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Alfred Adler?s Personality Theory, 2000.
A biography and description of Alfred Alder's personality theory.
2,055 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 94.95
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Abstract
Alfred Adler developed a theory of personality that describes how social interaction, birth order, life style, and family influences combine to form the personality of a person. Besides these things he also used the terms ?finalism,? which describes a goal or ambition that drives a person, and ?superiority,? which is a persons drive to be perfect. Different studies will are used to verify and expand his original work.
From the Paper
"Alfred Adler, born in 1870, was the second of six children. He had a self-described ?bad? childhood. He dealt with illnesses and accidents and he witnessed one of his bothers die (Engler, 1995). His father thought that Adler would amount to a lot. He later went to school where he was only a mediocre student. After coming close to quitting school, he turned his academic career around and became an outstanding student. He then went to medical school and became a neurologist (Engler, 1995)."
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Adler Personality Theory, 2007.
A case study that examines Adlerian psychology and counseling.
1,699 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Alfred Adler's theory of personality which is based on the need to strive for power and superiority and addresses lifestyles. The paper presents a case study and shows the relevance and application of Adler's theories. The paper describes the antisocial behavior and suppressed aggression in the case and discusses Adlerian treatment, which seeks to return the client to normative behavior in the community. The paper relates that Adlerian behavioral and marriage therapy would be recommended for this client.
Outline:
Alfred Adler's Theory: A Summary
Presenting Problem
Case Formulation
Treatment Recommendations
From the Paper
"Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian. He was also a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, along with Freud and others. Like Freud, Adler had a theory of personality. Unlike Freud, however, who based his theory on sexual needs and development, Adler based his theory of "individual psychology" on the need to strive for power and superiority. Adler's theory focused largely on the social interest and social interactions."
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Searching for the Definitive Personality Theory, 2002.
This paper represents the author?s search for the ideal personality theory, which then is applied to a therapeutic approach.
2,920 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews many prominent personality theories:
William James, Carl Jung, Sigmund Freud, Abraham Maslow, Alfred Adler, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernberg, Buddhists, Carl Rogers, Heinz Kohut, Erik Erikson, Karen Horney, Albert Bandura and Rollo May. The author believes that these theories are broad and simply defined, but there is not yet a collective theory of personality that can be applied to everyone.
From the Paper
"William James believed in the psychology of the consciousness. James understood, unlike many of his predecessors, that consciousness is selective. ... Sigmund Freud felt consciousness was anything that a person is aware of at a particular time. Alternatively, John B. Watson believed that the consciousness does not exist and all human behavior is conditioned. Overall, this writer feels that the consciousness does exist as a personality construct and is, therefore, difficult to define. Consciousness should be seen as a state of being, a factor of living and experiencing life. A person making a conscious decision has made that decision based on the knowledge presented and using the processing that is unique to that particular personality."
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Personality Theories, 2006.
A comparative essay on personality theories.
1,319 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, AU$ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper examines different personality theories and explains that, just as psychology is the study of behavior, personality is the study of individual behavior. The paper considers the nature vs. nurture theory of personality and the psychoanalytic approach to personality development, which include Freud, Jung and Adler's theories of personality development. The paper concludes with the author's own opinions about personality development, suggesting that people seek out or even create environments to which they are both genetically and psychologically predisposed.
From the Paper
"The word personality is taken from the Latin root persona, meaning "mask," an implication that the acts we put on for others, are an indication of who we really are. If our outward behaviors reflect our true personality, a complete picture of personality necessitates consideration of thoughts, feelings, (both conscious and unconscious) genetics, and societal influences."
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Personal Counseling Theory, 2006.
This paper discusses the development of the writer's personal counseling theory.
