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The Attorney General, 2002.
An analysis of the duties of the United States Attorney General in the U.S. Federal Government.
991 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the duties of the Attorney General of the United States. Specifically, it contains an analysis of how the Attorney General is chosen, and the powers they wield in the government. A brief history of the position is presented, and the current Attorney General, John Ashcroft, is introduced. The paper claims that the Attorney General is one of the most important offices in the Federal Government.
From the Paper
"The Attorney General of the United States is in charge of the Justice Department (DOJ) and the chief law enforcement officer of the United States Federal Government. The Attorney General advises the President and other members of the executive department of the government on legal issues. An addition, "The Attorney General appears in person to represent the Government before the U.S. Supreme Court in cases of exceptional gravity or importance" (DOJ)."
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Government and the Economy, 2002.
Examines the manner in which the president, the Federal Reserve Chairman, the SEC Commissioner, and the attorney general can influence the U.S. economy.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
One of the most important aspects of the structure of the US government is there is no single authority controlling or commanding the economy. This structural decision allowed for the creation of the free-market system in its current incarnation. No single person or institution can have an over-riding effect on the performance of the economy as a whole. However, there are a number individuals who can, to a greater or lesser degree, have an effect on the economy. This brief paper will examine the following four such figures: (1) the president, (2) the Federal Reserve Chairman, (3) SEC Commissioner, and (4) the attorney general.
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Jennifer Granholm, 2002.
A biography of Michigan's attorney general, Jennifer Granholm.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
This is a biography of the life and achievements of Michigan's Attorney General Jennifer Granholm.
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The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, 2002.
A discussion on the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, on the basis of which the United States Department of Justice, along with twenty state attorney generals, charged the Microsoft Corporation with conducting illegal anti-competitive business practices.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 84.95
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Abstract
The following paper discusses the controversial charges brought about by the government on Microsoft. The writer examines thoughts and opinions of people and companies that think that Microsoft and CEO Bill Gates are acting in violation of the anti-trust laws of the United States, while others think that the charges against Microsoft are damaging the free market. This paper examines the truth to both sides of the argument.
From the Paper
"The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was passed by the United States Congress in order to declare illegal ?every contract combination in the form of a trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce with several states, or foreign nations?, meaning that any corporate action for the purpose of eliminating competition in an area of business and of controlling the market for a product, was declared illegal. (1) In May of 1998, the United States Department of Justice charged the Microsoft Corporation with conducting such illegal anti-competitive business practices. Microsoft, the largest and wealthiest software company in the world, was under fire because it was supplying, free of charge, it?s version of an internet browser called Internet Explorer with the selling of the Windows operating system. The government stated ?internet browsers are separate products competing in a separate product market from personal computer operating systems??. (2) The government was calling for action to split the Microsoft Corporation into two separate companies: software and web browsing."
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Motivations of Racial Gerrymandering, 2001.
A discussion the racial gerrymandering problem in the U.S. and the Voting Rights Act amended as a result.
1,930 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issue of racial gerrymandering in the U.S. The author provides examples of cases in which Democrats lost seats because of racial gerrymandering. Then, the author discusses the Voting Rights Act as amended by the Supreme Court.
From the paper:
"The Voting Rights Act allowed the U.S. attorney general (who was Nicholas Katzenbach at the time) to review voting practices and determine which states, counties, and political subdivisions were discriminating against nonwhite voters. Using rules set out in the act, the attorney general could identify those places that had a "test or device" (McWhirter, 1994) that limited voter registration as well as those places in which less than 50 percent of the voting-age residents were registered to vote in the 1964 presidential election. The act also allowed the attorney general to appoint voting examiners to go into these states, counties, or political subdivisions (which were mainly in the South) and register voters who met all requirements for registration other than the illegal test. The act also required that any changes in voting requirements in the areas that were affected by the act had to be approved by the attorney general. Chief Justice Warren found this to be within the power of Congress as well.
