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The Argentina Debt Crisis, 2008.
This paper explores the debt crisis in Argentina and its causes.
2,178 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 108.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the debt crisis in Argentina that helped plunge the nation into a financial crisis in 2001. The paper argues that much of the blame should be directed towards the Argentine governments' policies of the 1980s and early years of this decade. The paper also contends that the IMF (International Monetary Fund) should be criticized but stresses that both parties share the blame.
From the Paper
"The debt crisis which wracked many developing countries in the early 1980s (and thereafter) came about because of overly-extravagant domestic policies and exorbitant government spending - at least according to a United States Department of State dispatch from 1994. In any case, the developing nations - which obviously did not have huge tax bases or swollen coffers like their confreres in the developed west - were confronted with huge budget deficits and with overvalued exchange rates. According to the US State Department, the developing world (or at least many of its constituent nations) relied on short-term, variable rate loans to get them through the fiscal crises of the period - but those policies made them susceptible to the depredations brought about rising interest rates."
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Argentina's Economic Debt, 2002.
A review of the currect state of Argentina's economic debt and the changes needed to fix it.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, AU$ 56.95
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Abstract
A paper on the economic steps that need to be taken for the debt structure.
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Economic Crisis in Argentina, 2002.
This paper examines some of the factors underlying Argentina's current financial and economic crisis.
5,925 words (approx. 23.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 227.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the current economic and subsequent political crisis facing Argentina. The paper begins with a history of Argentina, from a political point of view, citing years of internal conflict as one of the causes of the current situation. The writer concludes that while there were many indicators leading up to the crisis, the hyperinflation and problems with investment and unemployment are only symptoms of more fundamental problems in Argentina.
From the Paper
"Officially the Argentine Republic, Argentina is a country occupying most of the southern portion, or southern cone, of South America. Argentina is the eighth largest country in the world (it has an area of 1,073,399 square miles, roughly larger than Mexico and the U.S. state of Texas combined). The population of Argentina in July 2001 was estimated at 37,384,816. Argentina is bounded by Chile to the south and west, Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, and Brazil, Uruguay, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Buenos Aires is the nation's capital. Throughout its history and like most of its neighbors, Argentina has repeatedly been subject to rule by a "caudillo figure," or a strong leader, often from the military, who dominated the nation, usually until he was deposed or died."
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Public Debt vs. Federal Debt, 2002.
A comparison of what public debt is vs. what federal debt is, and how it affects the economy.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, AU$ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the government is just as effected at the economic crisis at the public and how both sections of the economy have been thrown into debt. The paper examines the differences between these two types of debts and discusses ways that the government can change policies and introduce reforms in order to end this cycle.
From the Paper
"The gross Federal debt is divided into two categories: debt held by the public, and debt the government owes itself. The first category, public debt, is the total of all federal deficits, minus surpluses, over the years. This is the money that the Federal Government has borrowed from the public, such as notes and bonds of varying sizes and time periods. This debt is held by individuals, corporations, state or local governments, foreign governments, and other entities outside of the US government. This does not include Federal Financing Bank securities. (A side note here: the Federal Financing Bank was established to ?consolidate and reduce the governments cost of financing a variety of federal agencies and other borrowers whose obligations are guaranteed by the Federal Government?.) (Public Debt Online) "
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The Argentine Fiscal Crisis, 2002.
This paper examines the current economic crisis in Argentina.
1,415 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper is a discussion, and analysis of the fiscal crisis currently facing Argentina. The author details some of the causes of the current crisis, including defaulting on the debt, the devaluation of the country's peso and political corruption. The affects of the crisis on the region's stability, Argentina's trade relationships with Europe and the United States are also discussed. The turmoil within the country itself is discussed in detail, and the author also offers some creative solutions to the crisis.
From the Paper
"Despite criticism from some nations like Spain, who is heavily affected by Argentina?s crisis, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has so far refused to give any more aid to the country. However, many people blame the IMF for loaning ?massive? amounts to Argentina earlier in their crisis, along with conditions requiring the country to tighten its fiscal policies. Now, Argentina is unable to repay these outstanding loans. Some of the over 130 million in debt was defaulted on in December, and ?Critics say the IMF-imposed reforms have failed to work because they don't take into account the local situation. They argue that the insistence on debt repayment is what's brought Argentina to the brink of collapse? (Editors)"
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Argentinian Economic Crisis, 2002.