4,920 words (approx. 19.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 183.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a synopsis of the writer's personal counseling style, the development of his/her own personal mission statement and its effects, a comparative analysis of the established theory that most closely resembles this style and a reflection of contemporary research involving this theory. The writer relates that many theorists and theories have influenced his/her path, including Freud and psychoanalysis, Adler and individual psychology, Jung and his analytical psychology, Kohut and self-psychology, existential theories or therapy, Gestalt therapy and finally the cognitive-behavioral therapy. The writer explores the cognitive-behavioral therapy and explains that it is currently used on a national level with many research studies revealing its effectiveness and preference as a therapy model.
Contents:
Introduction
Review of Theories Leading to the Development of my own Personal Counseling Theory
Personal Counseling Mission Statement
An Evaluation of the Effect of the Mission Statement on my Counseling Theory
Comparison of Contemporary Research on Psychoanalysis and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Review of Contemporary Research on Psychoanalysis
Review of Contemporary Research on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Over the semester, my own personal counseling style has been affected by many of the theories presented in Seligman's text. One of the theories presented that has assisted in my development style is Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, which is based on the conflicts that Freud believed were at the core of human existence. Freud believed that these conflicts emerged from attempts to reconcile our biological selves with our social selves. Like Freud, I also believe that there is an internal battle occurring between an individual's mental awareness with their physical awareness. Aspects of these conflicts are unconscious and influence our behavior without our awareness (Strisik & Strisik, 2005). Psychodynamic therapies work to make the unconscious conscious so that we can have greater insight into our needs and behavior and therefore more control over how we allow these conflicts to affect us (Strisik & Strisik, 2005). However, my style is not completely a "psychodynamic therapy," but can be described as having its' roots in psychoanalysis. My style can best be described as finding a path to resolve internal conflicts so that the individual's mind can mature and self-actualize."
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Personal Theories, 2006.
Describes two of the most common and widely accepted personal theories used by clinicians in diagnosing mental disorders.
4,056 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, AU$ 159.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, despite considerable efforts placed by leaders in the field of clinical psychology to keep diagnoses objective, clinicians' theoretical beliefs still exert a major influence on their diagnoses. The paper then discusses and describes the two most common and widely accepted personal theories used by clinicians, Adler's theory and the existential theory, and takes a look at the differences between these two theories.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Personal Theories - Adler and Existentialism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Adler. - Adler was born in Vienna, Austria on February 7, 1870 (Boeree 1997). He could not walk until he was four years old because of rickets and also nearly died of pneumonia at five. His physical condition impelled him to acquire a medical degree from the University of Vienna in 1895. He began working as an ophthalmologist and then switched to general practice in the lower-class part of Vienna.. Most of his patients were circus performers who suffered from organ inferiorities and this led to an interest in organ deformities and compensation, clearly also because of his own experience of deformity and disability as a child. He later shifted to psychiatry and joined the discussion group led by Sigmund Freud. Adler wrote papers on organic inferiority, an aggression instinct and children's feeling of inferiority."
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Adlerian Theory and Its Personal Application, 2007.
This paper looks at Alfred Adler's theory of psychology, personality and development.
1,041 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, AU$ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that Alfred Adler argued, intriguingly, that all motivation is a product of a singular drive to achieve individual perfection or a personal ideal. The writer notes that this approach to psychological motivation and development has its critics, largely because few believe that achieving such an ideal is even remotely possible. Further, the writer points out that worse, many people who struggle towards perfection are left frustrated and depressed when they find they cannot achieve their goal, despite their best efforts. On a personal note it is related that the writer has been motivated to transcend the limitations of the past and make a better, more fulfilling life, in the truest tradition of Alfred Adler.
Journal Entry: Adlerian Theory and Its Personal Application
Journal Entry: An Adlerian Perspective
From the Paper
"Adler also differed from other psychologists of the day - and today -because of where he placed his focus and emphasis in studying individual motivation. Other theorists see motivation as the product of one's past. In other words, if an individual experiences Event A during childhood, then we should expect that that individual would perform Behavior B as an adult. This is one approach to the question of a motivation's origins. Adler, however, advocated teleology, which states that motivation is the act of moving towards the future, not being mechanically driven by the events of the past. Teleology is future-oriented and requires an individual to concede that while life may be hard or uncertain, one always has the ability to make choices that will change the nature of that life. Adler, then, saw motivation as a function of an individual's desire to achieve a particular goal, not simply as the product of past events beyond the individual's control. This differing perspective places a greater emphasis on the free agency of the individual to take control of his or her life and change it for the better."