In 1970 the Voting Rights Act was amended. The Supreme Court reviewed the constitutionality of the act in the 1970 decision of Oregon v. Mitchell. As different sections of the act were being considered, the Court divided into different voting blocks. A unanimous Court ruled that Congress had the power to end literacy tests across the country. With a vote of eight to one, the Court accepted the idea that Congress could establish uniform standards for voter registration and absentee balloting. By a vote of five to four, the Court upheld the power of Congress to lower the voting age to 18 in all federal elections. By a vote of five to four, however, the Court ruled that Congress did not have the power under the Fifteenth Amendment to lower the voting age to 18 for state and local elections."
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Defense Attorney Ethics, 2002.
An examination of the morals and ethics pertaining to a defense attorney.
3,328 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 153.95
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Abstract
The paper is a description of what role ethics and morals play in the life of a defense attorney. While having to support his client, a defense attorney more often than not would have to prove the prosecution?s witness to be fake. The paper deals with the techniques that are followed by an attorney to protect his client and it gives us an idea of the numerous strategies that he would have to adopt to prove his client in the right. Further, the paper is also a discussion upon facts as to whether an attorney can purposely cross question a witness, and mislead the court just to prove his client not guilty. Here the main purpose of the argument starts with the fact whether a defense attorney is ethically right when he decides to purposely cross-examine the prosecutor?s witness just to mislead the court, when he knows that the witness is saying the truth, and does so only to discredit his answers.
From the Paper
"From time immemorial lawyers have been condemned and thought of as conniving people. As early as the biblical times writers have been condemning lawyers. The great satirist, Jonathan Swift had in his book Gulliver?s Travels in 1726 stated that there was a society of men among us, bred up from their youth in the art of proving by words multiplied for the purpose that white is black and black is white, according as they are paid. To this society all rest of the people is slaves. It can be stated that the real reason to conduct ?Cross Examination? is to find answers to questions of fact. This can be stated to be the stage in a trial where the other party questions witnesses. The main reason to conduct cross-examination could be to find out facts that would turn out to be favorable for the case, to challenge the statements given by the witness. A counsel usually conducts cross-examination but the accused person can also conduct his defense by himself."
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Canons of Professional Ethics for Attorneys, 2007.
This paper describes the Canons of Professional Ethics for Attorneys and its current relevance to the profession.
1,173 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the author argues that the Canons of Professional Ethics written for attorneys in the early 1900's are no longer relevant. The paper gives a brief historic background of the Canon's adoption, then highlights the major points of contention, showing point by point how the Canons no longer apply. The author further contends that the Canons often fail to embrace the realities of the legal profession, especially of defense attorneys who must often defend unpopular clients or even for attorneys who wish to solicit business. The writer describes the Canons as often vague, contradictory, and unenforceable.
From the Paper
"Many of the Canons could actually subvert the intention of attorneys to represent clients to their fullest extent. Consider the working Canon 28: "It is unprofessional for a lawyer to volunteer advice to bring a lawsuit, except in rare cases where ties of blood, relationship, or trust make it his duty to do so." (Hurld, 2004) Yes, this would forbid ambulance chasing or advertisements asking a parent of a sick child if medical malpractice might be the cause of their child's infirmity, the sort of attorney advertising and grandstanding non-lawyers enjoy pointing to, when these laypersons explain why they despise attorneys."
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Attorney Disciplinary Procedures, 2006.
A discussion of the role of the State Bar in attorney disciplinary procedures.
2,260 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, AU$ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at possible reforms to improve attorney disciplinary procedures. The paper points out that the American Bar Association has a code of professional responsibility by which attorneys must abide. Some of the general principles this code addresses are individual justice, distributive justice, truthfulness, and trust worthiness. The paper concludes that actively becoming aware of unethical procedures in law, along with participation of the public in the awareness, can help resolve some of the problems.