Examines how a country like Argentina reached this level of economic chaos. Includes background from 1970s until December 2001.
1,316 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the recent Argentinian economic crisis is one of the most significant events that took place in modern history of Latin America. This paper focuses on the causes of the crisis and the period of the outbreak, December 2001 and January 2002.
From the Paper
"For most of the 20th century, Argentina was considered one of the most developed countries in South America, however poor economic decisions, political instability, and widespread corruption have contributed to Argentina's decline from the 10th richest country in the world in 1913 to the 36th in 1998. Argentina now finds itself bankrupt with an external debt of US153 billion. This makes up one seventh of all the debt of developing countries."
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Argentina, 2004.
A discussion on the financial crisis in Argentina.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper offers an economic analysis of the financial crisis in Argentina. It discusses long term and immediate problems. The author also explores Argentina's economic restructuring in the early 1990s. The paper expands on the privatization initiative and changes in the banking system.
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Exploring Methods of Assessing State Debt Affordability, 2005.
A discussion of the problem and significance of state debt affordability, an analysis of the leading methods to measuring and controlling debt affordability at the state level, and recommendations to state debt managers.
4,861 words (approx. 19.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 198.95
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Abstract
A state government's ability to balance the competing objectives of affordability, flexibility and capital demands can be challenging. One of the important objectives of a debt policy is to define the measures of debt affordability. This paper analyzes the prevailing literature on state debt affordability. It investigates the methods of debt affordability assessment that state governments currently practice and finds that states typically have an informal approach to addressing key policy elements regarding state debt and state debt managers often have no clear standard for measuring affordability. The writer presents two methods for addressing the problem of affordability: A generational model that attempts to determine how much debt is being shouldered by each generation and a relative affordability model that compares states' ratios of debt to resources available. In response to the literature, recommendations are made arguing for the importance of including affordability assessments in debt policy, the implementation of more formalized policies dealing with state debt affordability, the refinement of the generational model for use at the state level, and the use of the relative affordability model as a tool for debt managers.
From the Paper
"Debt has become one of the most important tools of contemporary state governments. It is used to finance a plethora of each state's ventures every year. Since 1975, the outstanding state debt has doubled nearly eight times, resulting in a $548 billion dollar tab as of the year 2000. Generally, this debt is non-guaranteed and issued by different entities created by the state which are not bound by traditional centralized oversight and control. This long-term debt is typically issued to finance capital expenses (Brecher, Richwerger, & Van Wagner, 2003). These capital expenses can take many forms, ranging from homeless shelters to sports stadiums and everything in between (Robbins & Dungan, 2001)."
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Exchange Rate in Argentina, 2002.
An analysis of the effect of the exchange rate stabilization programs in Argentina.
3,525 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 207.95
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Abstract
This paper will probe at the trials and tribulations of the exchange stabilization program(s) in Argentina over the first half of the 1990s. This type of study could potentially draw on a number of important and directly related factors, and an even more impressive roster of indirect links. In the interests of brevity, only the most relevant factors will be drawn into the discussion. These include the nature of the stabilization programs in Argentina, the debt crisis of 1995, the debate between fixed and flexible exchange rates, the prediction of future exchange rates using spot values, and a brief mention on the other forces that are at work to undermine efforts to sustain economic stabilization in the developing economies. One of the important ones to mention is globalization, which is linked directly to factor allocation, linked interest rates, highly mobile capital, and the like.
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The Telecommunications Industry in Argentina, 2002.
A paper written as a report for potential investors in Argentina's telecommunications industry.
11,421 words (approx. 45.7 pages), 28 sources, MLA, AU$ 358.95
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Abstract
This report is designed to provide the investor considering entry into the telecommunications industry in Argentina with the information needed to make an informed decision on the issue. To provide a logical flow of information to support an integrated assessment process by an investor, this report is structured in major sections, each of which provides information relevant to the investment decision in a sequence that leads from a basic familiarity with the country to an in-depth review of the telecommunications provider industry in Argentina.
