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Avian Influenza, 2007.
An analysis of the history, infection and precautions for avian influenza.
1,757 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses avian influenza or bird flu, which is the alternate common name for the H5N1 virus. The paper gives a brief history of the disease and describes how it is spread between animals and then focuses on how humans are infected and how it spreads between humans. The paper then discusses precautions and preventative methods for the spread of the disease.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Define Avian Influenza
History
How it's Spread
How Humans are Infected
The Risk Factors
Treatment
World Wide Preparedness
Precautions and Predictions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To set a roadblock towards a catastrophic human outbreak of bird flu there is a way out and it is the usage of a harmless virus to act as a delivery vehicle. (Linda, 57) The amantadine and rimantadine are two antiviral medications which are commonly used for influenza and for which the H5N1 virus, that causes human illness and death, could be resistant. There are other two antiviral medications known as oseltamavir and zanamavir which could possibly treat influenza caused by H5N1 virus. However, there is a necessity for additional studies to prove and demonstrate their effectiveness. And it is to be noted that for the protection against H5N1 virus there is no commercially available vaccine in Asia and Europe. (Key Facts about Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus)"
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Avian Influenza, 2005.
An examination of the medical condition known as avian influenza.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
Avian influenza is a disease that humans are becoming exposed to through contact, either directly or indirectly, with infected poultry or fowl. This paper explores the history of the flu, as well as what is being done to combat this infectious and deadly disease.
From the Paper
"Avian Influenza, also known as Avian flu or "bird flu" is "an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus" according to the World Health Organization. Identified over 100 years ago in Italy it has now spread throughout the entire globe. The immune systems of some bird species are more resistant to this disease than other although it is believed that all species are susceptible to becoming infected with the disease. The flu ranges "from mild illness to a highly contagious and rapidly fatal disease results in severe epidemics." "
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Avian Influenza, 2008.
An overview of the health concerns caused by the spread of avian flu.
2,387 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 118.95
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Abstract
Avian influenza, which is commonly referred to in the media as bird flu, is a strain of the flu virus that is highly infectious and can be fatal. This paper discusses how the spread of avian flu among wild bird populations concerns health care officials due to the high communicability of the disease and its record of moving from domestic livestock to humans. The paper also discusses how, although viral strain H5N1 has thus far not mutated into a form that is directly communicable among humans and can be passed without an avian host as a carrier, the possibility that this mutation could occur suggests to health care officials that H5N1 could potentially become a global pandemic.
From the Paper
"The first documented incidences of H5N1 occurred in 1997 in Asia. The disease was recognized as able to cross the species barrier when handlers of poultry manifested symptoms similar to those in their livestock, which included damage to internal organs and aggressive vomiting, coughing, and physical weakness. Typically, once passed from a bird to a human, H5N1 is extinguished when the afflicted person recovers or succumbs to the disease. Yet there have been cases in which H5N1 has been transmitted from a human to another human, suggesting that the H5N1 virus has the potential to move within humans as well as birds. "
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Avian Influenza, 2004.
Considers the marketing ramifications of the recent outbreak of avian flu in Asia.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the marketing ramifications of the recent outbreak of avian flu in Asia, including consequences for exporting birds to Asia, exporting birds from Asia, and tourism. It discusses how to eradicate the disease from the bird population.
From the Paper
"Although the flu is not considered by many to be a serious illness the disease kills hundreds of thousands around the world each year. Generally flu strains remain a specific species and relatively ..."
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Nursing Avian Flu, 2006.
A discussion regarding the role of the nurse in a pandemic of avian influenza.
1,033 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of nursing and an impending pandemic. Specifically it refers to avian influenza (bird flu) and the impact of a pandemic on nursing practice, present and future, along with the nursing role in influencing the issue.
From the Paper
"One of the problems with diagnosing avian flu are the signs and symptoms, because they so closely resemble the signs of other flu strains or the common cold. Typical symptoms include fever, muscle pain, headache, malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and runny nose. Symptoms such as these should be taken seriously if they are diagnosed, especially in anyone who regularly has contact with poultry or other birds. Another problem with diagnosis is that the disease can incubate in the victim for up to four days, making it difficult to determine just when and where the infection occurred. Victims can also infect others even after symptoms of the disease disappear, which is another problem with diagnosis and prevention. The disease is most deadly to senior citizens over 65, young children, and individuals with underlying health problems, such as breathing difficulties or heart conditions. Symptoms usually dissipate in seven days, but the cough can last in many individuals for two weeks or more. Currently, influenza deaths in the United States average about 36,000 per year ("Avian," 2006.) Since there have not been any cases of the virus in birds in the United States, many people might ignore the symptoms if they occur, but with world travel so easy and quick today, infection could easily come from travelers returning from a trip to Asia or the Middle East. Thus, healthcare professionals should always be aware and on the lookout for these symptoms in any of their patients. "
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Avian Flu, 2006.