From the Paper
"One particular unethical conduct that states bars will not tolerate include lawyers who do not pay child support. In the Atlanta Journal Constitution it was reported in May of 2005 an attorney was ordered to pay $29,100 in monthly child support. This case marked the highest child support judgment ever issued to date for Georgia (Cook). Under OCGA 1968-28 the lawyer's license to practice law can be suspended. Once the attorney has met requirements of Bar Rule 1-209, their suspension will be revoked (Unknown 1). In this particular case, the attorney had "estimated stakes in his law firm to be worth over $20 million" and the courts made sure he paid every penny of child support to his children."
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The Office of the Los Angeles County District Attorney, 2004.
This paper assess the role of the Los Angeles District Attorney?s office, which is the largest local prosecuting agency in the nation.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the District Attorney for Los Angeles County, an elected official whose term runs for four years, is a non-partisan lawyer who works for the people of the county, which covers 78 cities and over 4,000 square miles. The author points out that a staff of about 2,200 people in nine offices located throughout the county handles over 60,000 felonies and 200,000 misdemeanors per year by working closely with local officials and police departments to prosecute criminals. The paper relates that the District Attorney?s office is organized to handle a variety of crimes, including crimes of violence, crimes of hate, fraud, and corruption; its goal is to prosecute the criminal and insure justice for the victim.
From the Paper
"The Community Prosecution Division provides the ability for police, members of the community and other local officials to create strategies for dealing with gang violence, crime prevention, truancy, drugs and other quality of life issues that affect the community. It is an opportunity for the District Attorney?s office and the community to work synergistically to overcome a broad spectrum of problems. In addition, the Bureau of Crime Prevention works with young people to help them avoid a life of crime by developing skills and talents that will help them succeed in life."
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Attorney-Client Relationship, 1990.
This paper discusses the attorney-client relationship: Definitions, theories and techniques of interviewing clients, counseling, legal analysis, objectives, communications and objectivity.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 8 sources, AU$ 217.95
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From the Paper
"An attorney's obligation to a client includes his or her duty to understand, counsel and solve the client's problems--not just the client's legal problems or the case. Interviewing and counseling are more than two simple steps in the "lawyering process." Whether the client is involved in a civil or criminal matter, the interviewing (the task of gathering information) and counseling (the task of formulating solutions) processes are the cornerstone of the attorney-client relationship.
Attorneys need to establish effective relationships with clients, learn how clients view their problems, goals and expectations and assist them in understanding to make informed choices. If an attorney does not have a good relationship with the client, the relationship will not enable a successful conclusion to the matter."
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Japanese Internment, 2007.
This paper discusses the internment of Japanese-Americans following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.
3,215 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 148.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 led U.S. government officials to believe that West Coast Japanese residents, especially the Issei and the Nisei population, helped plan the attack. The writer points out that in response, these officials, including U.S. Attorney General Francis Biddle, Los Angeles Congressman Leland Ford, and California Attorney General Earl Warren, called for the internment of first-generation Issei people and the second generation, American-born Nisei people in camps where they would spend the rest of the period of World War II. The writer notes that the intent was to prevent them from committing further acts of disloyalty to the U.S. The writer then discusses that, acting on their recommendation, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, which evacuated almost 120,000 West Coast residents of Japanese descent from their homes to 10 government War Relocation Authority camps in the West, South and Southwest areas. The writer discusses the treatment of the Japanese internees and looks at the impact of and reactions to the internment.
From the Paper
"The internment caused them further and deeper losses and sufferings. The internees lost their jobs, social networks, and education as well as work opportunities for being separated from the mainstream of life. The bitterness they felt towards the American government but could not direct to it was instead directed towards one another. There were conflicts between pro-Japanese and pro-American groups. As a result, hundreds of Nisei students who attended schools, like the College of Oberlin in Ohio, left the camps. Some Christian churches helped by taking Nisei people to work for them in the South and Midwest. Around a thousand joined the US military forces as part of the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Four internees coursed their grievances through the courts and challenged the constitutionality of the relocation order. Their petitions were initially denied. But in December, 1944, the US Supreme Court found the petition of Mitsuye Endo as meritorious and decided that her detention violated her civil rights. In January, 1945, the War Department rescinded the evacuation orders and arranged for the release of the internees."
