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The Australian Wheat Board Scandal, 2007.
A crisis communication critique of the Australian Wheat Board's response to the United Nations report, which revealed in November 2005 the company's illegal actions in the Oil-For-Food Program.
4,498 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 28 sources, APA, AU$ 188.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the illegal activity of the Australian Wheat Board Ltd (AWB) with regards to corruption in the United Nations humanitarian project, the Oil-For-Food Program. The paper observes what led AWB to these illegal activities, examines the issue and studies the company's response to the crisis. The paper discusses the litigation public relations theories and J.E. Lukaszewski's seven-step process in order to analyze the crisis communication strategy of the company.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
AWB Limited and the Australian Wheat Industry
The Issue
AWB Crisis Communication Strategy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In November 2005, the United Nations report on the inquiry into corruption in the Oil-For-Food Program, led by Paul Volcker, revealed that 2200 companies participating in the program were misappropriating funds from the United Nations accounts to redistribute them to the Iraqi government. One of those companies, the Australian Wheat Board Ltd (AWB) was the company which provided the biggest kickbacks, reaching a value of AU$300 millions between 1999 and 2003. As a company with a high profile and facing a serious legal problem, AWB was obviously likely to draw upon itself attention from both the Australian and worldwide public and media (Lukaszewski, 1997). Consequently, with the release of the report accompanied by a "sudden, searing searchlight of public attention" (Mackey, 2002, p.318), AWB was obviously facing a crisis."
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The Iran Contra Scandal, 2006.
This paper discusses the Iran Contra scandal, one of the greatest scandals in recent US government history.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
The Iran Contra scandal is one of the greatest scandals in US government in recent memory. It was certainly the biggest foreign policy scandal during the 1980s. It involved at its heart two secret operations conducted by the executive branch of the United States government. The Reagan administration facilitated the sale of military equipment to Iran an enemy of the United States and considered a nation that sponsored terrorism. With the money from that sale a second operation was funded: Military aid was provided to the contra rebels in Nicaragua, aid that Congress had previously banned. This paper details the events surrounding the Iran-Contra scandal that took place during former President Reagan's term in office. The paper discusses why these actions were so scandalous and what it meant in terms of the US government's abuse of its power and its disregard for the Constitution. The paper contends that the scandal represents a major abuse of the constitutional authority afforded the executive branch of the US government, not to mention an affront to the checks and balances system that is supposed to keep each branch of government from amassing too much power.
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Religion, Sex Scandals and Corruption, 2002.
A look at the role of organized religion in the creation of sex scandals with a focus on the scandal surrounding Bill Clinton.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 186.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the impressions that politics are given by religious organizations in respect to sex scandals. This paper demonstrates that the sex scandal itself is actually perceived as a remarkably minor event in the political spectrum, but rather it is the influence of religious organizations that promotes the sex scandal to epic proportions. In order to better explore this topic, the example of former American President Bill Clinton is used. Clinton should be considered the ideal candidate for such an investigation, as his entire presidency was affected by sexual scandals and the outcome of such scandals.
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The Watergate Scandal, 2006.
This paper argues that the Watergate scandal and other political scandals provided a means for reinforcing American moral values.
2,490 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 121.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Watergate scandal represented a crisis situation in which the public, the elites and the media, driven by solidarity, collaborated to eliminate an evil so that the social body could continue its normal existence. The author points out that the Watergate scandal proves that society is a moral phenomenon organically driven by the desire to defend the principles of morality because of its awareness of the fundamental importance played by these principles. The paper suggests that political scandal serves as an interruption of the profane everyday living and inserts a sacred dimension. This dimension renews the forces of the society by identifying and eliminating an evil while simultaneously remembering and reinforcing society's basic principles.
From the Paper
"The American society gives a lot of importance to the moral legitimating of the political regime. It is not only the Watergate scandal that proves it, but also other scandals involving presidents, such as the one involving Bill Clinton. In the case of President Clinton, the most serious mistake that he made was not that he had an affair (even if this too represents an action against the moral principles and reflects an unhealthy attitude towards family). The most serious mistake that both Nixon and Clinton did was to lie to the American people, denying their guilt."
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Shareholders and Regulator Driven Board Reforms, 2006.
An in-depth look at the Board of Directors, a fundamental element of the corporate governance process.