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Theology and Personality Development, 2005.
A discussion on personality development according to the theories of Adler, Jung, Erikson and Rogers.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 10 sources, AU$ 182.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the differences between personalities develop from a psychological point of view and a theological point of view. The paper discusses the theories of Adler, Jung, Erikson and Rogers with respect to theology and psychology. The paper concludes that the one closet to a theological perspective in personality development is Adler.
From the Paper
"Theological and Psychological Approaches to the Study of Personality In today's highly scientific and technological world many issues that are not computer and technologically related are oftentimes relegated to the annals of forgotten history. No longer are there ensuing debates regarding Rene Descartes' ageless words Cogito Ergo Sum or I think, therefore I am, the subject of debate in college classrooms or local campus coffee houses. Due to emerging monumental technological advances in virtual reality since Descartes first coined the phrase in the seventeenth century, "My computer thinks, therefore I am" has become the contemporary version of this statement. Descartes' words have most definitely given way to a lesser meaning by way of our popular culture. Today it is the computer that possesses knowledge over mind and human thought has now been relegated to the artificial intelligence capabilities of a machine."
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Psychotherapy: Theories of Freud, Jung & Adler, 2002.
This paper briefly examines the theories of psychotherapy, with particular reference to Freud, Jung and Adler, and the differences in their aims and methodologies
1,975 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 91.95
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Abstract
The following paper takes a look at how a therapist would approach therapy in the context of the three schools of thought, namely: Psychoanalysis, Adlerian and Jungian Therapy and discusses the appropriateness of each. Selected concepts and theories of the unconscious, the instinctual impulses, the persona and archetypes, role-playing and the superiority and inferiority complex are discussed in this paper.
From the Paper
"Freud emphasized ?free association? and the therapeutic importance of recalling seemingly random material from the unconscious mind. He was the first to recognize that the unconscious thought process follows laws that were quite different from the laws of logic applicable to conscious thought. He found out that in the unconscious, the thoughts and feelings that belong together can be separated or displaced out of context while completely dissimilar ideas or images could be merged into one in the unconscious. Freud?s analysis of the unconscious enabled him to interpret dreams, which he saw as a device used by the mind to protect sleep against disturbing images of early life experiences. In psychoanalysis these disturbing and unpleasant unconscious images (called latent dream content) are used by the therapist to transform into the conscious (or manifest dream) and helps the patient to come to terms with these unpleasant early life experiences. (?Arlo & Herma,? Encarta).?
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Birth Order and Personality, 2006.
An overview of Albert Adler's theory on the connection between birth order and personality.
1,066 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, AU$ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Albert Adler, a disciple of Sigmund Freud who later broke away from Freud in order to formulate his own theories of human psychology, theorized that the order in which a person is born (e.g., only; oldest; second of two; middle of three or more; youngest; twin) inherently affects that individual's personality. The author takes this theory and applies it to his own experience as an only child.
From the Paper
"Moreover, a middle child (of three or more) may also feel squeezed or sandwiched between other siblings, and may, therefore, feel that he or she cannot find a distinct place in the family constellation ("Birth Order Dynamics and Response to Stress"). A youngest child has "the least amount of power in the whole family. He sees his older siblings having more freedom and more superiority. He also gets pampered and protected more than any other child ("Personality Synopsis"). With twins, there is generally a more dominant and a less dominant twin, and these roles function somewhat similarly to the positions of an older and a younger child (of two) (Stein)."
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Dependent Personality Disorder, 2003.
