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Uses of Public Space at the Athenian Acropolis and Trajan?s Forum, 2002.
An historical look at use of space in two famous arenas: The Athenian Acropolis and Trajan?s Forum.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 29 sources, MLA, AU$ 108.95
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Abstract
An analysis of the ritualistic, religious and practical uses of public space at the Athenian Acropolis and Trajan?s Forum. Part II considers the movement of people through the space, especially in ritualistic contexts and how the Athenians related the religious functions of the Acropolis to its layout is examined. Part III outlines what political functions, if any, took place at the Acropolis. In Part IV, the various social, business, religious, and civic uses of the different spaces at Trajan?s Forum and Markets, and how these uses related to the physical layout of space are reviewed.
From the Paper
"Acropolis is renowned as a fortified natural stronghold or citadel in ancient Greece. Greeks built their towns in plains near or around a rocky hill that could easily be fortified and defended. Nearly every Greek city had its acropolis, which provided a safe place of refuge for townspeople during times of turmoil or war. Rulers of the town often lived within the walls of this stronghold. In many cases the acropolis became the site of temples and public buildings and thus served as the town?s religious center, focal point of its public life, and as a place of refuge."
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Athenian Society and the Acropolis, 2002.
Explores the lives of the ancient Athenians as figured in the art and architecture of the Acropolis of Athens.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper will argue that the Acropolis can only be understood in terms of the people who gave it shape and embodied it with the hopes, experiences and aspirations of their time.
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Civic Athenian Festivals, 2007.
An analysis of the practices of some of the main Athenian civic festivals.
2,412 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the ways that the Athenians practiced a polytheistic religion which expressed itself through civic festivals and cults. The paper attempts to create an overview of the most important Athenian civic festivals. It describes the way in which each festival provided a basis in Athenian worship, gave Athenian's a sense and a meaning in life and provided them with a sense of identity as human beings.
Table of Contents:
The Panathenaia
The Anthesteria
The Dionysia
The City Dionysia
From the Paper
"The Dipolieia was a very strange Athenian festival that took place two days after another important festival, the Skira (Parke 162). It comprised of a ceremony called the Butaphonia in the honor of Zeus (Parke 162). They celebrated a special aspect of Zeus by this festival, i.e. Zeus as the God of the city and the festivities took place at his altar from the Acropolis (Parke 162). The ceremony implied the sacrifice of an ox and a mock of its restoration to life. The ritual had become antiquated and so did the festival (Parke 166).
In conclusion, the calendar of the ancient Greeks was full with both the specific Athenian festivals and the ones referring to the entire Attica. However, they did not serve only the scope of entertainment, but they supported the development of the sciences and the art while encouraging people to travel and try new things."
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Athenian Democracy, 2007.
The paper explores the true nature and extent of Athenian democracy, with a focus on Pericles' oration.
1,701 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 89.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the real meaning of Pericles' famous funeral oration during which he praised not only Athens' fallen heroes, but the democratic government of the city state. The paper explains that the Athenian democracy was what it claimed to be - a government of and by the people. Not only were all citizens given equal chances to participate in the chief organs of government, they were also allowed the opportunity to pass judgment on one another. The paper points out, however, that those in charge of this business were not free to act as they pleased. The paper shows how those who climbed to greater power, wealth, or influence than their fellow citizens were quickly suspected of subverting the entire system.
From the Paper
"In his oration, Pericles compared the governmental system of Athens to that of its bitter rival, Sparta. Though obviously favoring Athenian forms, it is less clear what Pericles considered to lay at the core of Athenian superiority. Athens was a democracy, and Sparta an oligarchy, but precisely what was the Athenian democracy? Was Pericles saying that his city state was a pure democracy - ruled directly by its citizens - or was he saying that it was superior to Sparta, and other oligarchies, because it employed democratic principles along with other useful, even oligarchic, methods of government?"
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Women in Athenian Society, 2005.
An analysis of the contrasting roles of the wife and hetaera in Athenian society.
1,518 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper looks how the phallocentricity of Athenian society was a set of attitudes, legislation, and behavior, which elevated the prestige, power, and place of men, while assigning women to roles that would sustain the propagation of this way of life. In particular, it examines the differences in the prescribed roles of those women most intimate with the men, namely the wife and the hetaera, and their respective roles, which manifested themselves across a broad range of attributes and circumstances.