14,000 words (approx. 56.0 pages), 61 sources, MLA, AU$ 400.95
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Abstract
This research paper focuses on a fundamental element of the corporate governance process, the board of directors. In particular, the research addresses the question whether boards of directors as the "apex" of the organization increase firm value.
This paper also outlines the research proposal which seeks to explore whether good board governance leads to higher common stock returns for Swiss companies. The research involves the construction of a survey-based "Board Index" using provisions based on a Code of Best Practice portfolios consisting of companies that conform with the code and others that do not conform to best practice are constructed and then stock-returns are compared.
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Literature Review - Part I
3.1 The Concept of Firm
3.2 The Agency Problem
3.3 Definition of Corporate Governance
3.4 Mechanisms of Corporate Governance
4. Literature Review - Part II
4.1 Board of Directors - Introduction
4.2 Models of Boards
4.2.1 One-tier vs Two-tier Board Model
4.2.2 The Case of Switzerland
4.3 CEO Duality
4.4 Outsider Directors / Board Independence
4.5 Board Size
4.6 Board Committees
4.7 Interlocking Directorates
4.8 Multiple Board Appointments
4.9 Frequency of Board Meeting
4.10 Board Diversity
5. Literature Review - Part III
6. Regulatory Development
6.1 Overview
6.2 The Case of Switzerland
6.3 Conclusion
7. Objectives of the Proposed Research
8. Research Design
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Data
8.3 Board Index
8.4 Board Impact on Firm Valuation
8.4.1 Performance Measure
8.4.2 Long-term Equity Return
8.5 Current Board Structure
8.6 Potential Research Problem
8.7 Ethical Issues of the Proposed Research
9. Expected Research Outcomes
From the Paper
"Nevertheless, corporate boards are the focus of many attempts to improve corporate governance. Regulators and shareholder advocates in the US have called for smaller boards with greater outside representation among US corporations (The Business Roundtable 1997). This movement toward specific board guidelines, typically calling for greater independence, independence outside representation, and requirements that boards have audit committees that consist only of independent outside directors, is a characteristic of the Codes of Best Practice issued in many countries (Denis & McConell, 2003). In Switzerland, for example, the "Directive on Information Relating to Corporate Governance" and the "Swiss Code of Best Practice" have become a listing requirement on the Swiss Stock Exchange as of July 1, 2002. Yet despite the extensive research, there is no clear empirical evidence that shareholders benefit from these regulations.
The proposed research addresses a number of important issues relating to corporate governance, board of directors, firm value and the relationship between these in Switzerland. Foremost, among these research questions is: Do well-governed boards of directors, measured in regulator's terms, increase long-term equity returns?
A test can be carried out in order to evaluate the hypothesized relationship between board governance quality and firm valuation; a board-index may then be constructed based on a survey of all listed companies on the Swiss Stock Exchange (SWX) (Beiner, p. 3). Based on this index, portfolios can be built, consisting of companies with well-governed or poorly governed boards. In addition, following the portfolios, a comparison of their long-term equity returns may be done (Beiner, p. 3)."
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Experiences of Refugees and Indigenous Australians, 2003.
A look at the similarities and differences in the experiences of refugees and indigenous Australians according to Australian literature and recent media attention.
1,841 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 95.95
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Abstract
A look at race relations in Australia in view of changing culture and how this is reflected in treatment of refugees, asylum seekers and indigenous Australians. Takes a look into the issues of land rights, the stolen generation, asylum seekers vs. 'genuine' refugees and detention centres.
From the Paper
"Issues surrounding refugees and Indigenous Australians have featured prominently in the media over the last few years, covering areas such as the growing ethnic diversity of Australia, asylum seekers and their right to settle, the treatment of detainees, the stolen generation, mandatory detention, land rights for Aboriginals and Indigenous health. Whilst it has to be said that this has greatly increased the general public?s awareness of these issues, it is becoming increasingly apparent that everyday Australians seem willing to place their opinions on the rights and experiences of these two minority groups ? refugees and Indigenous Australians ? into the ?too hard? basket. Also, not knowing much about these two groups and their experiences means that most Australians form their perception of them from stories in the media and what they see on TV and in movies. Could this be contributing to the negative stereotypes and racist sentiment within our society ? all too willing to refer to the stereotypes of ungrateful detainees burning down their quarters or the drunken Aboriginals in the middle of Victoria Square?"
