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"Arms Control: Toward the 21st Century" ( Eds Jeffrey Larsen & Gregory Rattray ), 1999.
Reviews collection of articles on U.S. military spending during & after the Cold War, looking at global security, demilitarization options and nuclear arms.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 102.95
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From the Paper
" The issue of military spending and the size and power of the military-industrial complex has been argued heatedly for decades, but the discussion has shifted decidedly in favor of down-sizing the military and reducing military-oriented spending significantly since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of the Eastern bloc. The end of the Cold War has given impetus to efforts at reducing military expenditures across the board. Ever since World War II, the size of the military budget has been tied to fears of Communist aggression and the perception that the Communist nations were intent on spreading their ideology to every other nation of the world. The disintegration of the Soviet empire has not removed all of the threats from the world stage, and indeed that disintegration has itself created new tensions in some parts of the world as ethnic groups long.."
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The Influence of Civic Engagement on Arms Control, 2008.
A discussion of the effectiveness of civic engagement in influencing global public policy on nuclear arms control.
4,030 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 175.95
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Abstract
This paper states that its research on the issue of civic engagement in global public policy confirms that citizens and peace activists all over the world have organized transnational networks in order to influence arms control policies and bring about change. Their efforts have produced mixed results, from remarkable success to complete failure. Ultimately, their influence on arms control policy depends upon their ability to generate public support for arms reductions, for public support translates into political pressure on government policymakers. The paper brings historical examples from the Cold War to illustrate this, such as the Cuban missile crisis, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with the Soviet Union, the Salt I Treaty, the Strategic Defense Initiative, and the START treaty. The paper concludes by stating that arms and militarism have been an inseparable part of every major empire or culture throughout human history and that this is a dilemma peace activists may not be able to resolve. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"Civic engagement on arms control policy emerged in the aftermath of the Second World War in response to the development and deployment of nuclear weapons by the United States and the Soviet Union. After the fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union amassed huge arsenals of atomic bombs, intercontinental ballistic missiles, strategic jet bombers, and ballistic missile submarines, and it seemed that conventional battles fought by massed armies of tanks and infantry would never occur again. The general consensus among government officials and the public as well was that possession of nuclear weapons was the new measure of any nation's military power."
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American and Soviet Arms Control Policies, 2001.
A comparative essay of the American and Soviet arm control policies during Nixon times.
960 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 55.95
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Abstract
A comparison of American and Soviet arms control strategies during the Nixon administration, including SALT negotiations. The author looks at the motives and intentions of establishing arm control policies and the type of policies established.
From the Paper
"In November, 1969, the United States and Soviet Union began the first major arms control talks in the history of the Cold War. As stated in class, both sides came to the talks with different goals in mind, and there were even differing motives on the American side itself. The United States approached the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) with the intention of establishing detente with the Soviet Union."
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Jimmy Carter's Arms Control Policy, 2001.
This paper takes a look at President Jimmy Carter's policy regarding the SALT negotiations.
855 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how the Carter administration attempted to halt Moscow?s advance through arms control however the agreements negotiated by the Carter administration left the US at a dangerous disadvantage by allowing the Soviets a first strike capability.
From the Paper
"In March, 1977, Secretary of State Vance presented the administration?s ?comprehensive proposal? to Moscow. Carter?s position included two proposals. One offered to restrict American cruise missiles to a 2500 miles in exchange for Soviet reductions in SS-18s from 308 to 150. The second proposal left both cruise missiles and SS-18s unrestricted. The Soviets rejected both proposals. This gave the US the chance to continue development of the cruise missile unabatedly, but did nothing to address the rising Soviet threat. The fear of future vulnerability led Carter to reinforce Western Europe, deploying 35,000 more troops, more equipment, ground launched cruise missiles (GLCMs), and Pershing II intermediate range ballistic missiles. "
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U.S.-Soviet Arms Control, 1992.
Looks at the evolution of disarmament since WWII, emphasizing the 1980s and the impact of the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991-92.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 76.95
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From the Paper
"This study will discuss strategic arms control and disarmament issues between the United States and the Soviet Union. The study will briefly review the evolution of these issues from the end of World War II up to February, 1992, in the wake of the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the extremely uncertain and unstable circumstances which prevail as a result of that disintegration.
The Cold War (now declared "dead" in the aftermath of the break-up of the Soviet Union) stretched over more than four decades and was most terrifying in terms of the nuclear issues which dominated that period from the end of World War II to late 1991 when the Soviet Union was officially broken up. For the bulk of that period --- in the wake of the American bombing of two Japanese cities and the creation by the Soviets of their own ..."
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U.S.-Soviet Arms Control, 1991.