From the Paper
"A child fathered on a hetaera, even by a full-fledged citizen, would not be afforded citizenship in kind, which rendered the role of a mother obsolete in her. The hetaera found her place in a much different and less domestic setting, but one which was as polarizing to the wife as child-bearing was to the hetaera. The proper place for love and sex was ?excluded from the family setting,? given over instead to the drinking group, which was primarily set in the symposium which was found in the men?s quarters, an area to which the wife was restricted from entering (Murray, 23). It was in this setting, which was forbidden territory for Athenian women that the highest expressions of love took place."
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The Greek and Athenian Concept of the World, 1998.
This paper explores the ancient Greek and Athenian concept of the world order and the conception of the human scrutinizing of previous societal, bodily and philosophical inquiry.
1,245 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, AU$ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the classic Greeks and Athenian view on the world around them. It describes the concept of the body, mind and inner self that lead to philosophical inquiry and questioning of the human mind and the resulting societies it created.
From the Paper
"Athens during the fifth century B.C. is often identified as one of the main sources of Western values and standards. Later Europeans and Americans regarded the Athenians as the originators of democracy, drama, representational or realistic art, history, philosophy, and science. At different times over the last 2,500 years they also attempted to imitate the ?Golden Age? of classical Athens in everything from buildings to literature. Many U.S. state capitols and government buildings are modeled on the Parthenon or other temples. We still divide drama into tragedy and comedy in the same way the Athenians did. During some historical periods, such as the Renaissance, thinkers and writers made conscious attempts to return to the classical ideals in all areas of life, combing the works of Athenians authors for previously overlooked material in the quest to draw guidance and learn everything possible from this unique flowering of culture."
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Athenian Democratic Thoughts, 2002.
A look into the belief system of Athenians that enabled them to elect a democratic government.
2,572 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 124.95
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Abstract
Athenians thought their democracy to be based on their unique characteristics of temperance and justice, the core of political virtue. The paper explains that by teaching and continually reinforcing this political virtue they could utilize everyone and confidently make the wisest decisions. It explains how this form of government forced the citizens to act for the common welfare so as to ensure their personal freedom. The Assembly, Council of 500, court system, and military appointments, all reflect these ideologies. Since everyone had political virtue, all were welcomed to participate and advance if they displayed the necessary abilities.
From the Paper
"In order to fully understand Athenian democracy it is necessary to explore the Athenian tenets and ideologies that ultimately created this government. Athenians believed that: certain human qualities made democracy a more functional solution than other constitutional alternatives; there was a practice that best nurtured these qualities; democratic governments were more likely to make wise decisions than other forms of government; and one factor ensured that citizens would act for the common good. Athenians thought justice and temperance, the human qualities that rendered democracy more practical than other governments, embodied political virtue. The community nurtured this political virtue by teaching and continually reinforcing it in every day life. This established democracy made wise decisions because it believed that everyone had political virtue and so utilized everyone when legislating. Athenians would act for the common good solely to ensure that they retained their personal freedom. Consequently, the Athenian democracy reflected their ideologies in its institutions and practices, namely in the Assembly, the Council of 500, the court system, and the appointment of military generals."
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Internet and Athenian Democracy, 2005.
This paper discusses the connection or lack of connection between the Internet and Athenian democracy.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that although the Internet does offer a great deal for rich countries, there are many other poor nations that are left out of this revolution. The writer points out that while countries such as the United States get great benefits, other countries such as Africa get nothing. The writer further notes that there are fast and slow lane countries, and globalization, like capitalism, is designed only to profit the faster moving countries. The writer concludes that what the Internet promises is something for the rich majority, along with an increase in world poverty.
From the Paper
"The idea that the Internet promises a new age of democracy is true and false. Democracy means the rule of the majority. It is very true that the Internet offers a great deal for the rich nations of the world. The Internet is a growing network of computer networks. Out of the Internet has developed a new culture and a revolution in goods and services. The problem is that much of the world is left out of that culture and revolution."
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Socrates' Threat to Athenian Democracy, 2004.