A psychological examination of personality theories and correlates, as well as current research pertaining to dependent personality disorder (DPD).
6,630 words (approx. 26.5 pages), 46 sources, MLA, AU$ 221.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the pathological manifestation of dependency is a condition that has been the focus of a long line of personality theorists since the time of Freud. It looks at how pathological dependency has also been examined quite extensively by a multitude of personality researchers, and their efforts have yielded an extensive literature on the personality correlates of persons with dependent personality disorder (DPD). It shows how current research into the personality of the dependent person emphasizes interpersonal behaviour and the variation that exists within current diagnoses of DPD persons and how the role of future researchers is to further our understanding of DPD from the interpersonal perspective and to apply diverse models of personality in order to gain a truly comprehensive understanding of the personality of the DPD person. Pathological dependency is a condition that has perplexed researchers for more than a century, and further research into the underlying personality structure of the dependent personality is imperative in understanding the etiology, symptomatology, and effective treatment of this intriguing disorder.
From the Paper
"Rather than proposing a specific course of development to explain personality development, Alfred Adler, another of Freud?s successors, theorized that individuals adopt a style of life, referring to the ways in which persons pursue their goals and strive for a sense of superiority. Adler believed that individuals are motivated by feelings of inferiority, and that the path toward psychological health involves striving for superiority to attain completion, which leads to a constructive lifestyle and a sense of psychological well-being (Adler, 1930). Neurosis, on the other hand, is theorized to be the result of a striving for personal superiority, leading to the adoption of a destructive lifestyle, and consequently resulting in some form of psychopathology. Adler believed that a person develops a distinctive style of life through the culmination of the person?s family experiences and their interpretations of these experiences."
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Adlerian Theory, 2008.
A look at Alfred Adler's theories.
752 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, AU$ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the work and views of Alfred Adler, an Austrian contemporary of Sigmund Freud and one of the original psychoanalytic theorists. While the author concentrates on describing Adler's work he also brings in comparisons to Freud's theories.
Outline:
Introduction
Adlerian Theory
From the Paper
"Alfred Adler (1870-1937) was an Austrian contemporary of Sigmund Freud and one of the original psychoanalytic theorists. He founded the school of individual psychology and conceived of human psychological development as largely a function of reaction to personal inadequacies in relation to the external world rather than as a function of internal conflict in the manner that classical Freudian theorists.
"In this respect, Adler departed from certain aspects of Freudian theory (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005). Together with Freud and Carl Jung, Adler is generally considered to have founded the modern psychoanalytic focus on the significance of repression and depth psychology that forms the basis of 20th Century Freudian analysis."
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Birth Order: Does Family Placement Prescribe Personality?, 2001.
An analysis of whether one's place in the family prescribes one's personality, with a focus on Alfred Adler's views.
1,662 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, AU$ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the influence of birth order on the psyche and personality of an individual. The paper probes how the rank of siblings in one's family supplies for universal characteristics of personality types. The views of Alfred Adler, Schwab, Falbo, Gates and other psychologists are discussed. A focus is placed on Alfred Adler's beliefs on the rank and number of family members that results in a person's disposition and behavior.
From the Paper
"Alfred Adler once stated, ?Even though children have the same parents and grow up in nearly the same setting, they do not have identical social environments? (Hjelle & Ziegler 1992). Adler was one of the first psychologists to propose the idea that a major determinant of personality was ?order of birth.? Adler believed that children were born into a social group, the family, in which they held different positions of power. He believed that the quest for identity, power and attention was shaped by sequential positions among siblings. Adler believed that each child was born into a ?different? family, based on their birth order. He felt that all children strived for superiority and had an intense desire to receive attention and affection from their parents. Therefore, children engage in sibling rivalries, which lead to the development of different personality traits."
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Forgiveness and Personality, 2004.
An examination of whether or not any particular personality is more forgiving of self and others than other personalities.