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Board Committees in the USA, 2008.
A thesis that examines board committees of stock market listed businesses in the U.S.A.
10,040 words (approx. 40.2 pages), 59 sources, APA, AU$ 326.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that many of the corporate requirements came about because the Amex, the NASDAQ and the NYSE wanted to ensure the high quality management of the Board of Director committees. The paper then discusses how board committees are structured, which ones are the most important or significant and which ones are the most likely to be needed based on the type of company. The paper examines several types of board committees, including the audit, compensation, nominating, and other committees. The paper also examines the functions of members of non-profit Board of Directors.
Table of Contents:
Legal/Statutory Basis and Terms of Self-Regulation of Board Committees in the USA
The Board Committees in the USA
Audit Committees in the USA
Compensation Committees in the USA
Nominating Committees in the USA
Other Board Committees in the USA
Advantages, Disadvantages, and Problems of Board Committees in the USA
From the Paper
"The standards are designed to show not only that the particular exchange is high quality, but also that it is safe and can be trusted . There is some difficulty with this right now because of the various scandals that took place in accounting firms such as Enron, and many of the changes that are taking place has to do with just such problems. Currently, the corporate governance requirements are a mixture of good governance and competition."
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The 2001 Australian Federal Elections, 2002.
The paper discusses the 2001 Australian Federal Elections and the current issues faced by Australian politics.
2,570 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the 2001 Australian Federal Elections and the challenges faced by the winning party, the Liberal Party. The issues discussed include health, defense, taxation and immigration. It gives a brief history of the party and its principle goals. The paper includes interviews with Afghan Australians and it discusses the detention centers. The paper describes how the Liberal Party plans to resolve these issues.
From the Paper
"The 2001 Australian federal elections had on its electoral list, the Liberal party, the Labor party, the National party, Australian Democrats, the Greens, the One Nation party and other smaller parties. The two major contenders were the Liberal Party winning the majority of the votes with more than 69 seats, and the Labor Party following closely with 66 seats. The smaller parties won the remaining seats."
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Fundamentals of Australian Democracy, 2001.
An analysis of the nature of the Australian government set forth by the Australian Constitution and reasons for disagreements over the style of government.
6,045 words (approx. 24.2 pages), 9 sources, AU$ 230.95
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Abstract
This paper poses two fundamental questions: 'what is the nature of government set forth by the Australian Constitution?' and 'why has there been such disagreement and disparity in the respective responses?' The paper is organized under the following headings: Organisation of a Liberal Democracy (Power, Legitimacy, Justice, Freedom) The Constitution (Hybridised Constitution, Constitutional-Institutional Relationships, Relationship ? Monarchy / Governor-General, Relationship ? The Executive, Relationship ? Commonwealth / States, The Referendum Process), Australian Federalism, and Responsible Government (Convention versus the Constitution, The ?Washminster? Mutation, Credibility of the Responsible Government Model).
From the Paper
"According to Emy, ?Australia is one of a small group of countries usually classified as liberal democracies. This is a distinctive type of democracy, one in which the ideas and values of a particular kind of Anglo-American liberalism have exercised a pervasive influence on the growth of political institutions over the past 150 years? (Emy & Hughes, 1988: 183). One of the first steps one can take in explaining how the Australian political system works, is to define the theory behind its operation, and to describe how its supposed to be organised. Therefore, we should give a brief account of ?liberalism? and ?democracy? insofar as these modes of thought have significantly influenced the overall shape and character of the Australian political system."
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The Watergate and Enron Scandals, 2006.
An analysis and comparison of the Watergate and the Enron scandals.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the Watergate and Enron scandals, revealing some significant similarities in terms of their causes and how they were handled, but also a number of major differences. In both scandals, conservatives committed multiple felonies, lied relentlessly in an effort to conceal their crimes, and sought to avoid responsibility by blaming others for the scandal. The major difference between the Watergate and Enron scandals is that Enron is primarily a financial scandal, while Watergate was a political scandal. Another difference between the Enron and Watergate scandals is that Watergate had a much broader and more serious impact on America, for it revealed massive criminal conduct at the highest levels of the government.
From the Paper
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The Federal Reserve Board, 2005.