Outline
Introduction
Contents
Introduction to Argentina
Argentina?s Geographic Setting
Social Profile
Overview of the Economy
Government
Infrastructure
Macroeconomics of Argentina
Macroeconomic Aggregates
Foreign Debt
Economic Outlook
Foreign Exchange and Trade Controls
Role of Foreign Trade
Foreign Exchange Regulation
Foreign Trade Regulation
Tax Regulations
Tax Rates
Special Provisions
Tax Treaties
Currency Experience
Currency Review
Argentina's Stock Market
Stock Market Review
Telecommunications Industry in Argentina
Telecommunications: Concept
Privatization
Telecommunications Regulation and Deregulation in Argentina
Telecommunications Companies
Telefonica de Argentina
Telecom Argentina
Comparing Telefonica and Telecom
From the Paper
"The loss of the war brought about a popular, and relatively peaceful, revolution in Argentina, which, in turn, gained the adoption of a new constitution, and the election of a new president, Raul Alfonsin, in 1983. The revolution was not just against the outcome of the war. It was also a manifestation of the extreme dissatisfaction of the Argentine public with the terror tactics employed domestically by the military governments, and with the almost complete mismanagement of the country's economy by those governments. Argentina's current constitution is designed to provide stable, elected civilian governments. It is also designed to curb the power of the military, although President Alfonsin had to deal with several attempted rebellions by factions within the country's military establishment. In October 1989, President Menem announced pardons for 39 military officers accused of human rights crimes during the period of military rule, and announced the end of human rights trials for military officers for actions alleged to have occurred during the period of military rule. These moves by President Menem were designed to enhance the country's political stability. The new constitution also provides the government with greater powers to manage the economy than were available under the constitution of 1853, as amended."
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International Debt Crisis, 2001.
This paper examines the real reasons behind the debt crisis faced by developing countries, focusing on the structural reasons for their continuing debt before turning to possible solutions.
2,950 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 140.95
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Abstract
Reasons for international debt are discussed with examples brought from Mexico and Brazil, oil exporters and oil importers; debt rescheduling; debt relief and first-world aid; the International Monetary Fund and the affect the IMF has had on poor countries. The two major methods of international reserve creation: the mining of gold and the acquisition of reserves in the form of key currencies are discussed along with their problems. Recent structural adjustment and debt relief are also examined, as well as the inability of poorer countries to pay their scheduled debt service and the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and its problems. This leads to a discussion of macro-economic adjustment.
From the Paper
"The current climate of recession has highlighted the reasons for raising the calls for poor country debt relief. It is difficult to believe claims made by creditors that they cannot afford further debt relief. Canceling effectively unpayable debts owed by the poorest countries may turn out to be a sensible policy for all creditors. As well as the strong moral argument for debt relief, there could be sound financial grounds for doing so to stimulate the global economy and promote growth."
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Debt Instruments, 1991.
This paper reviews traditional debt instruments including term loans, different types of bonds and debentures and analyzes the specific features of debt contracts: Zero coupon bonds, floating rate debt and junk bonds.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, AU$ 102.95
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From the Paper
"... deals with the topic of long-term debt. The chapter first presents an overview of traditional debt instruments including term loans, different types of bonds and debentures. Specific features of debt contracts are then analyzed including agency problems for bondholders, call provisions and sinking funds. Recent innovations in bonds are then discussed including zero coupon bonds, floating rate debt and junk bonds. The chapter concludes with a more detailed discussion of bond ratings and the factors which influence long-term financing decisions.
... defines a bond as a long-term contract under which ... "
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Wal-Mart in Argentina, 2007.
A financial risk analysis of Argentina and how this risk affects Wal-Mart's foreign direct investment strategy in Argentina.
1,201 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the economic and financial risks associated with Wal-Mart's continuing investment in Argentina. It discusses Argentina's issues with inflation and interest rates, as well as the structural weaknesses of the banking systems there. The paper then assesses the political risks involved in Wal-Mart's continued investment in Argentina.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Economic Risk
Financial Risk
Political Risk
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Furthermore, in January 2002, the peso was no longer tied to the U.S. dollar and the peso was floated in February 2002. As a consequence, the exchange rate plummeted and real GDP declined by 10.9 percent in 2002; however, by the middle of 2002, the Argentine economy had stabilized but at a lower level (World Factbook, 2006). During the 2-year period from 2003 to 2005, the country's GDP increased by approximately 9 percent annually, with economic growth being fueled by a resurgence in domestic demand, robust exports, and favorable external conditions (World Factbook, 2006). Although the Argentine government increased spending ahead of the October 2005 midterm congressional elections, strong revenue performance permitted the country to enjoy a budget surplus. Despite these positive signs, inflation remains a problem and has been steadily increasing; in fact, the inflation rate in Argentina reached 12.3 percent for consumer goods in 2005, but had declined to 11.1 percent by year's end (World Factbook, 2006)."