3,597 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 20 sources, MLA, AU$ 146.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the impact that personality has on the ability to forgive has been a topic of much debate for many years and how many experts believe that certain personality traits can make an individual more susceptible to forgiveness. The investigation explores the type of research that has been done and what is currently being studied in this subject area.
Outline
Importance of Forgiveness
Forgiveness and Personality (Current Studies)
Agreeableness: Empathy and Altruism
Emotionally Stable
Religion and Spirituality
Personalities and Forgiveness (Future Studies)
Discussion and Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to the Journal of Mental Health Counseling, Forgiveness plays an important role in ensuring the mental stability of individuals. The journal reports that people that practice forgivenss are able to improve their well being and have more meaningful interpersonal relationships. Much of the scientific literature pertaining to the subject of forgiveness indicates that practicing forgiveness can result in less guilt, anxiety, anger and remorse of fear. (Harrington et al 2000) Harrington et al (2000) also reports, that the positive impact of forgiveness can be found amongst large and diverse populations that contain everyone from incest survivors to the families of individuals that have been murdered. (Harrington et al 2000)"
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Maslow's Holistic-Dynamic Theory, 2007.
This paper describes Abraham Maslow's approach to humanistic psychology and further explores his holistic-dynamic theory.
2,332 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, AU$ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the outlook of Abraham Maslow, one of the most influential psychological theorists of the 20th century. In particular, his approach known as humanistic psychology is examined, with an emphasis on his holistic-dynamic theory. The paper describes this theory based on the existing theories of Freud, Jung and Adler. Maslow's "hierarchy of needs" is presented as part of the holistic theory. The paper regards Maslow quite positively, because he never claimed that his theories were an end in themselves or that they were valid to the exclusion of all other theories of psychology.
Outline:
Background of Maslow's Interest in Humanistic Psychology
The Holistic Dynamic Theory
Theory of Motives
Deficiency Motives
Growth Motives
Hierarchy of Needs
The Physiological Needs
The Safety and Security Needs
The Love and Belonging Needs
The Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Even while realizing the importance of the existing theories, Maslow made it his life's goal to "integrate into a single theoretical structure" the partial truths that he saw in Freud, Adler, Jung, et. al. He asserted that Freud had given us "the sick half of psychology, and we must now fill it out with the healthy half." (Maslow, quoted by Ewen, 1998, p. 416) As a result, Maslow developed his Holistic-Dynamic theory of human psychology through the study of healthy, fully functioning, and creative individuals instead of focusing on the mentally ill and the neurotic individuals as was done by Freud and his followers."
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Personality Traits and Police Officers, 2006.
This paper analyzes the concept of 'police personality' by detailing the distinctive personality traits shared by many law enforcement officers.
956 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, AU$ 49.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper examines the various social situations and experiences encountered, in the area of law enforcement, which influence and mold the personalities of police officers. This paper delves into the long-standing personality theory that dictates which particular traits are patterned within an individual's personality. The writer of this paper explores and details the shared personality traits evident among police officers, including their desire to help others, as well as the need for respect and dignity normally associated with the profession. This paper discusses the relevant published research, which states that certain individuals choose a career in law enforcement for a variety of reasons, including: Job security, wages and benefits as well as a clear career path.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
General Concepts of Police Personality
Nature versus Nurture: Socialization and On-The-Job Experiences
Men Police Officers: Status, Gender and Personality
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Based on the status model of personality, there is a distinct "pecking order" in place in virtually all police departments across the country that helps initiate newcomers to the profession into the field; new recruits to the force will ignore this hierarchy at their peril. According to Gerber, the high-status officer in each partnership type will be perceived as having more instrumentally oriented (dominating and instrumental) traits and the low-status officer will be viewed as having more expressive traits. In addition, the status model predicts that officers' perceptions of their personality traits will be affected by group status-the overall status of their partnership in relation to other kinds of partnerships. In her review of Gerber's analysis, Monago suggests that this study showed that sex category and work experience played instrumental roles in personality adjustments."
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