This paper discusses the Federal Reserve Board, a primary part of the Federal Reserve System of the United States and its effect on the economy of the United States.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that, in 1913, the Federal Reserve System, an integral part of the United States economy, was created by the Federal Reserve Act to deter the periods of financial panics, which were occurring in the United States. The author points out that managing the nation's monetary policy is the most important responsibility of the Board of Governors. The Board has three tools to conduct monetary policy: open market operations, reserve requirements, and the discount rate. The paper relates that the increase in the federal funds rate is the Federal Reserve's way of controlling inflation because, by raising the cost of borrowing money when there is too much money in circulation, the Federal Reserve's intention is to slow the economy down.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History
The Federal Reserve Board
Responsibilities of the Federal Reserve Board
The Fed and the United States Economy Today
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve Board was established as a federal government agency and is the governing element of the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Board, or the "Board of Governors," is made up of seven members who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Once confirmed by the Senate, the length of a term for a Board member is four-teen years. No Board member may be reappointed to the board. Every four years a new Chairman and Vice Chairman are also appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate."
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Australian Market Analysis, 2002.
Analyzes the potential of the Australian market to introduce 'Yingyang' heat packs.
1,904 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 97.95
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Abstract
This report shows how the continuing strength of the Australian economy and the growing relationships between Australia and Asia, make Australia a primary and potentially profitable market for exporting the Yinyang line of heat packs. This analysis includes sections on Australian demographics; Australian economy; potential market; Australian import regulations; and legal considerations in setting up business in Australia.
From the Paper
"Duty is generally levied on the customs value of the goods, which may not necessarily be the same as the sale price. Another element that must be considered in our pricing negotiations is the GST (Goods and services tax) which has been in operation since 1 July 2000. GST is charged at a flat rate of 10% and is levied on the supply of goods and services that are connected with Australia and other transactions, including dealings in real estate, other property and rights. There are exemptions in relation to the supply of certain goods and services. For example, medical devices do not pay a GST, so there could be some benefit in calling our Yinyang devices medical supplies. GST is essentially a value added tax. Tax is paid at each step along the chain of transactions involving the goods or services until the end user is reached, and broadly speaking, tax is paid on the value added. It is the consumer or end user who ultimately bears the tax."
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The Watergate Scandal, 2005.
This paper discusses the Watergate Scandal, which forecasted the possible impeachment of President Richard Nixon and led to his resignation on August 9, 1974.
1,825 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Watergate Scandal refers to a series of events spread over several years surrounding President Richard Nixon's administration and his alleged abuse of power while in office which encompassed the political undermining of the anti-war movement (Vietnam), the Democratic political party, embarrassing and inculpatory behavior by the administration and subsequent reporting by the press. The author reviews the timeline, events and major players in this scandal including President Richard Nixon, Vice President Spiro Agnew, Special Watergate Prosecutor Archibald Cox, White House Counsel and possibly the original architect of the cover-up John Dean, Attorney General John Mitchell, Judge John Sirica and Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, the "The Washington Post" reporters who uncovered the scandal. The paper concludes that the Watergate Scandal, which produced the first dual resignations of a president and vice president, indictments of forty prominent citizens and scarred the nation throughout the process, is the benchmark and term often applied to scandalous political behavior.
From the Paper
"John Mitchell as the Attorney General was a loyal supporter of Nixon. In September 1972, stories published by "The Washington Post" linked Mitchell with a $250,000 slush fund that paid for the Watergate burglaries. He made a famously vulgar remark about the fact that if the stories were published, there would be political repercussions. He was right and later prosecuted for perjury, obstruction of justice, and conspiracy. Elliot Richardson, the Attorney General (after Richard Kleindienst), appointed Archibald Cox as special prosecutor and later refused to fire him. Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William D. Ruckelshaus both resigned during the "Saturday Night Massacre". John Sirica presided over the Watergate trials, while he was the Chief Judge of the US District Court for the District of Columbia. He was considered a maverick on the bench and actively questioned the witnesses and defendants during this trial. He surmised that the participants in the Watergate trial were not being truthful in their assertions. He ordered that the original audiotapes containing the recorded conversations be presented to the court, not the transcripts. The Supreme Court upheld this ruling in July, 1974, thus leading to the resignation of Nixon in August, 1974."
