputation for being politically unstable and even "anarchic". From a purely economic stand-point, the 1960 Rome Olympics were important to Italy because the country, whatever economic gains it had made in the previous 15 years, was still woefully dependent upon tourism."
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Military Tactics of Imperial Rome, 2008.
This paper discusses the military tactics of Rome during its reign in the Imperial Period.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
There is a clear sense that Roman Imperialism was made possible to a large degree by the attainment of a high level of military knowledge and structure. Rome in the Imperial Period, roughly between 27 BC to 395 AD, was marked by a substantially large and well organized standing army. The Roman City State had developed and established sets of colonies, some of which created through collaboration and others through conquest, but delineated a sense of strategic protection and superiority regionally. According to this paper, it is the organization of the army which marks both Rome's success and its ability to utilize novel military tactics to defeat its enemy and gain imperial territory, which at its peak stretched through most of Europe, the Persian Gulf and North Africa.
From the Paper
"The ebb and flow of military tactics was to a large degree dependent upon the character, flexibility and acceptance of the emperor, who was more often than not the traveling and demonstrative leader of the empire or the future leader of the empire. Additionally, most successful imperial leaders of Rome beginning with Augustus, demonstrated a keen sense of the need to alter tactics to the size of the available troops, the known tactics of the enemy and the environment of the region, an issue that became paramount in very distant campaigns such as that of Britain, and especially North Britain. (Shotter 53) Roman military tactics are clearly marked as a standard for modern warfare of the time including issues such as defined logistics, military intelligence gathering and preliminary constructions of fortifications, both permanent and temporary as well as road building, which to a large degree was the lasting mark of Roman military success. (Goldsworthy 43-78) The building of Hadrian's wall in fact is argued to be the delineation of the length to which Rome was willing to go in its occupation of Britain, based on political but mostly environmental reasons. The organization of the northern occupied regions was markedly less and the infrastructure was much sparser, for the most part because few Roman citizens saw the wisdom in living in such an unfavorable and un-Roman region, with very limited regional gains to be had. (Shotter 9)"
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The Role of Entertainment in Ancient Rome, 2008.
A discussion of the important function of entertainment in the political and everyday life of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire.
1,878 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the social and political significance of the entertainment in the life of ancient Rome. The paper explains that even though many forms of entertainment existed, special emphasis was given to the spectacles and public events rather than private events, like parties. The paper then looks at the function of these spectacles and their role in the politics and government of Ancient Rome. The paper discusses how, as Rome expanded both territorially and in influence, the status of the spectacles transformed - the expansion resulted in significant social and economic changes. The paper points out that entertainment in ancient Rome had a function that significantly differs from its function today - it was an opportunity for public gathering during which the people could speak freely and express their concerns. In conclusion, the paper shows that as Rome went from the republic to the empire, the spectacles remained important events and they gave the opportunity to the masses to see their ruler and express their opinion on state matters freely.
From the Paper
"The Romans were an agricultural society and their religion can be described as polytheistic paganism. The early religious rituals were aimed at pleasing the gods who, as Romans believed, controlled everything necessary for a successful harvest like crop growth and weather. The rituals were not limited only to the agriculture. They also extended to celebrations of military victories, celebrations of various household deities, etc. As Shelton notes "these days were the days of sacrifice and ritual, but also of holiday merriment, as Easter or Christmas are for us today" (329). In other words, these holidays were a great opportunity to skip a day of hard work, relax, socialize, be grateful for what you have and, through the rituals, do the best to have more next season. As such these holidays did not have any deeper political and social position in the Roman society.
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Henry VIII and the Break from Rome, 2008.
This paper discusses Henry VIII's break from Rome and examines to what extent it was driven by his desire for divorce.
9,522 words (approx. 38.1 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 310.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer first looks at the immediate circumstances in which Henry VIII first conceived the idea of divorce from Catherine. The paper then points out that there were also other surrounding factors that must be taken into consideration when considering whether Henry VIII's break with Rome really was driven by Henry's sole desire for divorce. The paper points out that some scholars say the role of Cardinal Wolsey, the king's advisor, was crucial in so far as he supposedly suggested the plan to the King himself; some point to the influence of Anne Boleyn and Catherine of Aragon on his decisions; still others believe that the broader force of anti-clericalism ultimately played an important part since it helped transform a mere issue of divorce into one of a conflict between Church and State. The paper concludes that despite all these important factors, the chief factor for the break with Rome can be found with Henry himself and in his undoubted passion for Anne whose role in shoring up Henry's affection towards her and determination for the cause was far from unimportant in a desire that resulted in England rejecting the authority of the papacy.