This paper explores the reasons for Socrates' trial and execution.
1,442 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explores why Socrates' teachings and character were irreconcilable with the civic order and authority of Athenian rule. The paper focuses on the arguments proposed by Socrates in light of the state of Athenian politics. The paper shows how his 'subversive' convictions and arguments on the state of the Athenian social model were seen as a threat that needed to be exterminated.
From the Paper
"The first source to draw on when looking at the question, and attempting to gauge the level of potential threat Socrates posed to the state of Athens, is the indictment he was charged with being guilty of in the first place: "This indictment and affidavit is sworn by Meletus, the son of Meletus of Pitthos, against Socrates, the son of Sophroniscus of Alopece. Socrates is guilty of refusing to recognize the gods recognized by the state and of introducing other divinities. He is also guilty of corrupting the youth. The penalty demanded is death." First let us look at the religious implications of such a charge."
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Athenian Democracy in Ancient Greece, 2006.
An analysis of Pericles' funeral oration during the Peloponnesian War.
1,547 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes Pericles' funeral oration and how it stands as one of the most memorable rhetorical tributes to Athenian democratic ideals. The paper examines how Athens was an open system of government, and Pericles stated that such self-governance made its military superior to that of Athens' adversaries. The paper concludes that even though the ideal of Athenian democracy was not always as pure as the vision lauded by Pericles in his speech, the very presence of the ideal, and the idea that freedom is worth fighting for, was unique, and uniquely expressed in this leader's words.
From the Paper
"Athenian government is thus equated with the Athenian people--with all of the Athenian people. Most movingly, perhaps, in the final part of his speech, Pericles turns to the fathers and mothers who have given up sons and spouses to the war. He states that the parents who are still young should have more children, children who will be able to enjoy the democracy that their older siblings fought and died for, and he tells the women to be strong too, in the face of the sorrows that they and their city are enduring over the course of the war."
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A Comparison of Modern Democracy and Classical Athenian Democracy, 2002.
Compares modern constitutional democracies and the democracy of classical Athens.
914 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 52.95
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Abstract
Discusses the major differences between Athenian democracy and modern democracy. Differences include voting and citizenship rights, gender and background bias in the Athenian social and economic system, the type of representation that each society offered and the 'participation factor' in Athens.
From the Paper
"There are several significant differences between modern constitutional democracies and the democracy of classical Athens. Even though the classical Athenian democracy was a major step forward in political thought, at its height there were still many areas in which it was decidedly unlike any democracy existing today. These differences fall into three major categories: differences in who could vote, in the type of representation, and in the overall participation factor.
One major and clearly recognizable difference is that in the Athenian democracy there was only a certain selected element of the population that was allowed to vote. This difference in voting behavior stems from the fact that the Athenian social and economic system was supportive of the suppression of groups of people according to gender and background in ways that are not acceptable in today?s western cultures.
For example, women were not given full rights of citizenship. They were also socially and economically kept in a subservient role to men. Women?s function was seen as primarily that of propagation and managing a household. Women were not allowed access to the marketplace of ideas that was so important to the Athenians.
These conditions set up an interactive cycle between the social and political institutions; since women were regarded as inferior and not deserving of full citizenship, they were not allowed to vote. However, without the ability to vote, it was very unlikely that any of these restrictions would be modified or lifted. The role of women in Greek society was too firmly entrenched to be easily changed."
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Athenian Democracy, 2002.
A comparison of the modern concept of democracy with the original form practiced in Ancient Greece.
1,985 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the political system of Ancient Greece known as Athenian democracy. It looks at the functions of the two bodies that were assigned government functions - the Assembly and the Council. It compares these functions with those of contemporary functions - non-executive head of state; executive head of state, ministers and legislative body. The scope and development of the political system of democracy during this period is also analyzed.
From the Paper
"Democracy comes from two Greek words, first a noun, demos; meaning ''people'' and second a verb, kratein, meaning ''to rule.'' However, the fundamental meaning of democracy is ''government by the people" or "rule by the ruled (Aristotle, 23).'' As a word it has its foundation from Greek, so one has to refer to ancient Greece in order to find its origin and basic meaning. The 5th century Athens of the city-state was the originator and leading practitioner of democracy. Hence for about 4,000 years men lived under the forms of government other than democratic. However, it all started in the mid of the 5th century before Christ in Athens. Therefore, democracy as a theory and actual system of government has existed for almost 2500 years, with changeable degrees of constancy between both theory and practice (Aristotle, 24)."