A look at the uncertainties and obstacles in context of the turbulent Soviet politics under Mikhail Gorbachev. Includes strategic balance, mistrust, negotiations, the MX missle and Ronald Reagan policies.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 191.95
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From the Paper
" If I were to become Soviet president, I would
not allow President Bush to talk to me the way he
talks to the current Soviet president. Believe me,
Bush would have to take me into consideration
because I would put strategic forces on alert just
to accomplish this aim (Shogren, 1991, p. H-6, c. 1).
.. Col. Nikolai S. Petrushenko
Soviet Parliament Member
A year ago, at the height of the period of Soviet liberalization under Mikhail Gorbachev, the problem of arms control .. indeed, the entire question of American and Soviet strategic forces and the strategic balance of the superpowers .. seemed to be a has.been issue. The new democratizing Soviet Union, or post.Soviet confederation, would be America's partner..."
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The Right to Bear Arms.
This paper discusses, based on the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, the "right to bear arms" issue.
1,090 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, today, the interpretation of the amendment has polarized the American people into two different views: (1) Those opposed to private ownership of firearms argue that there is no individual right to bear arms because the Second Amendment refers to the people's collective right as a members of a well-regulated State militia, and (2) those in favor hold that individuals may bring claims or raise challenges based on a violation of their rights under the Second Amendment. The author points out that the "rights of the people" means the rights of individuals; the right to keep and bear arms is an individual right, just as are all rights in the first ten amendments, the Bill of Rights. The paper relates that the phrase "keep arms" at the time of the writing of the United States Constitution usually indicated the private ownership and retention of arms by individuals as individuals, not the stockpiling of arms by a government or its soldiers.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Background
Constitutional Interpretation
"The Right of the People"
"To Keep and Bear Arms"
"A Well Regulated Militia, Being Necessary to the Security of a Free State"
Conclusion
From the Paper
"When "right" is used together with "the people" the right must belong to individuals because people are not a State or the Militia. Evidence shows that the only truly "collective" use of the "the people" at the time of the Founding was to refer to the people as they existed apart from government or any service to it. For example, the Declaration of Independence refers to "one People" dissolving their political bonds with another and forming their own nation, and "We the people" created the Constitution in ratifying conventions chosen "by the People" of each State. Thus, when "the right of the people" appears in the Constitution, it indicates a personal right of individuals, whether that be a right to assemble and petition, to be secure in one's person and property, or to keep and bear arms."
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EDS, 2006.
An assessment of Ross Perot's company, EDS.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 161.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the company EDS, or Electronic Data Systems, founded by Ross Perot. The paper traces the history, development, personalities connected to and controversy associated with EDS, particularly in terms of its affiliation with WorldCom. Much of the paper focuses on the company's founder and CEO Ross Perot, examining his personal gain from the company and his flamboyant -- often controversial -- leadership style. Then the paper turns to an evaluation of the damaging affect WorldCom -- known for its ethical ambiguity -- has had on EDS and attempts by the company to regain its credibility and profitability.
Outline:
WorldCom and EDS: Similarities and Differences
Hitching one's star to the wrong wagon
Back in the heart of Texas
Ebbers' match
Heads roll
That was then....
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is arguable that EDS' problems in the marketplace were caused more by earnings shortfalls, arguably caused by market conditions and unfortunate choices of partners, than by accounting practices. And in fact, EDS did not implode like Enron and WorldCom. It also replaced CEO Dick Brown with Michael Jordan, the retired chairman and chief executive of CBS Corp. (Feder 2003). Brown had reached a "mutual agreement," according to reports in the press. An EDS spokesman said that the company was stronger than when Brown joined it four years earlier, and that his resignation "demonstrated 'realism' and a 'willingness to take responsibility for things that were not necessarily his fault'" (Feder 2003, database). The claim that the company is stronger is cold comfort to the shareholders. IN 2003, when those optimistic statements were issued, EDS shared traded at $15.76, down from $65.91 a year before, prior to the WorldCom bankruptcy and the other factors, noted above, that contributed to the disastrous failure to reach third quarter earnings projections in 2002."
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Arms Sales, 2007.
This paper looks at how arms sales throughout the world have increased dramatically since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 105.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses worldwide arms sales during and after the Cold War. The writer explores events leading to the increase in arms sales and provides an argument that the dismantling of the Soviet Union launched an arms sales increase. The paper explains how selling arms to developing nations provides stronger countries with power because the stronger country can threaten to stop the sales or to sell to the enemy if the developing nation does not do as it is told. The paper argues that it is time to stop the cycle before the US and other nations become "bully" nations.