Outline:
Introduction
The Strength of Henry's Desire
The Influence of Anne Boleyn
The Place of Anti-clericalism
Conclusions
From the Paper
"More fundamentally, it is questionable whether the Cardinal himself really did have intentions to become Pope. When Wolsey did obtain a position as a Cardinal in Rome, he frequently absented himself away from the place, even declining recommendations that he should go for his own benefit. Following accusations that his titular Church of St Cicilia was involved with embezzlement, he hardly exuded an air of concern about this as reflecting badly on his character and hence his potential candidacy. Nor did he make any serious attempt at cultivating a network of people on whom he could rely when it came to electing a Pope. Realistically, there was only one influential supporter, Campeggio, an acquaintance merely by virtue of him being a legate in England. Otherwise, Wolsey half-heartedly looked to minor figures that could not be expected to hold real clout. Even Silvestro Gigli, a diplomat, was treated rather indifferently in the role of go-between with Rome, so that Gigli was frequently moved to complain that Wolsey was not keeping him, and thus Rome, informed about developments in England."
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German Invasion of Rome, 2003.
Describes the build-up of the Germanic tribes and their defeat of Rome in the 3rd and 4th centuries A.D..
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the development of the Germanic tribes in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Emphasis is placed on the causes of the German's changes and explains how they came to power. Describes the elements of Roman decline and its eventual defeat at the hands of German tribes with the sacking of Rome on August 24th, 410 A.D.
From the Paper
"Political, social and economic problems weakened the Western Roman Empire and eventually led to their collapse. Although these three factors were a major cause of the destruction of Western Rome, the invasions of the Germanic tribes into Roman territory were profoundly important in changing the political map of Europe and destroying the Western Roman Empire."
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Rome and Byzantium, 2001.
A discussion on how the Catholic Church was involved in establishing a liturgical and bureaucratic connection between Rome and Byzantium.
1,230 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses the reasons why Rome and Byzantium are linked together despite their great differences. The author explains the involvement of the Catholic Church in Byzantium.
From the Paper
"This period was one of significant social and economic growth in Western Europe that was to some extent independent of the Crusades and to some extent caused by them. The religious and political effects of the Crusades on Europe can never be separated from each other. The Crusades tended to increase the power and prestige of Rome and the West while also making the West less parochial, so that by the end of the Crusades it might claim both Western power and Eastern knowledge, leaving Constantinople with little to call its own.
"The Crusades were one of the forces that increased contacts between Christian Western Europeans and both Muslims and Jews. Although it is a little difficult for us to believe this now, Jews actually were instrumental in helping the West to understand and appreciate Islam. Jewish thinkers often helped to transfer and explain the intellectual achievements of the Islamic world to Christendom, often creating a syncretistic blend of both Judaism and Islam. This introduction mostly as a result of the Crusades of Eastern philosophies into Europe was quickly seen as threatening and was met by a terrible backlash in the form of the Inquisition (created in 1231), which was a powerful religious institution designed to enforce religious and political unity. While at first it was turned against only Jews and Muslims along with those suspected of such heresies as witchcraft, in its later years it was also used to combat Protestantism."
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Ancient Greece and Rome, 2006.
This paper discusses the social systems within ancient Greece and Rome.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses ancient Greece and Rome, noting first that the two major city-states in ancient Greece were Athens and Sparta, and these two cities had different social systems and concentrated on perfecting different aspects of life. The writer notes that the ancient Greeks developed a social system that reflected their geography and climate. The writer further points out that the city-state was the name given to the early kingdoms built around a small city, with the largest political unit being the city itself.
From the Paper
"The two major city-states in ancient Greece were Athens and Sparta, and these two cities had different social systems and concentrated on perfecting different aspects of life. The ancient Greeks developed a social system that reflected their geography and climate. The city-state was the name given to the early kingdoms built around a small city, with the largest political unit being the city itself. In time, city-states would join together to form larger political units, creating larger kingdoms and eventually empires stretching across much of a continent or other large area. For the Greeks, the city-state was the basic political unit, and the major ones were Athens and Sparta. The leadership in Athens was democratic, while that in Sparta was based more on strong military leaders."
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Unifying Rome, 2002.
This paper describes how Rome unified Italy in the 4th and early 3rd centuries BC.
2,670 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 128.95
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Abstract
An analysis of Rome's success in unifying Italy during the 3rd and 4th centuries BC covering their relationships with the Latin league and surrounding tribes, wars with the Samnites and Phyrrus of Epirus and her use of treaties and colonies.
From the Paper
"The history of early Rome and its relations with, and eventual dominance of, the rest of Italy are shrouded in mystery. This is due to the lack of and contradictory nature of the primary sources and the unreliability of later writings. Thus we can see that the Greek Diodorus (writing in the first century A.D.) used a source that made no mention of the first Samnite War (343-341) of traditional Roman history. Roman compilers of their own history often heavily edited it with the benefit of hindsight to explain or excuse later events and to play down episodes that mighty Rome would rather forget. Livy, for example, has a Samnite envoy challenge the Romans to battle in 327 in order to decide which of the two peoples would rule Italy (Livy 8.23.10). In reality, this second Samnite war resulted from a minor border dispute between two central Italian states and the significance of any victory could not have been appreciated at the time. Rome's unifying of Italy arguably started with its relations with and manipulation of the Latin League from the fifth century onward. It was this league, rather than Rome herself, that was responsible for the first real consolidation of territorial gains."