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A Comparison of Modern Democracy and Classical Athenian Democracy, 2002.
This paper looks at several significant differences between modern constitutional democracies and the democracy of classical Athens.
864 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
The writer shows that even though the classical Athenian democracy was a major step forward in political thought, at its height there were still many areas in which it was decidedly unlike any democracy existing today. The paper divides these differences into three major categories: differences in who could vote, in the type of representation, and in the overall participation factor.
From the Paper
"One major and clearly recognizable difference is that in the Athenian democracy there was only a certain selected element of the population that was allowed to vote. This difference in voting behavior stems from the fact that the Athenian social and economic system was supportive of the suppression of groups of people according to gender and background in ways that are not acceptable in today?s western cultures."
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Why Were the Athenians and Peloponnesians Engaged in Conflict 460-404?, 2001.
An essay on the causes of the Peloponnesian War, and the reasons for its longevity.
2,220 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 110.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the causes of the Peloponnesian War, and the nature in which it took place. It discusses Thucydides' view that the underlying reason for the war was Spartan fear of Athens, as well as the more immediate factors. Finally, it examines how the structure of the Athenian and Spartan states gave the war its longevity, which only ended when an external power, Persia, became involved.
From the Paper
"By 460 Athens, primarily through her navy, had risen to the status of a great power. Her dominance of the Delian League had led to an empire; this generated enough wealth to rebuild her home city which had been destroyed by the Persians in 479. Sparta, by contrast, had been reduced in status; previously the major power in Greece, her lack of a navy had led to Athens' leadership of the Delian League, and now erupted a great rivalry between the two powers. However, there were many restrictions upon both sides on the terms at which they could go to war, and these restrictions, alongside many other factors, would influence the indecisive and prolonged nature of their conflicts over the next half a century. The main source for this period is Thucydides; his reliability, although questioned, is far superior to other contemporary sources, and the huge amount of critical analysis done on his history is a compliment rather than a criticism of his work, as by providing such a detailed and political account he is alone in allowing such debate. Thus, he shapes our analysis of the outbreak of war. For example, what he calls the Peloponnesian War is the period from 431-404, which excludes the previous thirty years of conflict, a period which he treats with lesser detail. As to the outbreak of war, he gives a long account of the events leading up to the war of 431, and to an extent he implies which ones were of greater consequence. However, he qualifies this: 'the real reason for the war is, in my opinion, most likely to be disguised by such an argument. What made war inevitable was the growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta' ."
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Review of Roger Just's "Women In Athenian Law and Life", 2001.
A critique of Roger Just's book on women in ancient Athens and a look at his findings.
3,050 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of "Women in Athenian Law and Life" about the role of women in the life of ancient Athens, and explains many of Just's findings while offering a critique of his work.
From the Paper
"Using myths and speeches of ancient Athenian times, Roger Just tries to paint a picture of the Athenian woman along with her role in society. Graduate of Melbourne University, he takes the viewpoint of a ?social anthropologist?, which gives his interpretations of Athenian society a special twist. Being Just?s first and only book to date, he has left his mark on the subject of women in Athenian life."
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Social Role of Athenian Women, 1977.
This paper contends that women in ancient Athens were not as debased or as secluded as sometimes presented in literature.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, AU$ 89.95
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From the Paper
The purpose of this research is to show that the Athenian woman was not as completely debased or as secluded as sometimes presented. The social, political and legal rights of women during this ancient period of Greece's history will be reviewed. Also covered will be evidence of women's participation in religious ceremonies.
The point is a difficult one to prove - or disprove - it depends from which viewpoint in history you are looking at the Greeks; it also depends, since the Greeks had a caste system of sorts, which economic class you are concentrating on.
To the Victorian woman, whose only legitimate role was to marry and be supported and protected by her husband, the glamorous, educated lives of the "hetairai" (prostitutes), if they were allowed to be aware of them, would have seemed like devilishly- ... "
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