From the Paper
"The collapse of the Soviet Union rocked the world. The entire industrialized society tuned in to watch the dismantling of what it believed to be the stronghold on communism and many of the world's problems. Little did society realize that the dismantling of the USSR would also trigger issues that would create concerns. One of the biggest surprises that came out of the cold war and the collapse of the Soviet Union was the increase in worldwide arms sales. While most of the world viewed the dismantling and rebuilding process of the Soviet Union to be in keeping with steps towards world peace evidence has shown that since the collapse of the Soviet Union arms sale throughout the world have increased dramatically."
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The Right to Bear Arms, 2006.
An argument in favor of the right to bear arms based on historical analysis and interpretation of the U.S. Constitution.
3,790 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 20 sources, MLA, AU$ 167.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an historical look at what the framers of the U.S. Constitution meant regarding the right to keep and bear arms and looks at some of the controversial issues associated with this right. The paper then uses this information to present arguments favoring the right to bear arms. The paper also contrasts American policy on the right to bear arms with that of other countries and uses this contrast to further support the argument that American citizens should and do have the right to keep and bear arms.
From the Paper
"When the Constitution went up for ratification, there was much debate in state conventions and two opposing forces emerged. One of the sides was the Antifederalists, who were against the government having the power to dispossess individuals of their rights such as the right to keep and bear arms. The other side was the Federalists, who were desperately trying to have the Constitution ratified and maintain a centralized standing army. The Federalists guaranteed that people would be armed so that they could stop a tyrannical standing army. The Anti-federalists were concerned that people could be overwhelmed by the established standing army without one explicitly written right preserving the individual to keep and bear arms."
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Small Arms Proliferation and Misuse in the Southeast Asia, 2003.
A look at the proliferation of small arms and their subsequent misuse by criminal elements in Southeast Asia.
1,204 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the impact of small arms proliferation in Southeast Asian region. It highlights studies that detail illegal activities that allow rebels access to small arms with which to perpetrate further chaos in the country by undermining vital aspects of basic human security.
Contents
Introduction
Small Arms Proliferation and its Impacts on Human Security in Southeast Asia
From the Paper
"According to the "Small Arms Survey 2002: Counting the Human Cost" published by the University of Geneva, the total number of human lives lost to small arms has reached approximately 639 million worldwide. Relatedly, according to the United Nations, the current number of small arms around the world is estimated to be 500 million to 1 billion. Light weapons are found to be the principal cause of death in conflicts around the world with the vast number of casualties belonging to civilians. It appears that despite the numerous lives lost, small arms and light weapons remain largely available in the world.
Small arms proliferation and their subsequent misuse by criminal elements have not only caused massive deaths but also undermined the equally important aspects of human security. These aspects include economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security and political security. With the increasing level of small arms proliferation and the resulting instability and insecurity it causes, human security is threatened. It serves to prolong the violent intra-state conflicts, and worst, encourage the demand for more arms for more profit to arms peddlers and for self-defense of neglected civilians. It is in this context that human security is examined amidst the proliferation and misuse of small arms in Southeast Asia."
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?A Farewell to Arms?, 2002.
A review of Ernest Hemingway's novel ?A Farewell to Arms?.
1,446 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Ernest Hemingway's novel ?A Farewell to Arms?, based on Hemingway's memories of driving an ambulance during World War I. Many of Hemingway's novels are semi-autobiographical and the character of Frederic Henry is in fact modelled on himself and part of the story on his relationship with his wife. It shows that while this is a novel of memory, it is also a novel of self-discovery, structured to show the self-exploration and self-discovery of Frederic who's character changes from the beginning of the novel to the end. It analyzes how the title of the novel has a dual meaning, for by the end of the novel the Frederic Henry will have been tested by arms, meaning the tools of war and he will have been held by the arms of his wife. He says farewell to both, to the war as he deserts and to his wife because she dies.
From the Paper
"It is, of course, through his relationship with Catherine that his ability to care is brought forth most clearly so that it becomes a part of his overt personality. Catherine, for her part, is drawn to Frederic precisely because he is not deceptive, whether that is because he does not care enough or not. Catherine "defines herself as someone living life as fully as she can" (Hays 62), and "her love and devotion convert Frederic Henry from a selfish, uncaring individual to one who loves, who shares, and who serves others" (Hays 62). The relationship mirrors the one Hemingway himself had with Agnes, as noted, and he uses the story in the novel as a metaphor for his reality."
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Nursing Coat of Arms, 2008.
This paper looks at the coat of arms design used by the nursing profession.
1,082 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the origins of the coat of arms and describes the coat of arms used by nursing schools. The paper discusses the many qualities that make nursing distinct from any other form of work. The paper explains how a coat of arms is intended to capture these key qualities.