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Rome, 2004.
An exploration of the rise of Rome and how it differed from other empires of the ancient world.
798 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how one of the most powerful empires of the ancient world was that of the Romans, who broke free of the Etruscans and, over time, conquered the Mediterranean region. It looks at how the Romans were a civilization of strong soldiers and builders and how their peace alliance with the Latins allowed for the rise of the Roman Empire.
Outline
Introduction
The Etruscans
Breaking Away
Early Development
Rise of Rome
Differences in Empires
Conclusion
From the Paper
"When Rome first broke from Etruscan rule, its trade between the Etruscans and Greek colonies in southern Italy ended, causing grain shortages and economic depression. Though the Latins had resented the Romans while they were under Etruscan rule, they formed a peace alliance with the new Republic of Rome in 493 B.C. which ?held that in wars against outsiders, alliance members were to share in commanding armies and in the spoils of war (www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch15.htm).? This alliance allowed Rome to strengthen in the wars that followed the forming of the Republic."
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Women Slaves in Rome, 2005.
An examination of women slaves in ancient Rome.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 113.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the role and status of women of the slave class in the Roman world. It explains how the social structure of ancient Rome depended on the institution of slavery and how the ruling classes sustained their power in this ancient world. The paper also explains how there is little evidence of lives' of the women slaves.
From the Paper
"The social structure of ancient Rome depended on the institution of slavery as a large-scale system. In that society, "unfree" labour provided a large share of the surplus by the control of which the position of the ruling classes was in part sustained" (Scheidel 210). In order to achieve such control, a very substantial number of slaves were required. In Rome, the "slave population accounted for approximately one third of the entire population" (Scheidel 210). When women were situated outside of social structures such as the "world of grand families, social authority, or large-scale patronage" (Fantham et al. 368), evidence concerning their lives is fragmented and scarce."
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When in Rome, 2005.
This paper uses the proverb "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" to demonstrate how proverbs can be used to assist with direction in certain events in life.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that moments in life can often be categorized by the maxims or proverbs that have come before. The writer points out that hindsight allows one to see how these really surmise different events throughout a person's history, and, sometimes, maxims and proverbs can be used to give direction to a person's life. The writer explains that the maxim, "When in Rome, do as the Romans do", came into play when the writer took up a new position at Acme Manufacturing.
From the Paper
"Moments in life can often be categorized by the maxims or proverbs that have come before. Hindsight allows one to see how these really surmise different events throughout a person's history, and, sometimes, maxims and proverbs can be used to give direction to a person's life. The maxim, "When in Rome, do as the Romans do", came into play when the writer took up a new position at Acme Manufacturing. The writer had applied for the customer service position, knowing that Acme Manufacturing was a perfectly suitable type of company. After a series of interviews with not only the departmental manager, but also some of the other customer service team members, the writer wanted the position even more."
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Child Abandonment in Ancient Greece and Rome, 2005.
This paper discusses the differences between myth and reality in the practice of abandoning infants in ancient Greece and Rome.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that financial and other practical factors as opposed to supernatural factors shaped the practice of abandoning infants in the real world of ancient Greece and Rome .
From the Paper
"To the modern reader the story of how the infant Oedipus was exposed to die on a hillside at his father's insistence is appalling. While it can be argued that the problem of child abuse and abandonment is still very much ..."
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The Fall of Rome and the Influence of the Roman Empire, 2002.
This paper discusses the fall of Rome and its dissolution into Byzantium and "barbaric" Western Europe.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 70.95
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Abstract
It explains differences between the Roman colonies and the rest of Western Europe, and how those differences influenced the formation of cities and cultures in Europe during the Middle Ages. Most of the comparison is architectural, since the collapse of Rome left most of its colonies in the same state of economic chaos as it found them, but having introduced roads, aquaducts, and other technological advances.
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Sexual Asceticism in Rome, 2005.
An analysis of the rise of sexual asceticism in early Christian Rome.
2,190 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 109.95
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Abstract
Asceticism, which exploded in popularity with the adoption of Christianity as the official religion of Rome, is a concept not so readily defined. It took many forms, and meant many different things to many different people. This paper looks at the leading proponents of the ideas of asceticism and marriage in the church to further unravel the mysteries of the early years of Christianity and Constantinople. The paper also touches on a few specific groups of aesthetics, such as the Encratites.
Outline
Encratites
Monasticism
John Chrysostum
Jovinianism
Augustine of Hippo
Women and Sexual Asceticism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Encratites were essentially an early sect, or group of sects who, based on their views concerning the origin of matter, abstained from eating meat, drinking alcohol, or getting married. They are very interesting in their development. Stemming from Stoicism and other generic branches of aestheticism, this group devoted their lives to chastity in all forms. Because they rejected marriage and considered all sexual encounters to be evil, they formulated theories that claimed all women to be evil beings. Also, as they were not predispositioned to eat animal products, they saw all alcohol as being given from Satan himself. After a certain period of decline, the Encratites were back in full swing and became known as Severan Encratites."
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