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"American Public Policy: Promise & Performance" ( B Guy Peters ), 1996.
Reviews work on content & processes of govt. policy-making, interest groups, issue selection, Congress.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, AU$ 80.95
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From the Paper
"This research reviews the book by B. Guy Peters, entitled American Public Policy: Promise and Performance (1993). The underlying themes of the work will be discussed and their implications for the policymaking process will be scrutinized.
As Peters notes, government in the United States has grown from a simple "night watchman state" to an immense network of organizations and institutions affecting almost every aspect of daily life (p. 3). Government in the United States is huge and complex. The institutions that play a role in formulating governmental policy are achieved now through an overlapping patchwork of governments, public corporations, private corporations and a multitude of other public and private organizations. Today, more than 83,000 separate governmental agencies exist in the United States. And the policies that these.."
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Transparency, Public Policy and the Provision of Public Services, 2002.
An in-depth discussion of the role transparency plays in the design of public policy making and the provision of public services.
5,828 words (approx. 23.3 pages), 19 sources, MLA, AU$ 234.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with evaluating the role of transparency in strengthening public service provision and in designing effective public policies. Different theories and practices of transparency in government and other actors in society vis-a-vis the public are discussed thoroughly. The paper also examines the view that there are some cases where transparency may be best, some cases where it may not be the best way, or may need to be greater, and this is achieved by drawing, comprehensively, on literature and data in the developed and developing world alike.
From the Paper
"In designing policies, the sensitivity to motivational complexity, Goodin?s third principle, has to be considered. There are a number of impulses that drive the motives of social actors. Some of these are self-seeking impulses that tend to exist alongside ?principled and altruistic motives?. His final principle, variability, is seen as a central principle of design. He suggests that experiments be undertaken with different structures in different places. There should also be a willingness to use the concept of lesson drawing where appropriate---learn from others? successes and failures. "
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Public Policy-Making Process, 2006.
A review of public policy making and the public policy-making process.
2,114 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the process of public policy making. According to the paper, the policy making process that occurs in governmental organizations is a complex process that involves many organizations and entities, and is inclusive of several stages in the policy-making process. The paper further discusses the thesis of Charles E. Lindblom and Edward Woodhouse.
Outline:
Introduction
The Nature of Policy
Different Kinds of Policy Analysis
How Perceived Problems gets on the Public Agenda
The Major Players in the Process
The Decision-Making Processes Used to Adopt Policies
The Environment Within Which Policy Must Take Place
How Federalism Impacts the Policy-Making Process
Assessment of the Process Using the Thesis of Lindblom and Woodhouse
From the Paper
"Policy analysis is stated to have its limitations in the work of Lindblom and Woodhouse and the policy-makers are generally given too much advice or information which is incidentally extensive but does not offer a contrary or different point of view. Another limitation exists in the fact that while one group would hold that the correct action was taken yet another group would believe that the action was incorrect and this is based on individual reasoning. Stated is: "There runs a deep and wide river of information and opinion fed by many springs, from formal research projects to letters to the editor, some of which makes it way into the thinking of those with direct influence over policy." [p.15]"
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Public Policy Implementation, 2008.
An analysis of public policy in theory and in practice.
7,674 words (approx. 30.7 pages), 18 sources, APA, AU$ 281.95
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Abstract
The first part of this paper defines the concept of public policy and explores how public policies are developed and implemented. The author discusses the various stages involved before a policy can be implemented and the difficulties entailed in implementation. In the second part, the author examines the practical side of public policy in a detailed analysis of Saudi Arabia's educational system and the challenges of reforming and modernizing it through public policies due to the religious nature of traditional education.
Outline
Introduction
Theoretical Aspects
Public policies in the educational system in Saudi Arabia
General Overview
Public policies in the educational system in Saudi Arabia
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Finally, due to the fact that Saudi Arabia is a rich, yet instable country, it is important to see the reasons for the lack of coherent public policies, as there are both winners and losers at the political level. In this sense, at least in the educational system, the conflicting political forces in the country tend to have a big influence over the framing of a reliable and adequate policy which would eventually lead to a reformation of the system, as intended by the current ruling Royal Family. The current debates focus especially on the differing views of the Wahhabis, which represent the religious authority in Saudi Arabia, and the Royal Family, which tends to identify itself with the trend of modernity and reformation in the country."
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Public School Policy Making, 2007.