A discussion regarding avian or bird flu and issues that surround the disease.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses avian influenza, otherwise known as bird flu. According to the paper, bird flu is a naturally-occurring infection caused by avian influenza viruses. It travels in the intestines of wild birds, having little impact on these animals, though the transferal of the same virus to a domestic bird can have harmful consequences. The spread of the virus typically occurs via the saliva, feces and nasal passages of an infected animal; birds become infected when they come into contact with infected secretions or surfaces contaminated by such secretions. Commonly, the spread of the infection occurs when birds come into contact with materials such as dirt, cages, water or feed that have been contaminated with the virus.
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The Avian Flu, 2007.
A discussion of whether the US is prepared for an outbreak of the avian flu.
8,021 words (approx. 32.1 pages), 15 sources, APA, AU$ 276.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that there is a very real potential for an avian influenza pandemic in the future, yet there remains an insufficient amount of effective vaccine to address the current incarnation of the H5N1 virus. The author suggests, based on this research, that it is useful to develop a broad-based assessment of the realities involved in a potential pandemic in order to provide meaningful and timely responses. The research presented in the paper was examined from biological, psychological and economic sources. The author concludes that it is incumbent on public health officials around the world today to alert their citizenry to the potential for such an outbreak and to take whatever precautions are necessary today to preclude such a disaster.
Outline:
Introduction
Explanation of the Problem
Justification for Using an Interdisciplinary Approach
Identification of Relevant Disciplines
Respective Viewpoints of Relevant Disciplines
Biology
Psychology
Economics
Methodology
Purpose of the Study
Background
General History of the Problem
Disciplines, Perspectives, Evidence, Insights
Logic,
Reasons for Order of Presentation of Disciplines Used
Biological Perspective
Psychological Perspective
Economic Perspective
Integration of the Three Disciplines
Conflicts within a Discipline
Creation of Common Ground with the Disciplines
Integration of Insights
Techniques of Integration Used
Development of New Understanding or Meaning
Conclusion
Table 1: Techniques of Integration Used
From the Paper
"By the end of 2005, the epidemic of avian influenza had resulted in human cases of the disease in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam. Vietnam was the worst hit, with 93 cases. Of those, 42 died; citing statistics from the World Health Organization, Ford reports that the total number of cases by the end of 2005 was more than 140, with approximately half of these resulting in death (2006). Although sustained communicability of the H5N1 virus from person to person has not been observed, health officials remain cognizant that the H5N1 virus has the potential to mutate rapidly or even combine genetically with a human influenza virus to yield a virulent new strain that could easily spread throughout the global human population (Ford, 2006). "
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Influenza Pandemic, 2005.
A very thorough overview of the influenza virus and whether or not the U.S. is prepared for an influenza pandemic.
4,811 words (approx. 19.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 198.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and classifies influenza, explains how it is spread, and explains why the U.S. is not prepared for the onset of an influenza virus. The paper also discusses the morbidity and mortality rates of influenza and how it is diagnosed. Finally, the paper examines the central role of the World Health Organization and the Center for Disease Control in preventing, controlling, and treating the disease.
What Is Influenza and How Does It Spread?
Classification of the Influenza Virus
Definition of Pandemic and Causes and Reasons for Its Spread
How Well Is USA Prepared for the Onset of the Influenza Virus?
The Morbidity and Mortality Rates of the Influenza Virus
Details about WHO and CDC and Their Methods of Tackling the Disease
From the Paper
"When the influenza virus becomes deposited in the respiratory tract of a person, the various signs and symptoms appear almost immediately. The onset of the symptoms is almost like being hit by a truck; this is how a patient may experience the virus. Some patients can even accurately pinpoint the time of the onset of the fever or chills or the cold. Some patients may face photophobia other ocular problems and though these are not very common symptoms, they may occur in some rare cases. In some children, there may be stomachache and vomiting and also a feeling of general malaise. In infants these may become difficult to diagnose and the treating physicians are warned against treating them as symptoms of an ordinary common cold, whose symptoms are very similar to those of influenza."
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Avian Flu and the Pandemic Threat in Late 2005, 2005.
An analysis of the media accounts of the Avian Flu virus in Canada in 2005.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 114.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals media accounts of the Avian (bird) Flu threat that repeat biomedical and biosocial notions of the disease. It looks at how drug companies compete to produce drug treatments and vaccines, for the future, in activities that will make billions in profits from a pandemic whose scope is not yet realised. The paper focuses on the Toronto medical community's reaction to a perhaps approaching disease and notes that many doctors and nurses do not wish to serve Avian Flu patients. There is also a comparative note on the 1918 Spanish Flu epidemic in Canada, and an in-depth analysis of the rise of Avian flu in humans abroad.