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Religious Education in Australian Catholic Secondary Schools, 2008.
A look at how the religion program of Australian Christian secondary schools has evolved to suit the current diversities of the Australian communities.
1,996 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the obvious cultural diversity occurring in Australia throughout the 1960s up until the present has significantly impeded a response from the educational system of each state of Australia to accommodate the new and assorted students entering the Catholic secondary school system. It looks at how the application of this response has created various reactions by educators and theorists about the direction in which religious education in Australia is heading and consequential implications.
From the Paper
"Ryan (1997, p. 158), introduces the phenomenological approach to religion education, with the considered founder Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), and explains need for people to 'suspend all presuppositions and prior judgements about the phenomena (Ryan, 2007)' which would prevent their own consciousness as it approaches and forms its own perceptions of that phenomenon. This human intuition is allowed to form in order to gain an understanding of the traditions from the believer's position (Moore and Habel, 1982, p.63). ''Bracketing" is used to remove but not dismiss the questions of religion, such as 'Does God exist?' in order to reach this understanding. Husserl's contemporary, Emilie Durkheim (1858-1917) remodelled religion into a new social science of which Ninian Smart used to develop school courses in the study of religion based on his description of the different dimensions of religion commonly shared by the different religious groups around the world (Smart, 1989)."
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The WorldCom Scandal.
This paper discusses the shocking scandal at WorldCom, the Mississippi-based telecommunication company, which was considered to be scandal-free and profitable.
2,060 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, compared to the sophisticated accounting techniques adopted by Enron to hide its real financial health, the "modus operandi" of the 'crooks' at WorldCom was relatively simple, involving the improper capitalization of expenses by re-characterizing certain operating expenses as capital assets, and the improper release of reserves held against operating expenses. The author points out that personal greed stands out as the single biggest reason for this crime. The paper relates that the continuing manipulation of WorldCom's financial statements remained undetected from as far back as 1999 to mid-2002 due to the failure of the system because the auditors, the "moral watchdogs," were largely unregulated, and the accounting profession had followed a long-held tradition of self-regulation.
Table of Contents
Facts
Background
How Was the Fraud Perpetrated?
Why Was the Fraud Committed?
Preventing and Detecting Fraud
Why the Fraud Remained Undetected at WorldCom?
Measures Needed to Prevent or Detect Fraud
Comments and Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the 1990s, WorldCom entered into a number of long-term lease agreements with various third party telecommunication companies in order to gain access to their networks. According to the terms of the agreements, WorldCom was obliged to pay a fixed amount to the carriers, regardless of how much of the leased capacity was actually utilized by WorldCom. These lease payments were named "line costs" and as per the prevailing accounting principles should have been treated as "operating expenses" in the income statements of the company. By 2000, the optimistic growth projections in the telecomm sector had failed to materialize, and WorldCom's incomes could not keep pace with its rising expenses. If the company's declining income had become public at that stage, its share price that had reached a peak of $64 in 1999 would have fallen drastically."
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Wheat Staple in Upper and Lower Canada, 2004.
Examines the history of wheat staple in Upper and Lower Canada
in the late 18th and early 19th Century.
3,159 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 146.95
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Abstract
The importance of wheat to the Canadian economy is not a new phenomenon. On the contrary, as far back as the 18th Century and earlier, there existed a significant agricultural sector. As the political environments differed in Upper and Lower Canada, though, so too did the development of agriculture, particularly the cultivation of wheat. To understand the importance of this crop, this paper sheds light on the impact of the wheat staple in the late 1700s and early 1800s on the Canadian economy. It presents information on different backgrounds and institutions that were involved and shows that the history of wheat cultivation in Lower Canada was greatly influenced by the colonial institutions of New France.
From the Paper
"This pattern of landowners moving into Lower Canada created a new demand for agricultural land. In addition to the existing French Canadian settlers who still farmed the seigneurial land, many English settlers either settled as new free-hold tenants, or bought seigneuries. Some French farmers were displaced onto land further north, away from the St. Lawrence where most of the seigneuries bordered. These displaced farmers were forced to attempt to cultivate less fertile land in order to serve the demand for wheat exports to Britain. This "displacement... was caused by the growing population on the established seigneuries... and the apparent unwillingness of French Canadians to leave their native land." (Marr, 1980, p83)."
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