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate an understanding of the public school policy process, key policy terminology and policy concepts by examining the public school (K-12) policy for the state of New York.
3,635 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, AU$ 170.95
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Abstract
This paper explores various policy papers, which define public school policy ranging from illumination of the classroom to environmentally sensitive cleaning and maintenance to funding recommendations. The author points out that a systematic difference was found between the federal and the non-federal systems in policy performance including little indication that federal systems either equalize or redistribute the aggregate resources of society. The paper relates that the goals of the governor's 'Campaign for Fiscal Equity' are (1) a multi-year, massive infusion of school funding, (2) the creation of a clear cut system of accountability to drive funds to key educational strategies and (3) a fair and simple foundation formula to distribute school aid based on student need not politics.
Table of Contents
Objective
Introduction
BEST (Building Educational Success Together)
State of Affairs in New York State Schools
Inequality in Quality of Classroom Provision
Policy Adoption Recommendations of the Three Agencies
Fiscal Policy Recommendations
Policy Recommendations Comparison
New York State Board of Regents
The Atlantic Philanthropies, The Ford Foundation, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and The American Institute for Research (A.I.R) and Management Analysis and Planning (MAP)
New York State Commission on Education Reform
Impact of Federalism on Policy-Making Process
Recent Policy Enactment
From the Paper
"Policy issues in New York State Schools are inclusive of use of chemical and pesticides in school and recently Education Law 409-I has been enacted which establishes the department as being responsible to report "on the status of utilizing environmentally sensitive cleaning and maintenance (green ) products in all public and nonpublic schools by June 1, 2007." Policy such as this is shaped by the stated needs of certain socio-political view and in one such case the need for facility alignment for quality education is upheld by educators."
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?Making Public Policy?, 2003.
A book review and analysis of Steven Kelman?s ?Making Public Policy?.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, AU$ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Steven Kelman?s concept of the public spirit in making public policy in his book, "Making Public Policy: A Hopeful View of American Government". It shows how the book outlines the trials and tribulations of the US government over the years whenever it has endeavored to formulate public policy by illustrating the factors driving a government to make effective public policies.
From the Paper
"Public policy making for a nation requires extensive experience as well as the primary knowledge of the existing system. For the United States, public policy process is the responsibility of the government as well as the political bodies. It is due to this fact that one observe differences in opinions as to which party works for the interest of the people and which must have more attention - that is, whether the government should concentrate upon national interest or individual interest, states interest as opposed to international interest or should it concern itself with allocation of resources to the various department of the US government."
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Public Policy Failure, 2002.
An examination of public policy failure in the Caribbean and elsewhere and a study of ways to learn from mistakes made.
4,232 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, AU$ 189.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes thoroughly and critically disasters or common failures in public policy in the developed and developing world. The discussion spans examples and case-studies in the UK, US in comparison to Anglophone Africa and the Caribbean. What causes policy failures/disasters as well as various useful recommendations for more effective public policy-making are examined drawing on many theories of prominent scholars in the field of public policy and development management.
From the Paper
"In general, the process of public policy-making is subject to numerous disasters and many serious public policy failures. At the heart of such disasters and failures have been the contradictory circumstances, paths and outcomes of policies of regulation, deregulation, over-regulation, corrupt and bad politics, lack of planning, lack of accountability, transparency, initiative and risk management and the dominance of particular groups, organisations or individuals. Indeed it is this plexus of policy processes which may be termed as underlying factors common to policies that are disastrous and fraught with failures, and at the very least, factors that make policies counter productive or that produce either intended or unintended negative consequences. Disasters and serious failures, in particular, best refer to such unintended policies that cause collapse, confusion, and chaos and sometimes damage that is irreversible or difficult to overcome."
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Public Policy Administration, 2004.
An examination of public policy in the United States today, with a focus on same-sex marriage.
3,118 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, AU$ 152.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how public policy in America reflects the values, interests, and preferences of the governing elite and how believing that public policy reflects the demands of the people expresses the myth, rather than the reality, of democracy. It looks at how the simple reality is that public policy is made from the top down; the underlying values of democracy, liberty, and equality are fundamental moral values belonging to every individual. It focuses on the issue of gay marriage and the fight to have it legalized.