From the Paper
"The threat posed by the Avian Flu virus and the possibility of a pandemic, in the coming year, focus on biomedical and biosocial views of illness and health. This paper refers to a number of Toronto media summaries on research to date, and the threat posed by an Avian Flu pandemic, showing a number of foci that seem quite important in terms of how the possible pandemic is discussed. Later, time is given to more 'cultural' responses to the possibility of an Avian Flu pandemic, which should stimulate serious thought on our ideas of entitlement to health, long life, the duties of health professionals, .."
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The Avian Flu, 2006.
A review of the avian flu and a discussion regarding the role of the legal faculty if such an outbreak occurs.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses avian flu and the role of the lawyer in the event of an outbreak. The paper first discusses background to the avian flu and the concern of health care workers. The paper then discusses the pattern of the flu pandemic and the role of the lawyer in such a crisis, if it were to take place.
From the Paper
"In an article entitled 'The Avian Flu Time Bomb', author Kristin Choo speculated that the legal system will play a pivotal role in preventing and responding to a possible outbreak of this deadly strain of influenza as they have in past public health crisis situations. With this new and scary health threat potentially looming over the horizon, many feel that lawyers will be called into action again to protect the health and safety of our communities while also serving to ensure the rights of those affected by the Avian Flu. They may be called upon to take part in the planning of responses to the Avian Flu such as vaccinations, quarantines, isolation, as well as other measures which may need to be taken. Throughout this paper I will discuss what the Avian flu is and why it is posing such a health scare to medical experts. "
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Avian Flu, 2007.
An analysis of the possible outcomes of avian flu if it becomes a pandemic.
1,358 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of avian flu (commonly known as "bird flu"). The writer explores the facts and myths surrounding the flu. It then compares it to past pandemics, such as the Spanish Flu pandemic, that have become a reality and killed large numbers of people. The paper discusses what may be expected if the avian flu does become a pandemic.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Flu
Why the Concern
If It Happens
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to experts the basis for the concern is the fact that like the Spanish Flu pandemic the Avian Flu, if it mutates will present a flu virus to the system that humans have never before experienced. As people age they build immunities and those immunities help their systems fight additional illnesses that they are exposed to or contract. With the Avian Flu the strain of viral infection is one that has never before in recorded history been introduced to the human body and that makes it extremely deadly.
If the flu does become a pandemic it is estimated that it will kill more than 50 million people world wide and more than half a million in the US. Even more concerning is the belief by experts that at least 250,000 of those killed in the United States will be young healthy adult Americans (Daugherty, 2005)."
"With most flues the only real danger is to the elderly, the infants or those who have chronic health issues such as asthma, diabetes or other medical problems. With the Avian flu it will most likely attack and kill many people who have no health issues which makes precautions important to everyone, not just the weak or immune compromised."
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"The Influenza", 2007.
An analysis of Winston Churchill's "The Influenza" and its use of symbolism.
886 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Winston Churchill's poem, "The Influenza", which describes how the disease is almost unconquerable, until at last some supernatural power acts to save the human race from complete annihilation. The paper discusses how symbolism can either be used in terms of its general connection in the collective social mind, or it can be used in a new sense that is revealed by the work itself. The paper illustrates how several words and phrases are used in both these ways.
From the Paper
"Churchill opens his poem with a number of questions pertaining to the cruelty of the disease he is describing. The questions themselves could relate to the uncertainty of those who contract the disease, as well as to those who remain behind. In the line "It journeyed with the sun", the sun is used in a different symbolic association than is normally the case. In general language, the sun is usually symbolic of happiness and joy. In the poem however it acquires a more sinister association. Specifically, the sun appears to signify the inevitability and universality of the disease. The sun travels everywhere and eventually reaches everyone on earth. This traveling process also foreshadows Churchill's assertion later in the poem, that nobody, regardless of status or wealth, is safe from infection. The disease, like the sun, does not discriminate."
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Asia and Avian Flu, 2005.
A discussion on the effects of Avian flu in Asia.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 171.95
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Abstract
This article discusses the issue of Avian flu across Asia. It explains that in countries such as Vietnam, Indonesia and Japan there have been policies that require officials to slaughter foul at businesses that have indications of the disease. The paper explores the problems that this has created with farmers who loose their birds and are not appropriately compensated for their flocks. It claims that Government officials are, therefore, attempting to discover ways to meet these needs.