From the Paper
"The profession of nursing is an outstanding one, primarily because nurses are dedicated to their patients and are involved in an ethic of care. The concept of the person is central to nursing as is healing. A coat of arms is intended to capture the key qualities or the essence of what the nursing profession means. The main qualities which depict nursing can be represented through the components of a coat of arms. A coat of arms refers to a design that can be used to depict a single individual or a group, and this can be achieved in diverse ways."
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Hemingway?s "A Farewell to Arms", 2002.
A review of the book, "A Farewell to Arms" by Ernest Hemingway focusing on the complex relationship between love and war.
1,179 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Hemingway's "A Farewell to Arms" and illustrates how the author broaches the brutality of war while juxtaposing it against the complexity of human emotions. The paper examines the tragic ending to "A Farewell to Arms" showing how it underscores the difficulty in finding meaning in life. The paper describes how Hemingway drives home the complex relationship between love and war and draws out their ironic similarities in his novel "A Farewell to Arms".
From the Paper
"Hemingway broaches the brutality of war while juxtaposing it against the complexity of human emotions in his novel "A Farewell to Arms". Set in Europe during World War I, "A Farewell to Arms" is a classic American text that elucidates the role of women in the time of its publication as well as revealing the author?s own feelings towards the roles of men and women in society. The narrator and protagonist is a man conflicted about his position in the army and his position as a lover. Frederic Henry dismisses the philosophical nature of war and heroism, downplaying the loftier causes of the Great War. Mirroring his conflict about warfare is his relationship with Catherine Barkley. Catherine initiates their affair in a playful and frivolous manner, but because a genuine love and trust develops between the two, Henry?s character matures and his priorities are realized: romantic love usurps his desire to be a hero. Amid this background and setting of death and bloodshed, Hemingway introduces the theme of the fundamentally bleak nature of human existence, for in spite of their love, Henry and Catherine cannot find lasting happiness. The conflict between love and war and the universal struggle for meaning is played out against this backdrop. Frederick Henry?s internal strife parallels the bloody fights that surround him, and through his role in the army and his role in his relationship with Catherine, the character proves the primacy of love."
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The Right to Bear Arms, 2007.
This paper claims that the right to bear arms is a constitutionally protected right.
1,582 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 82.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the controversy surrounding the interpretation of the Second Amendment's provision regarding the right to keep and bear arms. The paper explains how some posit that this refers to the people's collective right as a members of a well-regulated state militia, while others claim it refers to each individual's rights. This paper argues that the Second Amendment was designed not only to protect the militias; it was also intended to protect an individual's right to own and bear arms.
Outline:
Introduction
Historical Background
Constitutional Interpretation
"The Right of the People"
"To Keep and Bear Arms"
"A Well Regulated Militia, being Necessary to the Security of a Free State"
Challenges to the Second Amendment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Today, the interpretation of the Second Amendment has polarized the American people among two different views (Greenslade, 2004). Those opposed to private ownership of firearms argue that there is no individual right to keep and bear arms because the Second Amendment refers to the people's collective right as a members of a well-regulated State militia. In contrast, the individual rights view holds that individuals may bring claims or raise challenges based on a violation of their rights under the Second Amendment just as they do to vindicate individual rights secured by other provisions of the Bill of Rights. This view appears to be the most valid after placing the Second Amendment in appropriate historical and Constitutional context."
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Equality of Arms in International Tribunals, 2006.
A discussion regarding the modern concept of equality of arms.
3,068 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 26 sources, APA, AU$ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at modern day warfare and the role of the equality of arms concept at International Criminal Tribunals. The paper concludes by reviewing the impact of the Military Commission Act of 2006 on the theory of equality of arms.
From the Paper
"Even from the beginning, the purpose of these international tribunals was to have fair trials in order for justice to be properly served . In order to do so, it would have been necessary that the principle of equality of arms would have been respected. Unfortunately, in the case of the ICTY and the ICTR, equality of arms meant only that the accused would receive proper counsel but not the same resources as the prosecutors. For example, in the first case before the ICTY, that of Dusko Tadic, the lawyers assigned to represent him were not properly "trained" to be able to do so, because their expertise did not include that specific type of adversarial proceedings. Moreover, while the prosecutors benefited from the Special Legal Services division created by the tribunal, there was no such thing for the defense counsel. From the financial point of view, there were also some serious problems. For example, the defense lawyer's fees were considerably smaller than the ones of the prosecutors. Fortunately, the defense's petition for an increase of the daily fees, addressed to the Registry, was approved, thus improving the situation. There were also insufficient funds to cover administrative costs; an important fact influencing the fate of the trial was that the Serb authorities did not cooperate with the defense team and that witnesses could not be brought to the location of the trial in order to be questioned."
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