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Foreign Debt in Brazil, 2002.
Examines the economic and social consequences of foreign debt in Brazil, focusing on the Latin American Debt Crisis of 1995.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 7 sources, AU$ 157.95
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Abstract
Brazilian economic development has been characterized by a series of boom and bust periods with little to be said in terms of sustainable development. Because of this, governments throughout the latter half of the 20th century have made efforts to guide development via economic diversity through forced industrialization. In relative terms, poverty inequality, foreign debt and inflation remain staggering. As an example, in 1995, Brazil's total outstanding foreign debt was 159 billion dollars. This has had significant repellant effects on foreign investment. During the Latin American Debt crisis in 1995, the pressures that were placed on the Brazilian economy could not be sustained. With an economy that was just starting to really grow, it could not repay the debts that it had accumulated during this crisis period. Like a bubble, the economy burst and Brazil continues to suffer the effects of a high reliance on foreign capital. This paper will look at the record of Brazilian economic development in terms of these and other important indicators.
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The Global Debt Crisis, 2008.
This paper discusses the the origins of the global debt crisis and its role in Nigeria.
2,490 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 121.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the global debt crisis represents a means by which the developed world reasserts its former colonial control over the newly-independent nations of the developing world. The author points out that, by loaning these countries money, often to serve the interests of corrupt local elites, debt accumulates to the point that these countries are barely able to meet their interest charges on the debt. The paper relates that Nigeria represents an example of what political scientists term a "rentier state". The author contends that, in Nigeria, an oil-rich country in Africa, its debt represents a means by which the natural resources and wealth of the developing world can be brought under the effective control of the developed world. The paper concludes that debt can be seen as an instrument of neo-colonial domination and control that continues into the 21st century.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Collapse of Colonialism and the Creation of the "Third World"
Developing World Debt Becomes Critical
The Debt Crisis in Nigeria: Internal and External Factors
Conclusion
From the Paper
"However, in all of these nations there existed the understandable desire to develop as quickly as possible. One of the easiest means to achieve this end was to borrow from lenders in the developed world to fund development schemes. The nations of what was termed the "Third World" borrowed heavily in the post-independence era, and when the nations of the developed world slowed down their economies in the 1980s to combat inflation this severely damaged the economies of Third World nations that depended upon commodity exports for foreign exchange. Without this revenue, they were often unable to meet their debt payments."
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Taxes and the Federal Debt, 2002.
A paper which explores how cutting taxes might ultimately help the growing federal debt.
1,449 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how cutting taxes may ultimately be an important strategy in reducing the federal debt of the United States. The federal debt has been a long standing concern of American citizens, politicians and economists. Today, the federal government faces a projected gross federal debt of $6,118,364 million in 2005. The paper shows how governments have traditionally taken the stance of increasing taxes or cutting spending in order to reduce the deficit. These attempts have largely failed due to unanticipated budget concerns. It explores how, in traditional attempts to reduce the debt, cutting taxes was thought to be a way to decrease national revenues, thus potentially increasing the debt. However, many economists are now considering that cutting taxes may help to stimulate the economy, paradoxically resulting in increased taxation revenue through higher employment and better wages. The paper examines how tax cuts may prove to be a way to increase revenues, thus potentially providing a means to reduce the federal debt. It also examines President Bush's Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA, designed to cut taxes, reduce the debt, and stimulate the national economy.
From the Paper
"Critics however, argue that EGTRRA will ultimately fail. They note that misrepresentations in federal budgeting overestimate budget surpluses, including mistakes in long term costs of retirement programs from a budgeted $5.6 trillion to a mere 1.6 trillion. Further, they note that EGTRRA will reduce revenues through tax cuts. Ultimately, the critics argue that the combination of a decreased budget surplus and tax cuts will sink the EGTRRA (Gale and Potter).
If the critics are correct, and the EGTRRA fails, the government will be forced to increase taxes, reduce spending, or increase the public debt. As such, plans to reduce taxes may once again result in increased federal debt."
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