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History of the FBI, 2005.
Traces the history of the American Federal Bureau of Investigation.
1,746 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 90.95
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Abstract
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began with a force of special agents which was created by Attorney General Charles Bonaparte. Theodore Roosevelt and Bonaparte agreed that efficiency and expertise should determine the correct people to serve in government. This philosophy was known as progressivism. The paper shows that in 1908, Bonaparte applied the progressive metaphysics to the Department of Justice by creating a corps of special agents. It had neither a name nor an officially designated leader other than the Attorney General. Yet, these former detectives and Secret Service men were the founding fathers of the FBI. The paper explores the history of the FBI until modern times.
From the Paper
"Freeh began his tenure with a clearly vocalized agenda that would respond both to growing and deeper crime problems and to a new era of government downsizing. In his oath of office speech he called for new levels of cooperation among law enforcement agencies, both at home and abroad, and he announced his intention to restructure the FBI in order to maximize its operational response to crime."
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Government Performance Results Act, 2004.
This paper discusses the General Accounting Office (GAO) report on the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), titled, ?Status of Achieving Key Outcomes and Addressing Major Management Challenges?.
2,165 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, AU$ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the 2001 GAO review of DOJ, a routine assessment conducted in compliance with federal law, the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA) was put into place because waste and inefficiency undermine the confidence of the American people. The author believes that the current Attorney General, John Ashcroft, a hard-line, religious-right, ultra-conservative, has shown a contempt for the Bill of Rights. The paper states that the GAO should not be given more power, but the Congress has a duty to enter into a new post-9/11 phase and stand up to the Executive Branch to independently protect Americans from waste, abuse, and mismanagement of resources.
Table of Contents
The GAO Critiques DOJ
Internet-Based Research of DOJ
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As to the first of DOJ?s ?planned outcomes? ? less violence related to gangs and drugs ? the GAO in its summary states that DOJ ?fell short of achieving its performance targets for four measures.? Looking into those failures a bit more closely (p. 8), DOJ had said it would try to perform 4.81 million ?criminal background checks? ? and yet it only conducted 4.49 million checks. Also, the GAO says that while DOJ claims it prevented 71,890 ?ineligible? individuals from purchasing firearms, the GAO says DOJ missed its target of preventing 140,244 persons from buying guns."
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Domestic Violence and Legislation, 2005.
A look at the changing policy towards domestic violence through the eyes of the law.
3,697 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 20 sources, MLA, AU$ 164.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how domestic violence has rightfully evolved from a domestic issue to a serious crime. It explains that this change was the result of many factors: feminist activism, government recommendations, research studies, law suites, and the media raising the public's awareness. The writer points out that by the early 1990s, meaningful changes in the legal system were implemented and domestic violence was finally deemed a federal crime in 1994. The paper concludes that legal reform is still a work in progress - now that domestic violence laws have been strengthened, prevention, treatment, and understanding are the new frontiers for change.
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Historical Background
3.0 Scope of Problem before Legal Reform
4.0 Impetus for Change
4.1 1970s, Battered Women's Movement
4.2 1977 Studies in Detroit and Kansas City
4.3 Batter's Intervention Services/Education/Treatment Programs, Early 1980s
4.4 Individual and Institutional Advocacy Became Common, Early 1980s
4.5 The 1984 Attorney General's Task Force Report on Family Violence
4.6 The 1984 Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment
4.7 Thurman v. Torrington, 1985
4.8 Media Attention, 1980s
5.0 Resulting Changes
5.1 Late 1970s
5.2 Early and Mid 1980s
5.3 Late 1980s
5.4 Early 1990s
6.0 Room for Improvement
6.1 Prevention
6.2 Treatment
6.3 Stereotyping
7.0 Conclusion
From the Paper
"Today, there is a view that domestic violence is a wrong that should be righted in every state in this country (Model Code on Domestic and Family Violence, 1994, National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges). Empowered by stronger domestic abuse laws, legislators, government administrators, law enforcement, courts, attorneys, the medical and health care community, advocates and providers of services to victims, corrections and providers of treatment for offenders, educators, and volunteers now form a wide network to protect the rights of domestic abuse victims. However, this wasn't always the case.