From the Paper
"This article discusses the issue of Avian flu across Asia. In countries such as Vietnam, Indonesia, and Japan there have been policies that require officials to slaughter foul at businesses that have indications of the disease. This has created problems with farmers who loose their birds and are not appropriately compensated for their flocks. Government officials are, therefore, attempting to discover ways to meet these needs. The Kashmir Earthquake No Author Listed Washington Post October 12, 2005 Summary: This article discusses the Kashmir earthquake. The death toll, according to the report, continues to climb daily, making the disaster significantly more devastating than any other in recent years. In addition to the death toll, there are over two million that ..."
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Avian Flu, 2006.
An in-depth analysis of the avian (bird) flu virus.
2,126 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of avian flu and how it affects human beings. It looks into the pathophysiology of the disease and morbidity rate once it is contracted. It also discusses how the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are taking part in a number of pandemic prevention and preparedness activities, in case of an outbreak of the disease.
From the Paper
"The risk to humans is generally low, however during any outbreak of Avian Flu among poultry, there is always a possible risk to humans who have contact with the infected birds and surfaces contaminated with excretions from the infected fowl. The current outbreak of H5N1 among poultry in Asia and Europe is an example of a bird flu outbreak that has caused human infections and death. In rare instances, limited human-to-human spread of H5N1 virus has occurred, however transmission has not been observed to continue beyond one person. Because all influenza viruses have the ability to change, scientists are concerned that the H5N1 virus could mutate and infect humans with a strain that could easily spread from one person to another."
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Immunizing Children, 2005.
This paper discusses immunizing children and stresses its importance.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that several diseases, which killed in the past, have been controlled through the use of vaccinations; however, this does not mean the diseases are gone because, without continuing the vaccination programs, these diseases could reappear. The author points out that many parents believe that the vaccinations can cause other complications or even cause the disease: This is untrue because the vaccination contains a non-active form of the virus or disease and cannot cause the body to contract the disease. The paper stresses that parents must protect their children from contracting deadly diseases, which are preventable through immunization.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Rationalize
Reasons
Disease Prevention
Better Health
Preventing Unnecessary Deaths
Diseases Controlled with Vaccinations
Polio
Measles
Meningitis
Whooping Cough
Rubella
Chicken Pox
Hepatitis B
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Mumps
Rationale for Controlling These Diseases
Myths Associated with Vaccinations
Vaccinations Cause Diseases
Diseases are Not Deadly so Vaccines are not Necessary
Diseases are Eliminated in the U.S. so Vaccines aren't Necessary
Truths about Vaccinations
Emerging Diseases
Toscana Virus
Avian Influenza
Coltiviruses from Ticks
Immunization
Tracking in the U.S.
Determining who is Immunized
Spread of Diseases Unknowingly
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Recently, there have been some new diseases that have emerged and scientists are trying to create vaccinations to control them. One new disease is called the Toscana virus. This virus was discovered in 1971 in Italy. Since then it has spread into Europe. It affects the central nervous system and has been the major cause of meningitis and encephalitis. Scientists are working on the pathogen to find out how it spreads these diseases and how to stop it. Another recently discovered virus is the avian influenza. It has been found in chickens and in humans in Thailand. - It has not been known to transfer from birds to humans but it is believed that it may mutate into a form that will. Currently many organizations are studying the avian influenza and are concerned about a new pandemic. "
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Heterologous DNA, 2004.
A review of the article by Ulmer, et al., "Heterologous Protection Against Influenza by Injection of DNA Encoding a Viral Protein".
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the article by Ulmer, et al. (1993), entitled "Heterologous Protection Against Influenza by Injection of DNA Encoding a Viral Protein", which was published in the prestigious journal, "Science". It discusses how the main aim of the article was to test whether immunity to influenza A could be conferred on mice cells through injecting a plasmid containing a gene for influenza A virus. The paper is divided into four sections: an introduction, which outlines what was generally known in this field prior to the work of Ulmer, et al.; a methods section, which summarizes the main methods used for each of the separate experiments performed by Ulmer, et al.; a results section, which summarizes the meaning of each set of results from Ulmer, et al. and a critique, which discusses the evidence presented in Ulmer, et al..
From the Paper
"Prior to the paper by Ulmer et al. (1993), it was revealed by Wolff et al. (1990) that the muscles of living mice could be made to produce foreign proteins if injected with naked genes; this had huge implications for the production of vaccines, which rely on foreign proteins to prime the immune system to recognize and attack foreign proteins (Cohen, 1993). These naked genes, which were introduced through plasmids, were shown by Wolff et al. (1990) to perform normally epistomally, and did not replicate within the host cells (Ulmer et al., 1993). "
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