Outline
Introduction
Issue Statement
Beliefs and Values
History and Overview
Key Players and Influences
Actions
Barriers
Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"The gay-marriage issue has been on the back burner for decades, but it did not become a priority for gay-rights advocates till the 1990s. Before the Vermont case, state courts in both Hawaii and Alaska issued preliminary rulings in favor of gay marriage. The court moves in both of these cases were stopped by state constitutional amendments (Jost, 2003). During this same time period, the Netherlands and Belgium became the first and second countries to recognize same-sex marriage, by parliamentary action. In June 2003, the Canadian government announced that it would acquiesce to a ruling by Ontario's highest provincial court and would begin to prepare legislation to legalize same-sex marriages for couples throughout the country."
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Public Policy, 2005.
This paper evaluates contemporary approaches to public policy.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, AU$ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that public policy is a rapidly changing field that has spawned a variety of epistemological approaches to its study. This author examines a post-modern approach, the approach of the new institutionalist and a collaborative approach employed with mixed results by government organizations. The paper argue that the postmodern, linguistic approach demonstrates the most promise for the future of public policy studies.
From the Paper
"The complex interplay of individuals and institutions (both governmental and otherwise) has become an exceptionally pertinent subject as nations and NGOs collide on an international scale, each vying for control of public policy and the outcome of the conflict uncertain. For students of public policy, the matter has become no less complicated. As the relationships between people and institutions becomes more intricate, determining the nature of those relationships has spawned a variety of new academic approaches to the study of public policy, each vying for dominance in the field. The purpose of this paper is not to research these various methodologies for their own sake, but instead to present the author's own views regarding the study of public policy."
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Public Policy, 2008.
An overview of various issues regarding public policy and administration.
1,279 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, AU$ 73.95
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Abstract
This document discusses and responds to a series of four questions or statements regarding public policy and administration. These issues are group think, the budgetary stimulus in public administration, and strategic planning and oversight within the public organization. The distinction is made that public organizations are not only structured differently from private enterprise but that they are different by design rather than accident.
Outline:
Abstract
Public Policy Questions
Group Think
Group Think in the War on Terror
Incrementalism & Decision Making
Drucker and the Public Institution
From the Paper
"Group think is a dangerous rationale to rely on or to allow oneself to fall into within public policy administration. In fact it is a dangerous logical fallacy to fall prey to in any field. Shafritz and Russell mention the group think characteristics of an illusion of invulnerability and collective rationalization in their review of group think examples historically in the United States and more recently related to the Bush administration in the current Iraq War (2005, p.298). These and other characteristics commonly manifest themselves when policy officials become mired in excessive stereotyping and conformity relative to policy decisions and the information that leads up to those decisions. As the case points out, the current administration brooked little dissension in its own closely held ranks prior to and during the buildup up to the Iraq War and this has led to a virtual replay of the events that led up to the Vietnam War from a policy perspective (Shafritz & Russell, 2005, p.298). The results of this group think are just now becoming apparent as the administration and the people aligned with it are beginning to disintegrate in terms of their ability to maintain the facade of unanimity. This is the same type of coercive thinking and mindset which developed during the height of the technology bubble when so many executives within the technology industry knew that such lavish spending was unsustainable and certainly catastrophic when combined with little or no revenues but, when faced with the option of stepping in and curtailing spending, very few executives, such as those at Pets.com chose to do so. There was a collective rationalization that there would be no consequences to their actions and certainly ongoing self-censorship since many executives chose to simply keep quiet."
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Public Transportation Policy, 2003.
A discussion of public transportation as a policy issue.
3,220 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 9 sources, APA, AU$ 187.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses aspects of public policy administration and then applies them to a case study regarding public transportation. The paper presents a summary of the case, which involves the Metro Market Development. The paper also discusses the goal of public policy processes in general and examines the intersection between public and private responsibilities.
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Public Policy, 2007.
A comparison of United States' public policy on climate change with that of Japan and the European Union.
1,129 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, AU$ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the United States' environmentally clean technology and environmental regulations. It compares the economic output and environmental issues of the United States with that of Japan and the European Union, its closest competitors. The paper also analyzes the United States' public policy on climate change and provides recommendations for the future.
Table of Contents:
Introduction: The Problem with the United States
Policy and Non-Policy Decisions
The United States
Japan and the European Union
Evaluation of Policy in the US versus Japan and the EU
Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Of particular importance in the United States is the implementation of new environmental policies that associated an economic cost with the production of GHGs as well as greater investment in research and development in clean energy technology. A cap and trade scheme for carbon is already emerging with state level support through the country, and requires only marginal attention from the federal government in order to make this prudent approach a national policy. As for the development of clean energy technology, the United States has farther to go. In an effort to decrease dependence on foreign oil, there have been subsidies in alternative fuels, but whether or not these technologies are clean has not been a primary concern."