As this paper reveals, until the late 1970s, law enforcement treated domestic violence as a family issue rather than a crime. As the scope of the domestic violence issue grew, feminists, the government, researchers, the courts and the media had to work very hard to create impetus for change. Progress was slow. Only minor changes in the legal system occurred throughout the late 1970s and 1980s. Beginning in the early 1990s, meaningful changes took hold and the legal system and police have moved in the right direction. Yet, there's still more work to be done in prevention, treatment and the recognition that heterosexual women aren't the only victims of domestic violence."
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War on Terrorism vs. the Bill of Rights, 2002.
Argues that America's new laws to counter terrorism are a breach of the Fourth Amendment.
1,223 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the U.S. Department of Defense and other branches of the federal government capitalized on the fear of another terrorist attack, by erecting a series of security measures since September 11. The most notable of these is the USA PATRIOT Act (HR-3162), passed in October of 2001 which stands for ?Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism.? The paper explains that the USA PATRIOT Act permits wiretapping without judicial orders, deportation of legal residents of the United States based on suspicion, secret searches of citizens? offices and homes and measures. The paper argues that many of the permissible acts included in the USA PATRIOT Act are discriminatory and that there is nothing ?patriotic? about violating Fourth Amendment rights or stripping ordinary citizens from their basic civil liberties. The paper shows that these bills and laws offer a lot of power to the FBI, the police and to other governmental bodies. millions of Americans are still willingly surrendering their personal rights and freedoms in favor of a false sense of security. Finally, the paper argues that the aura of paranoia that currently pervades the United States fuels the fascist-like measures supported by Attorney General Ashcroft, measures which have far-reaching implications for American citizens.
From the Paper
"The problem with this approach is that the civil rights of American citizens, legal residents, and visitors is violated. Most Americans would be willing to undergo enhanced security checks at airports. In fact, Gore Vidal, in his article ?The New War on Freedom,? cites a CNN/Times poll conducted a few days after the terrorist attacks of September 11 which showed that 74% of people believe ?it would be necessary for Americans to give up some of their personal freedoms,? (Vidal). However, in the wake of the terrorist attacks, the federal government was able to sneak the USA PATRIOT act by Congress and the American people. Without protest, Americans are giving up their power to law enforcement agencies, under the assumption that some loss of freedom is necessary."
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Hate Crimes, 2008.
A discussion on the difference between hate, brutal and ordinary crimes and the involvement of the law.
961 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses hate crimes and states that they differ from ordinary crimes in the impact they have upon the victim and the larger group to which the victim belongs. An example has been provided in "Attorney General's Civil Rights Commission on Hate Crimes" by mentioning the Jewish and Filipino communities throughout US that were strongly impacted by the attack on the West Valley Jewish Community Center and the slaying of Joseph Ileto. The paper highlights that another community greatly impacted by the murders of Matthew Shepherd and Gary Matson and Winfield Mowder, was the gay community. The paper mentions that hate crimes affect not only the victim but also all the members of the victim's group. The paper continues and reflects on the punishment involved, the differences between hate, ordinary and brutal crimes and the involvement of the law. The paper concludes that it is necessary to identify the nature of the crime together with proper recording of crime.
From the Paper
"There are many thinkers and writers that question the legitimacy of hate or bias crime laws on the basis that they violate a fundamental democratic principle by punishing individuals for their prejudiced thoughts and beliefs. The assumption is that the defendant had a bias motive for committing the offense and the motive consists solely of the defendant's thought. Therefore, it has been argued that bias crime laws are illegitimate because they punish motive. In addition, the fact that complicates things further is that the motive is inextricably tied to a certain set on political values and attitudes. Other writers have recognized that hate crime is a social construct, focusing on prejudice as a criminal act."
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