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Public Policy Mental Health, 2007.
This paper discusses public policy regarding mental health in public schools.
1,443 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer points out that in any institution, which is partially or completely funded by public moneys, mandates determine resources and offerings. Further the writer notes that mandates can be determined by legislation, legal precedence or local sentiment, all of which is biased in favor of or against services they have experienced or would like those served to experience, yet is rarely determined by actual visible need of the population served. The writer argues that mental health services have historically been skirted in public institutions and bodies, as the social stigma associated with mental illness is dependant upon public sentiment and that public sentiment is the driving force behind mandates. That having been said, this work establishes that there is no public policy that mandates mental health services be provided in public schools. The writer highlights that this is despite legislation that is intended to provide equal services to the disabled, such as Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act that in theory offers services to those with disabilities.
From the Paper
"The legislation itself demands arbitrary assignment of the SED label by giving schools and administrators, but not necessarily mental health professionals an out. School administrators, especially in public schools often must make decisions associated with the greater good, as they must serve a large population of students with minimal resources. As socially disruptive behavior further taxes the system and the providers of it those who are deemed socially disruptive, or seen to have the potential to be are therefore excluded from the SED label and likely excluded from mental health services."
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"An Introduction To Public Policy" by Charles O Jones, 2000.
A review of the work on how public policy is formulated, focusing on social programs (public housing), in second half of the 20th century.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
A review of the work on how public policy is formulated, focusing on social programs (public housing), in second half of the 20th century.
From the Paper
"Every traditional introductory civics text used to have some form of explanation of "How a Bill becomes Law." A chart or diagram would trace the passage of a bill from introduction, through referral to a committee, passage on the floor, conference committee, and so on to the president's desk. A realist (not necessarily a euphemism for cynic) might wish to respond to this with an outline showing how the political process of making a law actually works: How sufficient attention and interest is generated to put a matter on the public agenda; how support is marshaled to ensure that a bill is voted out of committee rather than buried there; how follow-up effort is needed to see that a program, once authorized, is subsequently funded, and so forth."
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Abortion Public Policy, 2007.
An analysis of the current and previous public policy on abortion in the United States and its effects on the rate of abortions.
1,430 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the public policy regarding abortion in the United States. The paper describes the previous policy and its implications for society. It then describes how the policy has been changed and the benefits that the government hoped to achieve by introducing new legislation. The paper also discusses the effects of parental involvement on the rate of abortion.
From the Paper
"With the above discussion, we have reached the conclusion that parental involvement can work as a serious deterrent to abortion. This deterrent is required in order to promote other means of birth control. A minor engaging in sexual activity should be educated about the use of contraceptives so abortion is not seen as an alternative. Some important recommendations have also been made which are adequate backed by court rulings such as prohibiting the use of federal funds, physicians' notification to parents and court permission. All these methods along with parental involvement laws can significantly reduced the chances of a minor using abortion as alternative birth control method."
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Public Policy and Cigarette Labeling, 2004.
Uses John Kingdon?s model of public policy to trace the history of labeling the dangers of smoking on cigarette boxes.
2,183 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, AU$ 115.95
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Abstract
When the dangers of smoking became public knowledge, the movement to have cigarettes labeled began. This paper traces the path that led to the creation of labels on cigarette packages through the study of John Kingdon?s model of public policy and shows that cigarette labeling is one of the most classic examples of Kingdon?s model in action. The paper shows that public pressure, the grass roots movements, and the window of opportunity all came together to make the government force tobacco companies to warn their own customers of the dangers in their product.
From the Paper
"When a group or an individual has the desire to garner government funds for a purpose they are in a race with many other groups or individuals who want the same thing for their cause. This creates a type of vacuum in which all of the ideas, and desires are jumbled together in one large area called lobbying. Lobbying is the path the group takes to gain both public and political support for their cause. Lobbying is done before the bill ever reaches voting stages and it is where most desires for government backing or funding die. For a group to be successful in their desire to get their concerns to the voting floor they must take advantage of the window that is created by things such as public awareness, litigation and other factors. When this window occurs, the iron is hot and it is the best time to strike according to the Kingdon model."
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